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"According to the constitutional provision, those who can be citizens are original Indonesian people and those of other nations who are legalized as citizens by law. Such as constitutional provision clearly causes two main problems. First, the problem of the difficulty to determine the criteria intended by original Indonesia people which could raise two categories that are original Indonesian citizens and non original ones. Such categorization finally does snot support the occurrence of national integration process and tends to arise a discriminative problem. This problem can be solved if the determination of the status of Indonesian citizenship is directed to the principle of original born citizen. Second, the provition that sstates "legalized as citizens by law" is an excessive one, because one's citizenship is dogmatically personal/individual. Therefore the handing over the status of citizen should enough be carried out by making a beschikking, for example The president Decree. Besides, the provision that the status of citizen should be legalized by law, may give more burdon to legislative institute to make law any time a party needs the status of Indonesian citizens. "

"Tesis ini dilatarbelakangi perkembangan Lembaga MPR sebelum dan sesudah perubahan UUD 1945 yang mempengaruhi sistem ketatanegaraan di Indonesia sekaligus berdampak pada Produk hukum yang dikeluarkan oleh MPR dalam hal pengangkatan Presiden dan Wakil Presiden terpilih. Permasalahan pertama pada Tesis ini Bagaimana pengangkatan Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Terpilih Sebelum dan Sesudah perubahan UUD NRI 1945, kedua Bagaimana Konsekuensi yuridis apabila mengeluarkan Ketetapan MPR yang bersifat beschikking tentang Pengangkatan Presiden dan Wakil Presiden terpilih. Bahwasanya Sebelum perubahan Kedaulatan berada ditangan rakyat, dan dilakukan sepenuhnya oleh Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat. Presiden mandataris MPR, Pasal 6 ayat (2) UUD 1945 sebelum perubahan yakni memilih dan mengangkat Presiden dan Wakil Presiden kewenangan MPR dalam hal pengangkatan Presiden dan Wakil Presiden terpilih terdapat Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat tentang Pengangkatan Presiden dan Wakil Presiden terpilih. Sesudah perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 pelaksanaan kedaulatan rakyat dilaksanakan menurut Undang-Undang Dasar, Pasal 6 A Presiden/Wakil Presiden dipilih oleh rakyat secara langsung. Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat hanya memiliki hubungan yang terbatas terhadap Presiden. Kedua, Ketetapan MPR Nomor: I/MPR/2003 memberikan eksistensi Ketetapan MPR yang masih berlaku. Ketetapan MPR dimasa mendatang hanya bersifat beschikking. Lembaga MPR merupakan Lembaga negara statis namun MPR akan terlihat keberadaannya jika menghasilkan produk-produk untuk menjalankan kewenangannya. Ketetapan MPR tentang Pelantikan Presiden dan wakil Presiden merupakan ketetapan individual konkret dan sekali selesai einmahlig, dimana MPR hanya sekedar mendeklarasi, tidak mengubah pemilihan Presiden dan Wakil Presiden oleh Rakyat, tetapi sekedar menetapkan hasil pemilihan tersebut untuk penetapan atas status Presiden untuk menjalankan masa jabatan Presiden dan Wakil Presiden terpilih.

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This thesis was motivated by the development of the MPR before and after the amendments to the 1945 Constitution which affected the constitutional system in Indonesia as well as had an impact on the legal products issued by the MPR in terms of the appointment of the elected President and Vice President. The first problem in this thesis is how to appoint the elected president and vice president before and after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the second, what are the juridical consequences of issuing beschikking MPR decrees on the appointment of the elected President and Vice President. That before the change, the sovereignty was in the hands of the people, and was carried out entirely by the People's Consultative Assembly. The President mandates the MPR, Article 6 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution before the amendment, namely electing and appointing the President and Vice President, the authority of the MPR in terms of the appointment of the elected President and Vice President, there is a Decree of the People's Consultative Assembly on the Appointment of the elected President and Vice President. After amendments to the 1945 Constitution, the exercise of people's sovereignty is carried out according to the Constitution, Article 6 A The President / Vice President is directly elected by the people. The People's Consultative Assembly has only limited relations with the President. Second, the MPR Decree Number: I / MPR / 2003 provides the existence of the MPR Decree which is still valid. Future MPR decisions are only beschikking. The MPR institution is a static state institution but the MPR will be seen if it produces products to carry out its authority. The MPR Decree regarding the Inauguration of the President and Vice President is a concrete individual decision and once completed einmahlig, where the MPR is just a declaration, does not change the election of President and Vice President by the people, but simply determines the results of the election to determine the status of the President to run the term of office of the President and Vice President elected.

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"Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2011 tentang Rumah Susun PPPSRS diberikan status sebagai badan hukum. Namun dalam undang-undang ini tidak ditemukan ketentuan mengenai Pengurus, apalagi pengaturan mengenai organ badan hukum lainnya. Padahal seharusnya karakteristik suatu badan hukum adalah memiliki pengaturan organ yang lengkap. Permasalahan ini praktis berlanjut pada sejauh mana tanggung jawab Pengurus terhadap Perbuatan Hukum yang dilakukan oleh PPPSRS. Bahkan isu tidak adanya kejelasan tanggung jawab Pengurus ini muncul dalam kasus hukum antara pemilik atau penghuni Sarusun melawan Pengurus PPPSRS, dengan dalil bahwa Pengurus dimintakan pertanggungjawaban karena dituduh terbukti melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 1365 KUHPerdata. Oleh karena itu, topik ini menarik untuk diangkat dengan tujuan menghasilkan penjelasan yang sistematis mengenai Tanggung Jawab Perbuatan Hukum Pengurus PPPSRS dalam mewakili PPPSRS, berdasarkan keterbatasan peraturan yang ada dan sedikit teori hukum badan hukum di Indonesia. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus. Ditemukan bahwa Pengurus tidak bertanggung jawab secara pribadi untuk perbuatan hukum beheren PPPSRS yang telah dilakukan sesuai dengan prinsip pengurusan PPPSRS, namun bertanggung jawab secara pribadi untuk perbuatan hukum beschikking yang diambil secara melawan hukum. Ditemukan juga bahwa majelis hakim sudah menerapkan prinsip tanggung jawab terbatas bagi Pengurus PPPSRS.

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In Law No. 20 of 2011 on Strata Units (UU No. 20 Tahun 2011 tentang Rumah Susun), the Association of Owners and Occupants of Strata Units (PPPSRS) is granted legal status. However, this law does not provide any provisions regarding the Management Board, let alone regulations regarding other organs of the legal entity. In fact, the characteristics of a legal entity should include a complete organ regulation. This problem practically continues to the extent of the Management Board's responsibility for the legal acts carried out by the PPPSRS. Even the issue of the lack of clarity of the Management Board's responsibility emerged in a legal case between the owner or occupant of the Strata Unit against the Management Board of the PPPSRS, with the argument that the Management Board was asked to be accountable for being accused of proven unlawful acts as referred to in Article 1365 of the Civil Code (KUHPerdata). Therefore, it is interesting to raise this issue with the aim of producing a systematic explanation of the Legal Liability of the Management Board of the PPPSRS in representing the PPPSRS, based on the limitations of existing regulations and a little legal theory of legal entities in Indonesia. This research uses a statutory approach and a case approach. The research results are that the Management Board is not personally liable for the legal acts of managing the PPPSRS that have been carried out in accordance with the management principles of the PPPSRS, but is personally liable for the unlawful legal acts that are taken. It was also found that the panel of judges has applied the principle of limited liability for the Management Board of the PPPSRS."