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"Infeksi saluran kemih (ISK) pada anak memiliki manifestasi klinis yang tidak khas dan bervariasi sehingga sulit terdiagnosis secara dini. Biakan urin memerlukan waktu hingga lima hari sehingga dapat menyebabkan keterlambatan terapi serta tingginya komplikasi ISK pada anak. Kelainan urinalisis yang saat ini digunakan masih memiliki spesifisitas yang rendah. Penelitian ini merupakan studi diagnostik NGAL urin, kelainan urinalisis, dan kombinasi keduanya, khususnya pada anak usia 2–5 tahun. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan desain potong lintang pada anak dengan tersangka ISK, yaitu anak dengan salah satu gejala ISK (demam lebih dari 380C, muntah, diare, sakit pinggang, atau gejala lokal saluran kemih) disertai kelainan urinalisis (leukosituria, dan/atau nitrit positif dan/atau leukosit esterase positif) yang berusia 2–5 tahun dan dirawat di Rumah Sakit Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Uji diagnostik pemeriksaan NGAL urin, kelainan urinalisis, dan kombinasi keduanya dibandingkan dengan biakan urin sebagai baku emas. Kombinasi ketiga kelainan urinalisis berupa leukosituria, nitrit dan leukosit esterase positif memiliki sensitivitas 38,1% dan spesifisitas 94,9%. NGAL urin diketahui memiliki sensitivitas 85,7% (IK95%: 63,6–96,9%), spesifisitas 74,3% (IK 95%: 57,8–86,9%), positive predictive value 64,3% (IK95%: 50,6–75,9%), dan negative predictive value 90,6% (IK95%: 76,9–96,5%) pada anak dengan minimal satu kelainan urinalisis. Pemeriksaan NGAL urin hanya meningkatkan spesifisitas kelainan urinalisis berupa leukosituria saja dan tidak meningkatkan spesifisitas pada yang telah memiliki tiga kelainan urinalisis. NGAL urin tidak dianjurkan untuk meningkatkan spesifisitas urinalisis dalam diagnosis ISK pada anak usia 2–5 tahun. Gabungan tiga kelainan urinalisis tanpa NGAL urin sudah memiliki spesifisitas yang baik. Perlu dilakukan penelitian biomarker lain yang dapat mendiagnosis dini ISK dengan lebih baik.

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Urinary tract infection (UTI) in children has unspecific clinical manifestations leading to difficulties in its early diagnosis. Using urine culture as the gold standard for diagnosing urinary tract infection may need five days to know and may lead to delayed treatment and high complication rates. Urinalysis abnormalities are used to diagnose UTI early but still have low specificity. This study evaluated the diagnostic value of using urinary NGAL, urinary abnormalities, and their combinations, especially in children aged 2–5 years old. This cross-sectional diagnostic study was conducted in children aged 2–5 years old who were suspected to have UTI (fever more than 380C, vomit, diarrhea, abdominal pain, flank pain, or local UTI symptoms with abnormalities in urinalysis including leukocyturia and/or positive nitrite and/or positive leukocyte esterase) who were hospitalized at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. The diagnostic test was performed to urinary NGAL, urinary abnormalities, and their combination compared with urine culture as the gold standard for UTI diagnosis. Combination of urinary abnormalities (leukocyturia, positive nitrite, and positive leukocyte esterase) can have sensitivity 38.1% and specificity 94.9%. Urinary NGAL has sensitivity 85.7% (IK 95%: 63.6–96.9%), specificity 74.3% (IK 95%: 57.8–86.9%), positive predictive value 64.3% (IK 95%: 50.6–75.9%), and negative predictive value 90.6% (IK 95%: 76.9–96.5%). Combination of urinary NGAL and urinary abnormality can only increase specificity urinalysis which only shows leukocyturia from 74.3% to 97.4% but not increase specificity of three urinary abnormalities. Urinary NGAL is not recommended to increase urinalysis specificity to make early diagnosis of UTI in children aged 2–5 years old. The three combination of urinalysis abnormalities without urinary NGAL have had a good specificity. Further research about other biomarkers to make early diagnosis of UTI in children is needed."

"Latar belakang: Infeksi saluran kemih ISK merupakan salah satu penyakit infeksi yang paling sering pada anak usia 2 bulan ndash; 2 tahun. Infeksi saluran kemih sulit dideteksi karena gejalanya yang tidak khas. Diagnosis pasti dengan biakan urin membutuhkan waktu yang lama, sedangkan pemeriksaan urinalisis sulit mendeteksi ISK karena pengosongan kandung kemih yang cepat. Pewarnaan Gram urin lebih mudah dilakukan, cepat, dan murah sehingga diajukan sebagai metode diagnosis alternatif. Tujuan: Mengetahui kesesuaian pemeriksaan pewarnaan Gram urin dibandingkan dengan biakan urin dalam mendiagnosis ISK pada anak usia 2 bulan - 2 tahun. Metode: Studi potong lintang, di RSCM Jakarta, bulan Mei hingga Desember 2016. Penelitian melibatkan 59 anak usia 2 bulan ndash; 2 tahun dengan klinis tersangka ISK. Urin diambil dengan teknik kateterisasi peruretra. Sampel urin diperiksakan pewarnaan Gram, biakan urin dan urinalisis. Biakan urin sebagai baku emas pemeriksaan, dinyatakan sebagai ISK apabila tumbuh kuman dengan koloni >50.000 cfu/mL. Pewarnaan Gram dinyatakan positif ISK apabila ditemukan satu jenis bakteri per lapang pandang besar. Hasil: Prevalens ISK pada penelitian ini sebesar 38,9. Sensitivitas pewarnaan Gram urin sebesar 47,8 IK 95 26,8-69,4, spesifisitas 97,2 IK 95 85,5-99,9, NDP 91,7 IK 95 60,3-98,8, NDN 74,5 IK 95 60,3-98,8, LR 17,2 IK 95 2,4-124,6, LR - 0,54 IK 95 0,36-0,8, akurasi 78. Simpulan: Terdapat kesesuaian antara pemeriksaan pewarnaan Gram urin dengan biakan urin dalam mendiagnosis ISK. Terapi antibiotik dapat segera diberikan apabila hasil pemeriksaan Gram urin positif menunjukkan hasil positif. Pemberian antibiotik dapat ditunda menunggu hasil biakan urin, apabila gejala klinis ISK tidak terlalu khas dan tidak ditemukan bakteri dari pewarnaan Gram urin.

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Background: Urinary tract infection UTI one of the most common disease in children age 2 months 2 years. Urinary tract infection in children is often difficult to diagnose because of the atypical symptoms. The definitive diagnosis with urine culture has its limitations because it takes a long time to get results, while it is difficult to detect UTI using urinalysis due to the rapid bladder emptying. Gram staining of urine is thought to be easier, faster, and cheaper, therefore it is proposed as an alternative method for early diagnosis of UTI.

Objective: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of urine Gram staining with urine culture to diagnose UTI in children aged 2 months to 2 years.

Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from May to December 2016. The study involved 59 children aged 2 months 2 years drawn through consecutive sampling method with clinically suspected UTI. Urine sample was taken with per urethra catheterization techniques. Urine samples were examined by Gram staining, urine culture and urinalysis. Urine culture as a gold standard examination is expressed as UTI when colonies of bacterias grow 50,000 cfu mL. Gram stain tested positive for UTI if one type of bacteria is found per high power field.

Results: The prevalence of UTI in this study is 38.9. The sensitivity of urine Gram staining is 47.8 95 CI 26.8 to 69.4, specificity of 97.2 95 CI 85.5 to 99.9, NDP 91.7 CI 95 from 60.3 to 98.8, NDN 74.5 95 CI 60.3 to 98.8, LR 17.2 95 CI 2.4 to 124.6, LR 0.54 95 CI 0.36 to 0.8, and accuracy of 78.

Conclusion There is a correlation between the urine Gram staining with urine culture in diagnosing UTI in children aged 2 months 2 years. Antibiotics may be administered immediately when urine Gram staining shows positive result. Antibiotics for UTI may be delayed until the results of urine culture, if clinical symptoms of UTI is not very distinctive and urine Gram staining shows negative result."