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Abstrak :
Investasi yang ada di dalam suatu negara dapat menjadi indikator pertumbuhan ekonomi. Untuk itu pemerintah membentuk peraturan perundang-undangan untuk mengatur kegiatan investasi agar terarah dan terdapat kepastian hukum. Pada skripsi ini akan membahas bagaimana ide pajak lingkungan menjadi bagian dari kewajiban pada perusahaan baik penanaman modal asing maupun dalam negeri. Sebagaimana kita ketahui dampak negatif dari kegiatan investasi adalah adanya ancaman terhadap kerusakan lingkungan hidup (biaya eksternal). Sebagai perbandingan, digunakan dana reboisasi dalam bidang kehutanan sebagai analisis pajak lingkungan. Analisis terhadap dana reboisasi, menghasilkan bahwa terjadi penyalahgunaan fungsi dana reboisasi, untuk itu disarankan menggunakan pajak lingkungan sebagai pengganti mekanisme pencegahan kerusakan hutan. ...... Existing investments in one country can be an indicator of economic growth. Therefore government establishing a legislation to regulate investment activities to be directed and there is legal certainty. In this mini-thesis (skripsi) will discuss how the idea of environmental taxes to be part of the obligation on investment companies both foreign and domestic. As we know the negative impact of the investment activity is a threat to damage the environment (external costs). As comparison, the use of reforestation funds in forestry as the analysis of environmental taxes. Analysis of the reforestation fund, generating functions that occur misuse of reforestation funds, it is advisable to use environmental taxes as a substitute mechanism of prevention of forest damage.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Tesis ini memaparkan hasil internalisasi biaya eksternal industri tahu skala kecil. Internalisasi biaya eksternal dilakukan dengan estimasi besaran kesediaan membayar iuran pengelolaan IPAL oleh Industri Tahu Skala Kecil dan perhitungan besaran subsidi oleh pemerintah. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif yang didasarkan survei menggunakan format Stated Preference dengan pendekatan metode Contingent Valuation di dua kelurahan di Kota Bandung. Metode elisitasi yang digunakan adalah closed-ended dichotomous choice melalui teknik Double Bounded (DB) dengan pengumpulan data melalui survei langsung ke Industri Tahu Skala Kecil. Dari 150 responden, 141 di antaranya (94%) bersedia membayar iuran pengelolaan IPAL. Analisis model DB dengan menggunakan semua data responden menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan, lama usaha, status kepemilikan lahan dan jumlah konsumsi gas elpiji berhubungan positif dengan nilai WTP dan menjadi variabel yang signifikan pada level 0.05. Dari hasil estimasi yang dilakukan, nilai WTP sebesar Rp. 36.000,- perbulan. Sehingga internalisasi biaya eksternal dari industri tahu sebesar Rp. 18.144.000,- pertahun dan nilai subsisi dari pemerintah sebesar Rp. 23.202.000,- pertahun.

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ABSTRACT
This thesis presents the results of the internalization of external costs of smallscale tofu industries. Internalization of external costs is done with estimated amount of willingness to pay dues wastewater management by Smallscale Industries and calculated the amount of subsidy by the government. This research is quantitative based surveys using Stated Preference format under the Contingent Valuation approach, in two villages of Bandung City. Elicitation method employed was closed-ended dichotomous choice of Double-Bounded (DB) technique by collecting data through direct interviews to respondens. Calculated from the total of 150 respondents, 141 (94%) were willing to pay a management dues IPAL. DB model analysis using all the data of the respondents indicate that education, longterm business, land ownership status and amount of LPG consumption positively related to WTP value and be a significant variable in the level of 0,05. From the results of the estimates, the value of WTP is Rp. 36.000,- permonth. So the internalisation of external costs from industries is Rp. 18.144.000,- peryear and from the government subsidy is Rp. 23.202.000,- peryear;This thesis presents the results of the internalization of external costs of smallscale tofu industries. Internalization of external costs is done with estimated amount of willingness to pay dues wastewater management by Smallscale Industries and calculated the amount of subsidy by the government. This research is quantitative based surveys using Stated Preference format under the Contingent Valuation approach, in two villages of Bandung City. Elicitation method employed was closed-ended dichotomous choice of Double-Bounded (DB) technique by collecting data through direct interviews to respondens. Calculated from the total of 150 respondents, 141 (94%) were willing to pay a management dues IPAL. DB model analysis using all the data of the respondents indicate that education, longterm business, land ownership status and amount of LPG consumption positively related to WTP value and be a significant variable in the level of 0,05. From the results of the estimates, the value of WTP is Rp. 36.000,- permonth. So the internalisation of external costs from industries is Rp. 18.144.000,- peryear and from the government subsidy is Rp. 23.202.000,- peryear;This thesis presents the results of the internalization of external costs of smallscale tofu industries. Internalization of external costs is done with estimated amount of willingness to pay dues wastewater management by Smallscale Industries and calculated the amount of subsidy by the government. This research is quantitative based surveys using Stated Preference format under the Contingent Valuation approach, in two villages of Bandung City. Elicitation method employed was closed-ended dichotomous choice of Double-Bounded (DB) technique by collecting data through direct interviews to respondens. Calculated from the total of 150 respondents, 141 (94%) were willing to pay a management dues IPAL. DB model analysis using all the data of the respondents indicate that education, longterm business, land ownership status and amount of LPG consumption positively related to WTP value and be a significant variable in the level of 0,05. From the results of the estimates, the value of WTP is Rp. 36.000,- permonth. So the internalisation of external costs from industries is Rp. 18.144.000,- peryear and from the government subsidy is Rp. 23.202.000,- peryear, This thesis presents the results of the internalization of external costs of smallscale tofu industries. Internalization of external costs is done with estimated amount of willingness to pay dues wastewater management by Smallscale Industries and calculated the amount of subsidy by the government. This research is quantitative based surveys using Stated Preference format under the Contingent Valuation approach, in two villages of Bandung City. Elicitation method employed was closed-ended dichotomous choice of Double-Bounded (DB) technique by collecting data through direct interviews to respondens. Calculated from the total of 150 respondents, 141 (94%) were willing to pay a management dues IPAL. DB model analysis using all the data of the respondents indicate that education, longterm business, land ownership status and amount of LPG consumption positively related to WTP value and be a significant variable in the level of 0,05. From the results of the estimates, the value of WTP is Rp. 36.000,- permonth. So the internalisation of external costs from industries is Rp. 18.144.000,- peryear and from the government subsidy is Rp. 23.202.000,- peryear]

Abstrak :
Perkembangan bisnis e-commerce di Jakarta, Indonesia pada beberapa tahun terakhir membuat sektor bisnis last mile delivery (LMD) berkembang cukup pesat. Peningkatan demand LMD membuat perjalanan kilometer yang dihasilkan semakin besar sehingga menimbulkan eksternalitas negatif, khususnya polusi udara, yang tanpa disadari telah meresahkan masyarakat. Disisi lain, biaya logistik di Indonesia hanya dipengaruhi oleh biaya operasional kendaraan dan tidak ada komponen biaya eksternal. Optimalisasi layanan LMD yang mempertimbangkan biaya internal dan eksternal diperlukan untuk meminimalkan biaya total LMD dan sekaligus mengurangi dampak dari polusi udara. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan optimalisasi sistem distribusi LMD dengan mempertimbangkan biaya eksternal. Optimalisasi sistem distribusi LMD dilakukan dengan cara membentuk model Heterogeneous Fleet Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Window and External Costs (HFVRPTW-EC) dan mengaplikasikan model menggunakan data dari salah satu perusahaan parcel delivery di Jakarta, Indonesia dan kemudian melakukan simulasi dengan membentuk beberapa skenario operasional. Variabel penelitian terdiri dari jenis kendaraan dan sistem distribusi, jenis kendaraan terdiri dari V1 (sepeda motor) dan V2 (mobil pick-up box berbahan bakar bensin), sedangkan sistem distribusi terdiri dari one-tier, two-tier dan multi-tier. Hasil simulasi dan analisa menunjukkan bahwa optimalisasi sistem distribusi dan jenis kendaraan yang dilakukan telah mengurangi biaya total sebesar 34% - 50% dan konsentrasi polusi udara sebesar 38% - 58% dibandingkan kondisi eksisting. Hasil optimasi menunjukkan bahwa skenario yang menggunakan jenis kendaraan V1 dan sistem distribusi one-tier menghasilkan biaya total (biaya internal dan biaya eksternal) dan konsentrasi polusi udara paling minimum. Namun ketika dilakukan perubahan jenis kendaraan V2 menjadi mobil pick-up box berbahan bakar CNG, hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa skenario dengan sistem distribusi multi-tier dengan jenis kendaraan V1 pada tingkat drop mileage dan V2 pada tingkat stem mileage menghasilkan biaya total dan konsentrasi polusi udara paling minimum. ......The development of the e-commerce business in Jakarta, Indonesia in recent years has made the last mile delivery (LMD) business sector grow quite rapidly. The increase in LMD demand made the resulting kilometer trip even larger, causing negative externalities, especially air pollution, which unknowingly troubled the public. On the other hand, logistics costs in Indonesia are only affected by vehicle operating costs and there are no external cost components. Optimization of LMD services that considers internal and external costs is needed to minimize the total cost of LMD and simultaneously reduce the impact of air pollution. The purpose of this study is to optimize the LMD distribution system by considering external costs. Optimization of the LMD distribution system is carried out by forming a Heterogeneous Fleet Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Window and External Costs (HFVRPTW-EC) model and applying the model using data from one of the parcel delivery companies in Jakarta, Indonesia and then simulating by forming several operational scenarios. The research variables consisted of the type of vehicle and the distribution system, the type of vehicle consisted of V1 (motorcycle) and V2 (petrol-fueled pick-up box), while the distribution system consisted of one-tier, two-tier and multi-tier. The simulation and analysis results show that the optimization of the distribution system and the type of vehicle carried out has reduced total costs by 34% - 50% and air pollution concentrations by 38% - 58% compared to the existing conditions. The optimization results show that the scenario using V1 vehicle type and a one-tier distribution system produces the minimum total cost (internal cost and external cost) and air pollution concentration. However, when changing the type of V2 vehicle into a CNG-fueled pick-up box, the results of the analysis show that a scenario with a multi-tier distribution system with the V1 vehicle type at the drop mileage level and V2 at the stem mileage level produces the most total cost and air pollution concentration. minimum.

Abstrak :
Sistem ganjil genap adalah kebijakan pembatasan kendaraan bermotor dengan plat ganjil atau genap sesuai dengan waktu dan ruas jalan yang berlaku. Sistem ganjil genap merupakan implementasi untuk menyelesaikan masalah akibat transportasi seperti kemacetan lalu lintas dan polusi udara. Dalam proses pengoperasiannya sistem ini dapat mengurangi eksternalitas akibat polusi kendaraan di ruas jalan Jakarta. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis efektivitas dari sistem ganjil genap berdasarkan aspek eksternalitas. Analisa kecepatan dan volume kendaraan dilakukan dengan survei menggunakan video cctv pada ruas jalan. Kecepatan rata-rata kendaraan sebelum perluasan sistem ganjil genap pada ruas Jalan Gunung Sahari adalah 25,42 km/jam dan pada ruas Jalan Pramuka adalah 36,18 km/jam. Kecepatan rata-rata kendaraan setelah perluasan sistem ganjil genap dengan asumsi mengalami kenaikan dengan angka dari Dinas Perhubungan DKI Jakarta menjadi 10,83 km/jam untuk ruas Jalan Gunung Sahari dan 15,42 km/jam untuk ruas Jalan Pramuka. Jumlah volume kendaraan sebelum perluasan sistem ganjil genap adalah 6613 kendaraan untuk ruas Jalan Gunung Sahari dan 12.663 kendaraan untuk ruas Jalan Pramuka. Volume kendaraan setelah perluasan sistem ganjil genap dengan asumsi mengalami penurunan dengan angka dari Dinas Perhubungan DKI Jakarta menjadi 5066 kendaraan untuk ruas Jalan Gunung Sahari dan 9702 kendaraan untuk ruas Jalan Pramuka. Sistem ganjil genap telah menurunkan biaya eksternal sebanyak 37% pada ruas Jalan gunung Sahari dan 34% untuk ruas Jalan Pramuka. Hasil ini berdasarkan pada jenis kendaraan dan bahan bakar yang digunakan. Sistem ganjil genap dapat dengan efektif mengurangi biaya eksternal akibat CO2 dan juga mengurangi kemacetan dengan mengurangi volume kendaraan dan menambah kecepatan kendaraan. ......Even-odd system is a policy of limiting vehicles with odd or even license plates in accordance with the applicable time and road sections. Even odd system is an implementation to solve problems due to transportation such as traffic jams and air pollution. In the process of operating this system can reduce eksternalities due to vehicle pollution on Jakarta's roads. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of even odd systems based on eksternalities. Vehicle speed and volume analysis is done by survey counting using CCTV video on the road section. The average speed of the vehicle before the expansion of the even odd system on the Gunung Sahari Road section was 25.42 km / hr and on the Pramuka Road segment was 36.18 km / hr. The average speed of the vehicle after the expansion of the odd-even system with the assumption of an increase with the figures from the DKI Jakarta Transportation Department to 10.83 km / hour for the Gunung Sahari Road section and 15.42 km / hour for the Pramuka Road section. The total vehicles before the even-number system expansion was 6613 vehicles for the Gunung Sahari Road section and 12,663 vehicles for the Pramuka Road section. The total vehicles after the expansion of the odd even system is assumed to have decreased with the figure from the DKI Jakarta Transportation Department to 5066 vehicles for the Gunung Sahari Road section and 9702 vehicles for the Pramuka Road section. The odd even system has reduced eksternal costs by 37% on the Gunung Sahari road section and 34% on the Pramuka Road section. This result is based on the type of vehicle and fuel used. Even odd systems can effectively reduce eksternal costs due to CO2 and also reduce congestion by reducing vehicle and increasing vehicle speed.