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ABSTRACT

The main energy sources in Indonesia generally still rely on fossil fuels, such as petroleum, coal and natural gas. Biofuel is a solution that can be applied as a substitute for fossil fuels. This research was conducted by simulating the biofuel production process and calculating the amount of carbon dioxide emissions produced. This simulation is done by modeling the hydroprocessing process using Unisim R390.1 by optimizing the operating conditions for each raw material. The Hydrotreatment process was varied at a pressure of 1-5 MPa and a temperature of 250oC - 350oC. shows that palm oil is the most effective in producing bioavtur at a temperature of 300oC and a pressure of 3 MPa, while nyamplung oil is the most effective for producing renewable diesel at a temperature of 300oC and a pressure of 3 MPa. The calculation of the number of emissions from the carbon dioxide life cycle shows that to produce 1 kg of biofuel, 3.82 x 103 kg of CO2 is produced"

"Biodiesel is an environmentally friend renewable diesel fuel alternative. Jatropha seeds can be a feedstock to produce a valuable amount of oil to be biodiesel using transesterification reaction..."

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Biodiesel adalah bahan bakar nabati cair yang memiliki karakteristik menyerupai minyak solar dan dapat diperoleh dari bahan baku organik sehingga sifatnya sustainable dan ramah lingkungan. Indonesia memproduksi biodiesel dari Crude Palm Oil (CPO) sejak 2006, namun terdapat permasalahan yaitu keterbatasan lahan, terganggunya ketahanan pangan dan komoditas perdagangan ekspor CPO, selain itu produksi biodiesel di Indonesia belum memiliki tata kelola yang baik serta kurangnya kebijakan yang mendorong pengembangan biodiesel sehingga target pemanfaatan biodiesel tidak tercapai.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat suatu model sistem dinamis produksi biodiesel di Indonesia yang mengintegrasikan berbagai variabel, seperti bahan baku, lahan, produktivitas, ekspor CPO dan kebijakan, dilakukan dengan metode pemodelan sistem dinamis menggunakan piranti lunak STELLA. Model yang dihasilkan dapat membantu pencapaian target mandatori pemanfaatan Bahan Bakar Nabati (BBN) di Indonesia pada tahun 2025 serta kemandirian energi dengan penghapusan impor minyak solar di Indonesia melalui simulasi skenario yang dapat digunakan untuk mengajukan rekomendasi kebijakan kepada pemerintah.

Telah dihasilkan Indonesia Biodiesel Production Model (IBPM) yang memfokuskan pada peningkatan produksi biodiesel. Hasil simulasi pada model menunjukkan bahwa untuk pemenuhan target mandatori 30% biodiesel (B30) pada 2025, dibutuhkan pertumbuhan lahan 5,3%/tahun pada Perkebunan Rakyat (PR), 1,001%/tahun pada Perkebunan Besar Negara (PBN) dan 5,78%/tahun pada Perkebunan Besar Swasta (PBS) dengan kenaikan produktivitas lahan rata-rata secara bertahap hingga 14,75 Ton/Ha serta penurunan ekspor refined CPO hingga 43,05% pada tahun 2025. Sementara untuk penghapusan impor minyak solar, dibutuhkan kenaikan lahan 5,78%/tahun untuk PR, 1,0092%/tahun untuk PBN dan 6,38%/tahun untuk PBS dengan produktivitas yang naik secara bertahap hingga mencapai 14,75 Ton/Ha dan pembatasan ekspor refined CPO hanya sebesar 25,17% pada tahun 2025, nilai variabel input ini akan menghasilkan persentasi blending biodiesel sebesar 60% (B60) pada tahun 2025. Sementara itu kemungkinan penggantian minyak solar dengan biodiesel B100 belum dapat dilakukan karena dampak yang besar terhadap ekspor CPO dan hilangnya insentif biodiesel.

Beberapa rekomendasi kebijakan yang dapat diusulkan di antaranya pemberian izin penggunaan lahan terabaikan, insentif atau pinjaman untuk perluasan lahan, kemudahan perizinan lahan, subsidi bibit unggul dan pupuk serta perbaikan sistem irigasi untuk lahan kelapa sawit dan pembatasan ekspor refined CPO yang merupakan variabel yang paling memengaruhi peningkatan produksi biodiesel di Indonesia.

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Biodiesel is a liqud biofuel that has similar characteristic with diesel oil. Biodiesel is produced from organic materials, thus it is sustainable and enviromental friendly. Indonesia has been producing biodiesel from Crude Palm Oil (CPO) since 2006, but there are some issues regarding biodiesel utilization, such as land limitation, food security and CPO export commodity threats. In addition, good management of biodiesel development in Indonesia has not achieved and the lack of supported biodiesel policies are behind the reasons why biodiesel mandate has not been reached in the last few years.

The research aims to build a system dynamics model of biodiesel production in Indonesia, which integrated all the variabels, such as feedstock, land, productivity, CPO export and policies using system dynamics modeling with STELLA software. The model will help to reach the biofuel utilization mandate in 2025 and to gain energy security in terms of elimination diesel oil import, through simulation of policies recommendation scenarios.

Indonesia Biodiesel Production Model (IBPM) has been developed, which focus on increasing of biodiesel production in Indonesia. The simulation shows, to achieve biodiesel mandate of 30% biodiesel in 2025 (B30), cultivation lands need to be increased, as 5,3%/year of small holding land, 1,001%/year of state owned land and 5,39%/year of private owned land. It is also needed to gradually increase land productivity to 14,75 Ton//Ha and decrease refined CPO export to 43,05% in 2025. Whereas to eliminate diesel oil import, land growth rate of small holding, state owned and private owned land are 5,78%/year, 1,0092%/year and 6,38%./year, respectively. Land productivity should be increased gradually to 14,75 Ton/Ha and export of refined CPO must be limited to maximum 25,17% in 2025. These adjusted variables will result biodiesel blending of 60% (B60) in 2025. Meanwhile the option to exchange diesel oil with biodiesel B100 will not be possible, since it will have a great impact on CPO export levy and biodiesel incentives.

There are some policies recommendation according to the simulated scenarios, such as acquiescence to use the abandoned agricultural land, incentive or loan to land expanding, simplicity on land licensing, subvention of quality seeds and fertilizers, improvement of palm oil irigation system and export limitation of refined CPO as the most influenced variable to increase biodiesel production in Indonesia.

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"Bio-oil fraksi non-oksigenat memiliki kandungan alkena yang tinggi hal tersebut menyebabkan tingginya ignition delay time dan nilai kalor yang rendah jika dibandingkan dengan bahan bakar diesel komersial. Reaksi hidrogenasi diperlukan sebagai upgrading Bio-oil fraksi non-oksigenat agar dapat memiliki karakteristik mendekati bahan bakar diesel komersial. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan efek kecepatan putar impeller tipe flat blade turbine terhadap karakteristik biofuel produk upgrading Bio-oil fraksi non-oksigenat. Parameter yang dinilai mencakup kandungan ikatan rangkap, branching index, viskositas dan nilai kalor. Investigasi dilakukan terhadap kecepatan putar pengaduk reaksi hidrogenasi pada 200 s.d. 500 rpm dengan rentang 100 rpm. Kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode FTIR, GC-MS, H-NMR, dan viskometer. Penggunaan self-inducing impeller diharapkan dapat menghemat penggunaan gas hidrogen. Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa penggunaan self-inducing impeller berhasil mengkonveksi gas hidrogen ke dalam fasa liquid namun tanpa memerlukan suplai hidrogen yang kontinu sehingga penggunaannya lebih hemat. Peningkatan kecepatan putar pengaduk pada reaksi hidrogenasi menyebabkan peningkatan tingkat hidrogenasi Bio-oil untuk range 200 s.d. 400 rpm dan sedikit penurunan pada kecepatan putar 500 rpm karena terbentuknya vortex kearah posisi impeller. Biofuel pada kecepatan putar 400 rpm yang paling mendekati diesel komersial ditinjau dari HHV dan viskositas. Berdasarkan parameter branching index maka biofuel pada kecepatan putar 200 rpm yang paling mendekati diesel komersial.

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Bio-oil non-oxygenate fraction has a high alkene content which causes high ignition delay time and low heating value when compared to commercial diesel fuel. Hydrogenation reaction is needed as upgrading process for non-oxygenate fraction Bio-oil in order to have the characteristics close to commercial diesel fuel. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the rotating speed of the flat blade turbine type impeller on the biofuel characteristics from upgrading process. The parameters assessed include the double bond content, branching index, viscosity and heat value. Investigations were carried out on the rotational speed of the hydrogenation reaction stirrer at 200 s.d. 500 rpm with a range of 100 rpm. Then analyzed using FTIR, GC-MS, H-NMR, and viscometer methods. The use of self-inducing impeller is expected to save the use of hydrogen gas. From the results of the study it was found that the use of self-inducing impeller succeeded in converting hydrogen gas into the liquid phase but without the need for a continuous supply of hydrogen so that it is more efficient. Increasing the stirring speed of the stirrer in the hydrogenation reaction causes an increase in the extent of hydrogenation for the range of 200 s.d. 400 rpm and a slight decrease in the rotational speed of 500 rpm due to the formation of vortex towards the impeller position. Biofuel at a rotational speed of 400 rpm which is most close to commercial diesel when viewed from HHV and viscosity. Based on the branching index parameters the biofuel at the rotational speed of 200 rpm which is the closest to commercial diesel.

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"National team on biofual predicted than jatropha curcas (JC) program is good for poverty alleviation and to provide jobs for a big part of unemployment among Indonesia population...."