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Abstrak :
Stunting adalah kondisi kegagalan pertumbuhan disebabkan oleh kekurangan zat gizi kronik dan infeksi berulang yang memiliki dampak jangka panjang. Stunting masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Provinsi Banten karena prevalensinya masih tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui determinan stunting balita 6-59 bulan di Provinsi Banten. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional dengan jumlah sampel 1.643 balita yang didapat dari total sampling berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Data yang digunakan adalah data SSGI 2021 milik BKPK Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Variabel independen pada penelitian ini adalah faktor anak (umur, jenis kelamin, berat badan lahir, panjang badan lahir, keragaman pangan), faktor ibu (pendidikan ibu dan pekerjaan ibu); faktor kerawanan pangan; faktor kesehatan lingkungan (kepemilikan jamban); faktor penyakit infeksi (ISPA, diare, pneumonia, TBC) dan faktor pelayanan kesehatan (pemberian vitamin A dan pengobatan balita sakit di fasilitas kesehatan). Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis data kompleks. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji chi-square dan analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proporsi stunting pada balita 6-59 bulan adalah 22,7%. Berdasarkan analisis multivariat, determinan stunting balita 6-59 bulan di Provinsi Banten adalah jenis kelamin (p-value 0,021; AOR 1,351; CI 95% 1,047 – 1,744); pendidikan ibu (p-value 0,009; AOR 1,484; CI 95% 1,103 – 1,998); panjang badan lahir (p-value 0,001; AOR 2,094; CI 95% 1,512 – 2,899); kerawanan pangan (p-value 0,009; AOR 1,629; CI 95% 1,131 – 2,347). Faktor dominan kejadian stunting balita 6-59 bulan di Provinsi Banten adalah panjang badan lahir pendek (AOR 2,09). Bayi panjang lahir pendek perlu mendapatkan intervensi KIE gizi dan kesehatan untuk ibu balita; mendapat makanan tambahan balita dari Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten/Kota dan Puskesmas serta pemantauan rutin setiap bulan di Posyandu agar tidak tumbuh menjadi balita stunting. ......Stunting is a condition of growth failure caused by chronic nutritional deficiencies and repeated infections that have long-term effects. Stunting is still a public health problem in Banten Province because the prevalence is still high. This study aims to determine the determinants of stunting in toddlers aged 6-59 months in Banten Province. The research design used was cross sectional with a total sample of 1,643 toddlers obtained from total sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data used is the SSGI 2021 data belonging to the Indonesian Ministry of Health's BKPK. The independent variables in this study were child factors (age, sex, birth weight, birth length, dietary diversity), maternal factors (mother's education and mother's occupation); food insecurity factor; environmental health factors (latrine ownership); infection disease factors (ARI, diarrhea, pneumonia, tuberculosis) and health service factors (giving vitamin A and treating sick toddlers in health facilities). Data were analyzed using complex data analysis. Bivariate analysis used the chi-square test and multivariate analysis used multiple logistic regression. The results showed that the proportion of stunting among toddlers aged 6-59 months was 22.7%. Based on multivariate analysis, the determinant of stunting for children aged 6-59 months in Banten Province is gender (p-value 0.021; AOR 1.351; 95% CI 1.047 – 1.744); mother's education (p-value 0.009; AOR 1.484; 95% CI 1.103 – 1.998); birth length (p-value 0.001; AOR 2.094; 95% CI 1.512 – 2.899); food insecurity (p-value 0.009; AOR 1.629; 95% CI 1.131 – 2.347). The dominant factor in the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 6-59 months in Banten Province is short birth length (AOR 2.09). Short-born babies need to receive health and nutrition communication, information, education interventions for mothers under five and get supplementary food for toddlers from the District/City Health Office and Community Health Centers as well as routine monitoring every month at the Posyandu so they don't grow into stunted toddlers.

Abstrak :
Tinggi badan seseorang dipengaruhi berbagai faktor mulai dari masa kehamilan sampai remaja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan TB/U pada remaja perempuan usia 15-17 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross-sectional yang dilakukan terhadap 135 siswi kelas X di SMA Negeri 2 Depok pada bulan April-Mei 2015. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pengukuran tinggi badan dan kuesioner yang diisi sendiri oleh responden. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah analisis univariat, analisis bivariat (uji chi-square), dan analisis multivariat (uji regresi logistik ganda). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 17% responden yang termasuk pendek (TB/U <2 SD). Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara berat lahir (pvalue = 0,015), panjang lahir (p-value = 0,001), frekuensi konsumsi sumber protein hewani (p-value = 0,036), frekuensi konsumsi sumber protein nabati (p-value = 0,043), dan tinggi badan ibu (p-value = 0,036) dengan TB/U remaja perempuan. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan panjang lahir sebagai faktor dominan terhadap TB/U remaja perempuan, setelah dikontrol variabel tinggi badan ibu, tinggi badan ayah, berat lahir, frekuensi konsumsi sumber protein hewani, dan frekuensi konsumsi sumber protein nabati. ...... Height is affected by many factors, from pregnancy to adolescence. This study is purposed to determine the dominant factor that related to height-for-age in adolescent girls around 15-17 years old. The method used in this study is crosssectional design which was conducted with 135 girl student in X class of 2nd State Senior High School Depok on April-Mei 2015. Data were collected by height measurement and self-administrative questionnaire. This study use univariate analysis, bivariate analysis (chi-square test), and multivariate analysis (double logistic regression) as a statistical test. The result in this study showed that 17% respondent are stunting (height-for-age <-2 SD). There was a statistically significant relationship between birth weight (p-value = 0,015), birth length (pvalue = 0,001), consumption frequency of animal protein (p-value = 0,036), consumption frequency of vegetable protein (p-value = 0,043), and maternal height (p-value = 0,036) with height-for-age of adolescent girls. The result of multivariate analysis showed that birth length as dominant factor of height-for-age of adolescent girls, after controlled variable maternal height, paternal height, birth weight, consumption frequency of animal protein, and consumption frequency of vegetable protein.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Berat lahir dan panjang lahir bayi merupakan ukuran yang dapat digunakan sebagai indikator status kesehatan bayi. Ketidaksesuaian berat lahir dan panjang lahir dengan standar yang telah ditetapkan menunjukkan rendahnya status kesehatan bayi. Bayi kecil atau besar untuk usia kehamilan dapat diidentifikasi dengan menggunakan grafik persentil. Namun Indonesia belum memiliki grafik persentil berat lahir dan panjang lahir bayi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui distribusi berat lahir dan panjang lahir bayi hidup tunggal intrauterine sesuai usia kehamilan di Puskesmas Kramatwatu Kabupaten Serang, tahun 2011-2015 dan membandingkan grafik persentil berat lahir bayi tunggal sesuai usia kehamilan dengan populasi dari negara lain. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional. Pengambilan data sekunder sebanyak 1.021 data dilakukan pada bulan Mei hingga Juni tahun 2015 dengan kriteria inklusi ibu hamil yang melahirkan bayi hidup, bayi tunggal, dan bayi yang tidak mengalami kecacatan, serta melakukan pemeriksaan kandungan dan persalinan dengan dibantu oleh tenaga kesehatan profesional (bidan) di Puskesmas Kramatwatu. Penelitian mendapati hasil distribusi berat lahir dan panjang lahir bayi terhadap usia kehamilan ibu secara umum mengalami peningkatan di setiap persentilnya. Pada rentang persentil 5th hingga 95th, ibu dengan usia kehamilan 30 minggu memiliki berat lahir 900 hingga 2030 gram, dan panjang lahir 34 hingga 47 cm; ibu dengan usia kehamilan 37 minggu memiliki berat lahir 2085 hingga 3475 gram, dan panjang lahir 39 sampai 50 cm; ibu dengan usia kehamilan 42 minggu melahirkan bayi dengan berat 2535 hingga 4000 gram dan panjang lahir 44,6 hingga 53 cm. Persentil berat lahir sesuai usia kehamilan di negara Malaysia bila dibandingkan hampir sama dengan di Kramatwatu, Indonesia pada persentil 50th dan 90th. Namun pada persentil 10th Indonesia berada dibawah Malaysia dengan berat lahir sesuai usia kehamilan 30 hingga 43 minggu sebesar 1100 hingga 2700 gram.

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ABSTRACT
Birth weight and birth length is a measure that can be used as an indicator of the health status of the baby. Incompatibility birth weight and birth length with a predetermined standard show low health status of the baby. Baby is small or large for gestational age can be identified by using the percentile chart of birth and length for gestational age. However, Indonesia does not have a birth weight and birth length by gestational age percentile chart. The purpose of this study to determine the distribution of single birth weight and length infants by gestational age in Kramatwatu Public Health Center, Serang District in 2011-2015 and compared the birth weight and length percentile chart of single infants by gestational age with the population in another countries. This study used cross sectional design. As many as 1.021 secondary data collected in May until June 2015 with the inclusion criteria of pregnant women who delivered live infant, single baby, and babies who do not have disabilities, as well as prenatal and delivery assisted by health professionals (midwives) in PHC Kramatwatu. This study found that the distribution of birth weight and birth length for gestational age in general have increased in each percentile. On the 5th to 95th percentile range, mothers with gestational age 30 weeks had birth weights 900 to 2030 grams, and birth length 34 to 47 cm; mothers with gestational age 37 weeks had birth weight 2085 to 3475 grams, and birth length 39 to 50 cm; mothers with gestational age 42 weeks had birth weight 2535 to 4000 grams and birth length 44.6 to 53 cm. Birth weight percentile by gestational age in Malaysia when compared to almost the same as in Kramatwatu, Indonesia on the 50th and 90th percentiles. But at the 10th percentile Indonesia slightly below Malaysia with birth weight by gestational age of 30 to 43 weeks of 1100 to 2700 grams.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini membahas pengaruh kadar vitamin D dan kalsium terhadap panjang dan berat lahir bayi. Jenis penelitian cross sectional melibatkan 144 ibu hamil trimester 3 dan bayi yang dilahirkan. Pemeriksaan vitamin D menggunakan biomarker 25(OH)D dan kalsium menggunakan kalsium total dari serum darah tali pusat. Pengukuran panjang dan berat lahir dilakukan terstandar segera setelah lahir dengan alat merk Seca tipe 231/231. Analisis menggunakan uji korelasi, t test, ANOVA dan analisis regresi linier ganda untuk melihat pengaruh status vitamin D dan kalsium terhadap panjang dan berat lahir dengan memperhatikan variabel pengganggu (umur, paritas, tinggi badan ibu dan ayah, kesesuaian penambahan berat badan ibu selama hamil sesuai IMT pra hamil, status anemia, aktifitas fisik, kecukupan gizi ibu dan merokok). Hasil yang diperoleh: rata-rata panjang dan berat lahir adalah normal 48.7 cm dan 3090.4 gram, panjang lahir pendek 31.2 % dan BBLR 8.3%. Rata-rata kadar serum 25(OH)D adalah 27.6 ng/dL, status vitamin D kurang mencapai 62,5%. Rata-rata kadar kalsium 10 ng/mL dan hipokalsemia 24.3%. Kadar vitamin D dan kalsium berpengaruh bermakna terhadap panjang lahir setelah dikontrol tinggi badan ibu, kadar haemoglobin dan kecukupan asupan energi ibu. Setiap peningkatan 10 ng/dL kadar vitamin D akan menambah panjang lahir sebesar 0,4 cm dan setiap kenaikan 10 ng/mL kadar kalsium akan menambah 2,22 cm. Kadar vitamin D dan kalsium berpengaruh bermakna terhadap berat lahir setelah dikontrol tinggi badan ibu, kadar haemoglobin, kecukupan asupan energi ibu dan kesesuaian penambahan berat badan ibu selama hamil. Setiap peningkatan 10 ng/dL kadar vitamin D akan menambah 100,9 gram berat lahir dan setiap peningkatan 10 ng/mL kadar kalsium akan menambah 448 gram berat lahir bayi. Hasil penelitian menyarankan ibu hamil perlu meningkatkan asupan vitamin D dan kalsium termasuk zat gizi lain sesuai standar kecukupan gizi ibu hamil dan mendorong agar kulit mendapatkan paparan sinar matahari. ......This study discusses the effect of vitamin D and calcium levels on the length and birth weight of babies. This type of cross sectional study involved 144 third trimester pregnant women and babies born. Vitamin D examination using biomarkers of 25(OH)D and calcium using total calcium from cord blood serum. Measurements of length and birth weight are standardized immediately after birth with the Seca brand type 231/231. Analysis using correlation test, t test, ANOVA and linear regression analysis to see the effect of vitamin D and calcium status on length and birth weight by considering confounding variables (age, parity, maternal and paternal height, suitability of maternal weight gain during pregnancy according to BMI pre pregnancy, anemia status, physical activity, nutritional adequacy of mother and family smoking). Results obtained: the average length and birth weight were normal 48.7 cm and 3090.4 grams, short birth length 31.2% and LBW 8.3%. The average serum level of 25(OH)D is 27.6 ng/dL, vitamin D status is less than 62.5%. The average calcium content is 10 ng /mL and 24.3% hypocalcemia. Vitamin D and calcium levels had a significant effect on birth length after control of maternal height, hemoglobin level and adequacy of maternal energy intake. Every 10 ng/dL increase in vitamin D levels will increase the birth length by 0.4 cm and every 10 ng/mL increase in calcium levels will add 2.22 cm. Vitamin D and calcium levels had a significant effect on birth weight after control of maternal height, hemoglobin level, adequacy of maternal energy intake and suitability of maternal weight gain during pregnancy. Every 10 ng/dL increase in vitamin D levels will add 100.9 grams of birth weight and each 10 ng/mL increase in calcium levels will add 448 grams of baby's birth weight. The results suggest that pregnant women need to increase their intake of vitamin D and calcium, including other nutrients according to the nutritional adequacy standards of pregnant women and encourage the skin to get sun exposure.

Abstrak :
Rokok merupakan masalah global dan menjadi ancaman serius bagi kesehatan ibu hamil dan janin. Studi kohor prospektif ini, dilakukan untuk menilai pengaruh pajanan pasif asap rokok ibu hamil terhadap gangguan pertumbuhan janin. Melibatkan 128 ibu hamil trimester 3, hamil janin tunggal, tidak memiliki riwayat penyakit kronis, bukan perokok aktif, bukan mantan perokok, dan bersedia terlibat dalam penelitian. Penilaian pajanan asap rokok ibu berdasarkan pemeriksaan nikotin darah tali pusat (cut off ≥1ng/ml). Pengukuran menggunakan nikotin plasma adalah metode yang paling akurat karena dapat mengukur kondisi sebenarnya dan membantu mengurangi misklasifikasi. Gangguan pertumbuhan janin dinilai dengan pengukuran berat lahir, panjang lahir, lingkar kepala, dan berat plasenta. Pengukuran dilakukan segera setelah lahir untuk menjamin ketepatan pengukuran. Analisis uji beda dua mean digunakan untuk mengetahui perbedaan rata rata ukuran gangguan pertumbuhan janin antara kelompok ibu terpajan asap rokok dan tidak terpajan asap rokok. Analisis regresi linier untuk melihat pengaruh pajanan asap rokok terhadap berat lahir, panjang lahir, lingkar kepala dan berat plasenta dengan memperhatikan variabel pengganggu seperti penambahan berat badan ibu selama hamil, BMI ibu, paritas ibu, usia dan kadar hemoglobin ibu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata kadar nikotin tali pusat sebesar 1,3±2,5 ng/ml. Berat lahir dan berat plasenta bayi dari ibu yang mendapat pajanan asap rokok lebih rendah dibandingkan ibu yang tidak mendapat pajanan asap rokok. Pajanan asap rokok secara signifikan mengurangi berat lahir bayi sebesar 205,6 gram (pvalue = 0,005) dan berat plasenta sebesar 51 gram (p value=0,010). ......This cohort study examined the effect of secondhand smoke exposure in pregnant women on fetal growth restriction. The study recruited 128 pregnant women in the third trimester pregnancy, single pregnancy, no chronic illness, non-active smokers, non-exsmokers, and who were willing to participate in the study. Pregnant women with the secondhand smoke exposure referred to those with the umbilical cord blood nicotine level of 1ng/ml or higher. Fetal growth disorder was assessed according to the newborn weight, length, head circumference, and palcental weight measured immediately after birth. The independent t-test analysis was used to determine the difference in average size of fetal growth between two groups of pregnant women: exposed and the notexposed to the secondhand smoke. A multiple linear regression analysis was employed to find out the effect of secondhand smoke exposure on birth weight, length, head circumference, and palcental weight controlling for the birth size confounders including weight gain during pregnancy, body mass index, parity, maternal age, and maternal hemoglobin. The study found that mean of nicotine in umbilical cord blood was 1.3±2.5 ng/ml, the birth weight and the placental weight of infants were lower among mothers who exposed than among mothers who did not expose to the secondhand smoke. Exposed to the secondhand smoke reduced the birth weight by 205.6 grams (p value = 0.005) and placental weight by 51 grams (p value=0.010).