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"Hipertensi ditegakkan pada tekanan sistolik 140 mmHg/lebih saat beristirahat, tekanan diastolik 90 mmHg/lebih saat beristirahat atau keduanya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif cross sectional. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui karakteristik dan faktor berhubungan dengan hipertensi pada masyarakat desa Bocor, Kabupaten Kebumen, Jawa Tengah. Populasi yang diteliti adalah seluruh masyarakat di desa Bocor yang menderita hipertensi. Cara pengambilan sampel menggunakan cara non random accidental sampling, dimana pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara, pengisian kuesioner serta pengukuran tekanan darah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hipertensi terbanyak yang diderita masyarakat desa Bocor, Kabupaten Kebumen, Jawa Tengah adalah hipertensi grade I (53,93%). Faktor yang berhubungan yaitu: umur (28,43 %), jenis kelamin (30,39%), tingkat penghasilan (51,95%), tingkat pendidikan (35,29%), pekerjaan (44,11%), dan jumlah anak (42,15%), serta faktor makanan (29,41%). Sehingga perlunya membekali masyarakat dengan pengetahuan mengenai hipertensi, agar hipertensi dapat dicegah sejak dini dan agar masyarakat dapat menjalankan pola hidup sehat dan mengurangi asupan garam dalam makanan sehari-hari.

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The Characteristic and Factors Related to Hypertension in Desa Bocor, Kecamatan Bulus Pesantren, Kabupaten Kebumen, Central Java, 2006. Hypertension is systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg /more on resting or diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg / more on resting. This study using cross sectional methodology. The aim of this studis to acsess the characteristic and associated factors of hypertension in desa Bocor, Kabupaten Kebumen, Central Java Province. The population of this research is people who live in desa Bocor and had hypertension. Sample gathered by non random accidental sampling, and data was taken by interviewing, filled a quesioner and measurement of blood pressure. The result of this study show that mostly people in desa Bocor, Kabupaten Kebumen, Central Java Province categorize in hypertension grade I (53,93 %). We found associated factor: age (28,43 %), sex (30,39 %), income dietary factor (29,41 %). And we know that society needed to improve their knowledge of the hypertension, so that people can prevent hypertension and get a healthy life by reducing salt intake."

"ABSTRAKBackground of the study, materials and methods: Pregnancy-induced hypertension is still an important cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Blood pressure changes during pregnancy especially in the second- and third trimester is very important to be monitored properly during prenatal care through routine blood pressure measurement as an early detection for prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Though its etiology is still unknown, based on various epidemiological studies some nutritional- and non- nutritional factors were believed to be its predisposing factors, which also should be considered during prenatal care. A study had been carried out on 45 pregnant women in all 14 RW of Kelurahan Utan Kayu Selatan, Jakarta, Indonesia. They were followed fortnightly for a 6 weeks observational period to see the relationships between magnesium concentration in serum and in erythrocyte, and blood pressures changes in their second- and/or third trimester, and to see also factors that might influence this blood pressure changes. Anthropometrics, clinical, biochemical, and dietary assessments were done to gather data needed for this observational study. The data was analyzed using statistical tests at alpha equal to 0.05 as the significance level. Results and conclusion: Hypertension based on the operational definition of this study was found in 4.4% of the subjects. Blood pressure changes in pregnancy in this study only significantly related to primigravida. The intakes of calorie, protein, saturated fatty acid, sodium and magnesium were found to be significantly different (p < 0.001) compared to its RDA, yet no significant was found with blood pressure changes/hypertension. Magnesium concentration in serum was mostly within the normal range (1.9 - 2.5 mg/dl) in 73.33% of the subjects, while magnesium concentration in erythrocyte was mostly lower than the normal range (5.7 - 7.5 mg/dl) in 73.33 % of the subjects. The concentration of magnesium in erythrocyte was significantly lower (p < 0.001) than the normal level after the 20th week of gestation. The data did not show any significant correlation on the relationship between the concentration of magnesium both in serum and in erythrocyte with blood pressure changes / hypertension."

"Skripsi ini membahas hubungan pengetahuan gizi dan faktor lainnya dengan pengendalian tekanan darah pada pasien hipertensi di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kemirimuka. Pengendalian tekanan darah dilakukan untuk mencegah terjadinya komplikasi. Terdapat terapi farmakologis dan non farmakologis berupa edukasi faktor risiko. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa usia merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi pengendalian tekanan darah. Pengetahuan gizi dan faktor lainnya yang tidak diteliti tidak mempengaruhi pengendalian tekanan darah. Variabel usia mempengaruhi hubungan antara pengetahuan gizi dengan keadian tekanan darah tidak terkendali. Usia mempengaruhi hubungan antara pengetahuan gizi dengan kejadian hipertensi tidak terkendali setelah dikontrol kebiasaan merokok, keadaan stress, dan jenis kelamin pada pasien hipertensi di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kemiri Muka pada tahun 2023.

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This study focuses on the relationship between nutritional knowledge and other factors and blood pressure control in hypertensive patients in the working area of the Kemirimuka Community Health Center. This study focuses on blood pressure control is carried out to prevent complications. There are pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies in the form of risk factor education. The results of this study show that age is a factor that influences blood pressure control. Nutritional knowledge and other factors not studied did not influence blood pressure control. The age variable influences the relationship between nutritional knowledge and the incidence of uncontrolled blood pressure. Age influences the relationship between nutritional knowledge and the incidence of uncontrolled hypertension after controlled by smoking habits, stress conditions, and gender in hypertensive patients in the Kemiri Muka Community Health Center working area in 2023."

"ABSTRAKHipertensi esensial secara umum telah dikenal sebagai penyebab utama kelainan vaskuler yang dapat mengakibatkan stroke, gagal jantung, penyakit jantung koroner, kelainan mata dan gagal ginjal. Dari penelitian-penelitian yang telah dilakukan didapatkan hipertensi pada kira-kira 70-901 kasus perdarahan otak dan pada lebih kurang 501 penderita infark miokard. Kombinasi hipertensi dengan faktor risiko PJK lainnya meningkatkan risiko PJK beberapa kali lipat. Namun karena hipertensi sendiri berlangsung tanpa gejala, sering kali hipertensi baru disadari setelah timbul penyulit. Gejala dini adanya penyulit pada ginjal diduga berupa adanya peningkatan ekskresi albumin dalam urin yang lebih banyak dari normal, tetapi belum dapat dideteksi dengan cara pemeriksaan konvensional. Keadaan ini dikenal sebagai mikroalbuminuria. Deteksi dini mikroalbuminuria diharapkan dapat membantu upaya pencegahan terhadap timbulnya morbiditas dan mortalitas akibat timbulnya penyulit berupa gangguan faal ginjal. Pencegahan dini diharapkan dapat memperpanjang masa hidup penderita. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan adanya mikroalbuminuria pada penderita hipertensi esensial, dan apakah ada korelasi antara lama dan beratnya hipertensi dengan derajat mikroalbuminuria. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 74 orang penderita hipertensi esensial dan 23 orang kelompok kontrol. Penderita hipertensi dibagi dalam beberapa kelompok berdasarkan derajat dan lama hipertensi yaitu hipertensi ringan (HR) terdiri dari HR (5 tahun 17 orang, HR 5-10 tahun 9 orang, HR 10-15 tahun 15 orang, HR >15 tahun 14 orang, dan hipertensi sedang (HS) terdiri dari HS (5 tahun 11 orang dan HS 10-15 tahun 8 orang). Bahan berupa urin kumpulan 12 jam (malam). Kadar albumin kuantitatif diperiksa dengan cara RIA dan dihitung kecepatan ekskresi albumin (KEAU). Sebelumnya dilakukan pemeriksaan penyaring untuk menyingkirkan faktor-faktor yang meningkatkan protein urin. Pada kelompok kontrol didapatkan nilai KEAU rata-rata 2.48 ug/men (5D 2.39 ug/men). Pada masing-masing kelompok HR berturut-turut didapatkan nilai KEAU 2.33 ug/men (SD 1.85 ug/men), 2.40 ug/men (SD 1.19 ug/men), 4.70 ug/men (SD 5.00 ug/men), 12.58 ug/men (SD 15.13 ug/men dan pada kelompok HS masing-masing 4.2 ug/men (SD 4.8 ug/men ) dan 14.0 ug/men (SD 14.2 ug/men). Nilai kontrol ternyata lebih rendah dari nilai peneliti lain. Pada kelompok hipertensi untuk kelompok HR kurang dari 10 tahun belum dijumpai mikroalbuminuria namun tampak adanya kecenderungan peningkatan ekskresi albumin dengan bertambah lama dan beratnya hipertensi. Mikroalbuminuria ditemukan pada kelompok HR 10-15 th, HS 10-15 th dan HR >15 th, masing-masing 1, 2 dan 3 orang atau 8.11 dari 74 penderita. Didapatkan adanya korelasi sedang (r = 0.47) antara meningkatnya ekskresi albumin dengan lamanya hipertensi, tetapi tidak dijumpai korelasi dengan tingginya tekanan diastolik dan sistolik (r = 0.24 dan 0.18). Dari hasil penelitian ini disarankan agar para penderita hipertensi untuk melakukan pemeriksaan albumin urin secara berkala untuk mendeteksi dini adanya mikroalbuminuria guna mencegah timbulnya penyulit pada ginjal. Untuk lebih memastikan dan melengkapi hasil penelitian ini perlu ditentukan prosedur baku untuk pemeriksaan mikroalbuminuria antara lain meliputi penentuan jenis sampel, cara pengumpulan dan penyimpanan sampel, serta metode pemeriksaan. Disarankan dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut yang bersifat longitudinal, serta penelitian dengan jumlah sampel yang lebih banyak. juga penelitian antar pusat untuk memastikan korelasi derajat mikroalbuminuria dengan lama dan tingginya hipertensi."

"Cardiovascular disease has become the first cause of death. Highest morbidity is found in the age, and among cardiovascular diseases, prevalence of hypertension is the highest. Many studies on the relationship between nutritional factors and hypertension have been done, but studies to observe determinants of hypertension in Indonesia are lacking. Therefore, there is an urgent need to elaborate information on various hypertension risk factors in the Indonesian elderly, which will allow the policy makers to provide appropriate intervention programs.

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate various determinants of hypertension in the Indonesian elderly with different nutritional status.

A cross sectional study was undertaken in Jakarta and 5 other cities with total sample of 1261 elderly using multistage random sampling. Subjects were recruited from elderly population in Jakarta, Padang, Bandung, Jogyakarta, Denpasar and Makasar. Data were collected through interview using structured questionnaires, anthropometrics measurements, biochemical blood and urine analysis, and blood pressure measurements. Daily nutrients intake was analyzed using WorldFood2 Dietary Assessment Program. Data were analyzed by using SPSS programs for Windows version 7.5; General Linear Model, Multiple linear regression and logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the predictive power of independent variables for outcome variables. Prevalence of hypertension found in the study was quite high, more than 50% of the study population for both men and women. This study showed significant differences of determinant and predictive factors of blood pressure between elderly with Body Mass Index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2 and BMI? 25 kg/m2. Prevalence of systolic and diastolic hypertension was higher in the elderly with BMI < 25 kg/lm2 than in the elderly with BMI 25 kg/m2. BMI was a significant determinant for diastolic blood pressure in elderly with BMI > 25 kg/m2. There was a positive association between blood pressure and Waist to hip ratio (WHR) irrespective of BMI value.

Plasma LDL cholesterol >160 mg/dl increased the risk of having systolic hypertension 1.5 to 2 times in the elderly with BMI < 25 kg/m2 after the age of 65 years and increased the risk of having diastolic hypertension 1.5 times. Plasma triglycerides > 200 mg/dl increased the risk of having systolic hypertension 1.7 and 2.5 times in elderly with BMI 25 kg/m2 and in elderly with BMI? 25 kg/m2 respectively, after the age of 65 years and increased the risk of having diastolic hypertension Ft, 1.7 times. Ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol > 5 increased the risk of having hypertension 1.8 times in elderly with BMI? 25 kg/m2. Plasma HDL cholesterol < 35 mg/dl in elderly with BMI < 25 kg/m2 increased the risk of hypertension approximately 2.4 times. In elderly with BMI < 25 kgmm2, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) had negative correlation (protecting effect) with diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) had positive correlation with diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure. Cholesterol intake had positive correlation with diastolic blood pressure. Multivariate analyses in this study did not find significant correlation between energy intakes with blood pressure. Although no significant correlation was found between protein intakes with blood pressure, this study showed that arginine intake had protecting effect against hypertension. The study also showed that calcium and potassium intake had negative correlation with DBP and SBP respectively in elderly with BMI > 25 kg/m2. In elderly with BMI < 25 kg/m2 sodium intake had positive correlation with SBP. This study also demonstrated that sport index had negative correlation (protecting effect) with diastolic blood pressure.

Nutrition education to elderly group should emphasize healthy nutrients with protecting effect against hypertension and avoid nutrients with positive correlation to hypertension. Suggestion for sodium restriction especially in the elderly with BMI < 25 kg/m2, and proper physical/sport activity as a protecting factor against hypertension is very important for the elderly. Regular check of blood pressure and plasma lipid should be conducted and Public Health Centers equipped with appropriate laboratory facilities, for early detection of hypertensive risk factors. BMI category should be considered in hypertension program since there were differences of determinant factors of hypertension between different categories of BMI. Future studies should be directed on public health and nutrition intervention to the elderly community."

"An adequate calcium calcium is an important aspect in maternal and fetal psyciology during pregency. ...."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan evaluasi program latihan Klub Jantung Sehat Pondalisa sekaligus mengetahui hubungan frekuensi dan keteraturan senam terhadap penurunan tekanan darah. Dengan demikian diharapkan akan didapatkan tekanan darah yang terkendali pada anggota KJS Pondalisa khususnya dan masyarakat usia dewasa tua umumnya.Studi kohort retrospektif dilakukan dengan menggunakan data yang terdapat pada buku anggota KJS Pondalisa. Digunakan pendekatan analisis Cox Regression untuk melihat efek frekuensi dan keteraturan senam yang telah dilakukan oleh para anggota KJS Pondalisa selama 1 tahun pertama keanggotaan terhadap penurunan tekanan darah. HR (hazard ratio) digunakan sebagai estimasi RR (risiko relatif) efek frekuensi dan keteraturan senam terhadap penurunan tekanan darah. Anatisis multivariat digunakan untuk mengendalikan variabel-variabel perancu.Sebanyak 132 data anggota K7S Pondalisa dianalisis dalam penelitian ini. Dalam 1 tahun pertama keanggotaan terdapat 11,36% anggota yang melakukan senam 2x1minggu, 39,39 % anggota yang melakukan senam > 8 minggu (9-15 minggu) berturut-turut, dan 11,36% anggota yang melakukan senam 2xlminggu selama > 8 minggu (9-15 minggu) berturut-turut. Tidak ada anggota yang melakukan senam 3xlminggu sesuai program dan tidak ada anggota yang melakukan senam 2x1minggu selama < 8 minggu berturut-turut_ Keteraturan senam anggota maksimum selama 15 minggu. Didapatkan penurunan tekanan darah pada 32,58 % anggota dengan rata-rata penurunan tekanan darah sistolikldiastolik sebesar 6 mmHg/4 mmHg yang dapat dipertahankan minimal selama 1 bulan. Besarnya penurunan TD ini diharapkan dapat bermanfaat dalam menurunkan angka kesakitan dan kematian akibat hipertensi; sedikitnya dapat memperlambat perjalanan penyakit hipertensi serta bermanfaat dalam pencegahan primer.Efek frekuensi senam 2xlminggu terhadap penurunan tekanan darah meningkat sebesar 1 Va dibandingkan dengan frekuensi senam < 2xlminggu [RR 1,01;95%CI [0,43-2,38]. Efek senam teratur 9-15 minggu berturut-turut terhadap penurunan tekanan darah meningkat sebesar 36 % dibandingkan dengan senam teratur < 8 minggu berturut-turut [RR 1,36;95%CI [0,63-2,93]. Senam yang dilakukan 2xlminggu selama 9-15 minggu berturut-tunrt memberikan manfaat penurunan tekanan darah sebesar 34 % dibandingkan dengan senam <2xlminggu selama 8 minggu berturut-turut [RR 1,34;95% CI [0,50-3,60]. Tidak ada perbedaan manfaat penurunan tekanan darah antara senarn < 2xlminggu selama 9-15 minggu berturut-turut dengan senam < 2xlminggu selama < 8 minggu berturut-turut [RR 0,99;95% CI [0,42-2,32].Dan basil penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa efek frekuensi senam 2xlminggu terhadap penurunan tekanan darah tidak berbeda dengan efek frekuensi senam < 2xlminggu. Efek keteraturan senam 9-15 minggu berturut-turut terhadap penurunan tekanan darah lebih besar dibandingkan efek frekuensi senam 2xlminggu. Hal ini menunjukkan pentingnya mempertahankan keteraturan senam untuk mendapatkan basil penurunan tekanan darah yang lebih baik. Manfaat penurunan tekanan darah pada frekuensi senam 2xlminggu didapatkan bila dilakukan selama 9-15 minggu berturut-turut. Walaupun senam sudah dilakukan secara teratur sarnpai dengan 15 minggu berturut-turut, bila dilakukan dengan frekuensi < 2x1minggu tidak didapatkan manfaat penurunan tekanan darah.Masih adanya faktor-faktor yang belum diperhitungkan seperti durasi dan intensitas latihan, peran obat anti hipertensi, dan adaltidaknya penyakit lain, serta masih lebar dan tidak konsistennya rentang interval kepercayaan yang dihasilkan, menyebabkan basil penelitian ini belum sepenuhnya menunjukkan efek frekuensi dan keteraturan senam terhadap penurunan tekanan darah yang sebenarnya pada populasi. Oleh karena itu, masih diperlukan penelitian lanjutan menggunakan berbagai nilai frekuensi dan keteraturan senam, dengan memperhitungkan berbagai faktor di atas dan jumlah sampel yang lebih besar, untuk memperoleh manfaat penurunan tekanan darah yang sebenarnya dan presisi yang lebih akurat.

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The aim of this research is to evaluate the performance of `Klub Jantung Sehat Pondalisa' as well as the association of frequency and regularity of exercise with blood pressure reduction. The long-term benefit achieved will be adequate control of blood pressure among members of the club and adults as a whole.

Retrospective cohort study was conducted, using data found on the member's logbook. Cox Regression analysis approach was used to find the benefit of blood pressure reduction through exercise's frequency and regularity which have been done by all member of KJS Pondalisa during the first year of membership. HR (hazard ratio) was used to estimate the RR (relative risk) of both exercise's frequency and regularity to reduce blood pressure. Confounders were adjusted by multivariate analysis.

There were 132 members analyzed in this research. In the first year of membership, there were 11.36% members doing exercise twice weekly, 39.39 % members doing exercise > 8 weeks (9-15 weeks) regularly, and 11.36% members doing exercise twice weekly in > 8 weeks (9-15 weeks) regularly. There were no member doing exercise thrice weekly as programmed. There were no member doing exercise twice weekly in < 8 weeks regularly. The maximum exercise's regularity was 15 weeks. There were 32.58 % blood pressure reduction among members. The mean systolic/diastolic reduction which can be maintained for at least I month were 6 mmHg/4 mmHg, This amount of BP reduction might reduce morbidity and mortality among hypertensives; at least might retard the natural history of hypertension and give benefit to primary prevention.

The effect of twice weekly's exercise on blood pressure reduction increase 1 % as compared to less than twice weekly's exercise [RR 1,01;95%CI [0,43-2,38]. Effect of doing 9-15 weeks regular exercise on blood pressure reduction increase 36 % as compared to members doing 8 weeks regular exercise [RR 1,36;95%CI [ 0,63-2,93]. Members doing exercise twice weekly in 9-15 weeks regularly get benefit on blood pressure reduction 34 % more as compared to members doing exercise less than twice weekly in < 8 weeks regularly [RR 1,34;95% CI [0,50-3,60]. There were no difference in blood pressure reduction between members doing exercise less than twice weekly in 9-15 weeks regularly and members doing exercise less than twice weekly in < 8 weeks [RR 0,99;95% CI [ 0,42-2,32].

From this research, we conclude that there was no different effect of blood pressure reduction between twice weekly's exercise and less than twice weekly's exercise. The effect of exercise in 9-15 weeks regularly toward blood pressure reduction is bigger compared with effect of twice weekly's exercise. This fording shows the importance of maintaining exercise's regularity to get benefit of reducing blood pressure. The benefit of twice weekly's exercise for blood pressure reduction will be achieved when it is conducted in 9-15 weeks regularly. Although exercise has been conducted regularly up to 15 weeks, if done less than twice weekly, it will not yield the benefit of blood pressure reduction.

There are still many factors which have not been considered such as the duration and intensity of exercise, the role of anti hypertensive drugs, and the presence of other diseases. All of those factors together with the wide range and inconsistent of confidence interval, make the results of this study fail to show the maximal effect of exercise's frequency and regularity to reduce blood pressure in population. Therefore, further research is needed using several degrees of exercise's frequency and regularity, considering also the above mentioned related factors and bigger number of sample size, to obtain the true benefit of blood pressure reduction and more accurate precision."