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Abstrak :
The cerebellum is an intriguing component of the brain. In humans, it occupies only 10% of the brain volume, yet has approximately 69 billion neurons, i.e. 80% of the nerve cells in the brain! A functional understanding of the cerebellum is enabled by the fact it is made up of a repeated array of neuronal networks, or motifs, each of which may function as an adaptive filter. In short, the cerebellum can be thought of a massive array of adaptive filters that can contribute across a wide range of brain tasks and functionality. Understanding the evolutionary origins of the cerebellum supports this overview of cerebellar function. The cerebellum first arose in jawed vertebrates such as sharks, and sharks have an additional cerebellum-like structure that clearly works as an adaptive filter. The function of shark cerebellum-like structures is to discriminate self from other in sensory inputs. With the evolution of the true cerebellum, the adaptive filter functionality was adopted for motor control and paved the way for athleticism and movement finesse that we see in swimming, running, climbing, and flying vertebrates. Distinguishing self from other in our interactions with the physical world extends to the identified role of the cerebellum in model systems, but also into some aspects of cognitive function. It is this view of the cerebellar function that defines the cerebellar sense of self.

Abstrak :
Clinical observations and animal experiments have shaped the prevailing view of human memory. This doctrine holds that the medial temporal lobe subserves one memory system for explicit or declarative memories while the basal ganglia subserves a separate memory system for implicit or procedural memories, including habits. Cortical areas outside the medial temporal lobe are said to function in perception, motor control, attention, or other aspects of executive function, but not in memory. The Evolution of Memory Systems advances dramatically different ideas on all counts. It proposes that several memory systems arose during evolution and that they did so for the same general reason: to transcend problems and exploit opportunities encountered by specific ancestors at particular times and places in the distant past. Instead of classifying cortical areas in terms of mutually exclusive perception, executive, or memory functions, the authors show that all cortical areas contribute to memory and that they do so in their own ways-using specialized neural representations. The book also presents a proposal on the evolution of explicit memory. According to this idea, explicit (declarative) memory depends on interactions between a phylogenetically ancient navigation system and a representational system that evolved in humans to represent ones self and others. As a result, people embed representations of themselves into the events they experience and the facts they learn, which leads to the perception of participating in events and knowing facts.