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"Color plays an important role in appearance and acceptability of fruits and vegetables. Changes in color of fruits and vegetables take place through enzymatic mechanism in which polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) catalyze the oxidation of phenolic compounds to quinones, which subsequently produce brown pigments through spontaneous non-enzymatic polymerization. Browning coloration of many fruits and vegetables may develop during ripening, handling, storage and processing, when tissue are wounded by cutting, bruising, or during peeling, slicing or pulping of raw material while on preparation. Therefore, it is important to control the browning process as it affects appearance, nutritional quality and quantity of marketable produces. This paper focuses on the nature of browning enzymatic in fruits and vegetables, and its controlling methods."

"Pengaruh arang aktif terhadap pencokelatan pada kultur daun Dendrobium lasianthera J.J.Sm telah diteliti di Laboratorium Fisiologi Tumbuhan Departemen Biologi. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui respons eksplan terhadap penambahan arang aktif pada medium ½ MS (Murashige dan Skoog) modifikasi dan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi arang aktif yang tepat dalam mengurangi pencokelatan pada kultur daun Dendrobium lasianthera. Pemberian arang aktif pada medium ½ MS modifikasi dibagi menjadi empat kelompok: Kontrol (K =0%), Perlakuan 1 (P1 = 0,1%), Perlakuan 2 (P2 = 0,2%), dan Perlakuan 3 (P3 =0,3%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan arang aktif 1%, 2%, dan 3% dapat mengurangi pencokelatan, yaitu 10% eksplan mengalami pencokelatan, 78% eksplan tetap hijau, dan 12% eksplan mengalami bleaching. Konsentrasi arang aktif 3 g/l cenderung lebih baik dalam mengurangi pencokelatan.

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The effect of activated charcoal to browning in leaf culture of Dendrobium lasianthera J.J.Sm were studied in the Laboratory of Plant Physiology at Department of Biology. This study was aimed to know the respons of explants and to determine the best concentration of activated charcoal to minimize the browning. Treatment of activated charcoal in ½ MS medium divided into four group: Control (K = 0%), Treatment 1 (P1 = 0,1%), Treatment 2 (P2 = 0,2%), and Treatment 3 (P3 = 0,3%). Explant responded by browning (10%), staying green (78%), and bleaching (12%). The result showed that activated charcoal 1%, 2%, and 3% can minimize the effect of browning. The best result were obtained with ½ MS medium supplemented with 3 g/l activated charcoal."

"The research was conducted to determine the effect of ascorbic acid (50 mgl-1, 100 mgl-1, 200 mgl-1) and activated charcoal (0.5 gl-1, 1 gl-1, 2 gl-1) independently with different light duration (4 weeks in darkness, 2 weeks in darkness followed by 2 weeks in 16 hours light and 4 weeks in 16 hours light) on shoot regeneration. Explants of banana cultivar Barangan (Musa acuminata L.) were planted on MS basal media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA, 4.0 mgl-1 BAP and cultured for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, explant browning level was evaluated. Explants were then cut vertically into two pieces and planted on the same media to induce shoot regeneration. After 4 weeks in shoot regeneration media, number of shoot, colour of shoot and height of shoot were evaluated. MS media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA and 4.0 mgl-1 BAP without ascorbic acid and activated charcoal in darkness for 4 weeks was the most suitable media for shoot regeneration. The shoot regeneration gave average of 10,4 shoots per explant.

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The research was conducted to determine the effect of ascorbic acid (50 mgl-1, 100 mgl-1, 200 mgl-1) and activated charcoal (0.5 gl-1, 1 gl-1, 2 gl-1) independently with different light duration (4 weeks in darkness, 2 weeks in darkness followed by 2 weeks in 16 hours light and 4 weeks in 16 hours light) on shoot regeneration. Explants of banana cultivar Barangan (Musa acuminata L.) were planted on MS basal media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA, 4.0 mgl-1 BAP and cultured for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, explant browning level was evaluated. Explants were then cut vertically into two pieces and planted on the same media to induce shoot regeneration. After 4 weeks in shoot regeneration media, number of shoot, colour of shoot and height of shoot were evaluated. MS media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA and 4.0 mgl-1 BAP without ascorbic acid and activated charcoal in darkness for 4 weeks was the most suitable media for shoot regeneration. The shoot regeneration gave average of 10,4 shoots per explant."

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Tanaman Hevea brasiliensis merupakan tanaman yang banyak ditanam di Indonesia, karena lateks yang bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Alternatif metode konvensional budidaya H. brasiliensis adalah dengan metode kultur in vitro. Namun, penelitian kultur in vitro memiliki hambatan berupa rentannya kontaminasi, baik dari eksplan, medium, dan alat bahan yang diapaki. Oleh karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengoptimasi dan memilih antara enam jenis sterilan dan kombinasinya yang paling efektif terhadap kontaminasi dalam kultur tangkai daun H. brasiliensis. Hipotesis yang diajukan adalah perlakuan perendaman dengan NaOCl 5,25%, H₂O₂ 20%, dan alkohol 70% selama masing-masing lima menit adalah perlakuan sterilisasi paling efektif dalam menghadapi kontaminasi. Eksplan tangkai daun diberi lima perlakuan dan satu kontrol, yakni kontrol dengan perendaman NaOCl 5,25%, perlakuan 1 dengan perendaman NaOCl 5,25% dan H₂O₂ 20%, perlakuan 2 dengan perendaman NaOCl 5,25% dan alkohol 70%, perlakuan 3 dengan   perendaman NaOCl 5,25% dua kali dan H₂O₂ 20%, perlakuan 4 dengan perendaman NaOCl 5,25%, alkohol 70%, dan H₂O₂ 20%, dan perlakuan 5 dengan perendaman NaOCl 5,25% dua kali dan alkohol 70%.  Empat perlakuan memiliki efektivitas dalam mencegah kontaminasi, yakni perendaman dengan NaOCl 5,25% dan H₂O₂ 20%, perendaman dengan NaOCl 5,25% sebanyak dua kali dan H₂O₂ 20%, perendaman NaOCl 5,25%, alkohol 70%, dan H₂O₂ 20%, serta perendaman NaOCl 5,25% dua kali dan alkohol 70%. Sementara itu, perlakuan NaOCl 5,25% dan alkohol 70% berhasil menahan pencokelatan pada persentase 50% di minggu kedelapan. Oleh karena itu, perlakuan yang lebih baik dalam mengurangi kontaminasi dan pencokelatan adalah perendaman dengan NaOCl 5,25% dan alkohol 70%.

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Hevea brasiliensis is a plant that is widely grown in Indonesia, because its latex has high economic value. An alternative to the conventional method of cultivating H. brasiliensis is the in vitro culture method, but this method has a disadvantages, especially its risk to contamination from explant, medium, and tools. So, the aim of this research is to optimize and select between six types of sterilants and their combinations that are most effective against contamination in the culture of H. brasiliensis leaf stalks. The hypothesis proposed is that soaking treatment with 5.25% NaOCl, 20% H₂O₂ and 70% alcohol for five minutes each is the most effective sterilization treatment in dealing with contamination. Petiole explants were given five treatments and one control, namely control by immersion in 5.25% NaOCl, treatment 1 by immersion in 5.25% NaOCl and 20% H₂O₂, treatment 2 by immersion in 5.25% NaOCl and 70% alcohol, treatment 3 by soaking in 5.25% NaOCl twice and 20% H₂O₂, treatment 4 by soaking in 5.25% NaOCl, 70% alcohol and 20% H₂O₂, and treatment 5 by soaking in 5.25% NaOCl twice and 70% alcohol.  Four treatments were effective in preventing contamination, namely soaking with 5.25% NaOCl and 20% H₂O₂, soaking twice with 5.25% NaOCl and 20% H₂O₂, soaking with 5.25% NaOCl, 70% alcohol, and 20% H₂O₂ %, as well as soaking twice in 5.25% NaOCl and 70% alcohol. Meanwhile, treatment with 5.25% NaOCl and 70% alcohol succeeded in preventing browning at a percentage of 50% in the eighth week. Therefore, a better treatment in reducing contamination and browning is soaking with 5.25% NaOCl and 70% alcohol.

 

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"Dendrobium lasianthera J.J.Sm merupakan anggrek endemik Papua yang terancam punah sehingga perlu dilakukan perbanyakan melalui teknik kultur in vitro. Pencokelatan eksplan harus diatasi sebelum melangkah ke perbanyakan tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pretreatment terhadap pencokelatan eksplan. Eksplan daun berukuran ± 8 mm x 5 mm diperoleh dari bibit botolan dan sebanyak 15 eksplan ditanam dalam 1 botol kultur berisi medium ½MS (Murashige dan Skoog 1962) modifikasi + 1 mgl-1 NAA + 0,1 mgl-1 BAP. Beberapa pretreatment yang diujikan ialah eksplan langsung ditanam setelah dipotong (L) (kontrol), eksplan dipotong di dalam air (DA), dan eksplan direndam selama 10 menit di dalam air setelah dipotong (DR). Pencokelatan eksplan cenderung lebih sedikit terjadi pada pretreatment L (1,23 ± 1,56), diikuti pada DA (2,56 ± 1,90), dan DR (4,20 ± 2,04). Namun, eksplan hijau cenderung lebih banyak pada DA (8,60 ± 1,58) dibandingkan pada L (8,00 ± 1,73) dan DR (4,20 ± 2,39). Pemutihan eksplan juga terjadi pada masing-masing pretreatment.

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Dendrobium lasianthera J.J.Sm is an endangered orchid native from Papua. Therefore, the in vitro propagation is necessary to do the conservation of it. Browning is a problem that must be solved before doing the in vitro propagation. This study was carried out to observe the effect of pretreatment on explants browning. Leaf explants (8 mm x 5 mm) were excised from sterile seedling, and 15 explants cultured on ½ MS (Murashige and Skoog 1962) modified medium + 1 mgl-1 NAA + 0,1 mgl-1 BAP.

Pretreatments that examined are, explants are directly planted after excising (L) (control), explants were excised in the water (DA), and explants were soaked for 10 minutes in the water after excising (DR). Pretreatment L could reduce explants browning (1,23 ± 1,56), than DA (2,56 ± 1,90), and DR (4,20 ± 2,04). However, the highest green explants was showed in DA (8,60 ± 1,58) than in L (8,00 ± 1,73) and DR (4,20 ± 2,39). In addition, explants bleaching occured in each pretreatment."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perlakuan yang efektif dalam mencegah enzymatic browning pada buah lokal. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap apel malang, belimbing dan pisang emas dengan perlakuan menggunakan larutan sari lemon, cuka dan tablet vitamin C. Keefektifan dari perlakuan dinilai berdasarkan waktu browning. Perlakuan menggunakan 25 sari lemon dengan penyimpanan dalam suhu pendingin ditemukan paling efektif mencegah enzymatic browning pada buah apel malang dan pisang emas sedangkan pada buah belimbing, perlakuan 0.5 tablet vitamin C dan penyimpanan dalam suhu pendingin ditemukan paling efektif. Beberapa perlakuan juga mempengaruhi kandungan vitamin C. 50 sari lemon meningkatkan kandungan vitamin C apel malang dan belimbing sebesar 10mg/100ml dan 0.5 tablet vitamin C meningkatkan kandungan vitamin C.

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The objective of this research is to find an effective method of enzymatic browning inhibition in local fruits. This research studies Malang apples, carambolas and Emas bananas that has been treated with solutions of lemon juice, vinegar and vitamin C tablets. The effectiveness of these treatments is measured using time of browning. Treatment using 25 lemon juice in refrigerated storage is found to be most effective in inhibiting enzymatic browning of Malang apples and Emas bananas while in carambolas, 0.5 vitamin C tablet with refrigerated storage is found to be more effective. Some treatments also affect the vitamin C content. 50 lemon juice increases the vitamin C content of Malang apple and carambolas by 10mg 100ml and 0.5 vitamin C tablets increases the vitamin C content of carambolas by 40mg 100ml."

"The purpose of this research is to examine the relationships of job satisfaction to organizational commitment and turnover intentions. Next, the purpose of this research is to examine whether organizational commitment related to turnover intentions. This research conducted with survey on auditors working on the big audit firms in Jakarta that affiliated to foreign audit firms (The Big Four). Unit analysis are auditors who have non-partner position i.e: junior, senior and manager that concentrated in audit services. The structural equation modeling with AMOS program is used to analized the data. The results of this research suggest that job satisfication has significant positive relationships to organizational to turnover intentions. Next, organizational commitment has significant negative relationship to turnover intentions. This result suggests that job satisfication related to turnover intentions both of direct or through organizational commitment."