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"Salah satu industri yang berkembang pesat pada saat ini adalah industri kimia, yang mempunyai tingkat risiko yang tinggi dalam melakukan aktifrtas produksinya. Kegagalan dalam mengendalikan potensi bahaya-bahaya yang mempunyai risiko tinggi ini dapat menyebabkan terjadinya keadaan darurat dan dapat mengancam keselamatan iiwa, kerusakan propeni dan lingkungan sekitamya yang menyebabkan banyak kemgian yang besar baik diaiami oieh perusahaan dan lingkungan sekitarnya. PT. BASF Indonesia merupakan saiah satu industri manufaktur kimia ada di Indonesia. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan produksinya PT. BASF indonesia melakukan pengambilan dan pengisian butadien dari terminal penimbunan di Bojonegara ke tempat pengolahan di Cengkareng dan pengangkutan ini hampir dilakukan setiap hari atau tergantung kebutuhan. Daiam melakukan pengangkutan ini, lidak menutup kemungkinan teriadinya keadaan darurat, untuk itu periu adanya pencegahan dan prosedur untuk menanggulangi keadaan darurat tersebut. Tujuan peneiitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi potensi bahaya yang dapat timbul selama pengangkutan butadiene, memperkirakan risiko yang terjadi serta mengevaluasi prosedur penanggulangan keadaan darurat pada saat pengangkutan butadiene. ldentmkasi resiko yang dilakukan menggunakan metode identifikasi bahaya yang berdasarkan penelusuran MSDS dan TREM Card untuk menentukan sifat toxicity, karsinogen, fiammability. Evaiuasi resiko yang dilakukan menggunakan analisa konsekuensi yang berdasarkan fenomena iedakan, contohnya melakukan perhitungan BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) untuk menentukan diameter maksimum, tinggi dan durasi jika teriadi BLEVE. Evaluasi yang dilakukan adalah dengan membandingkan dengan siandar yang digunakan agar dapat diketahui prosedur ini sudah sesuai dengan standar atau belum. Program mencegah terjadinya situasi keadaan darurat yang dilakukan oleh PT. BASF Indonesia adalah memeriksa kendaraan sebelum melakukan pmses pengambiian dan pengangkutan, kualiiikasi pengemudi yang membawa kendaraan, peralatan yang digunakan untuk keadaan darurat (seperti pemadam kebakaran, safety shoes, helmet, gloves). Pemeriksaan kendaraan ini meliputi kondisi kendaiaan, kualiiikasi pengemudi adalah SIM, pengetahuan pengemudi tentang cara atau langkah-langkah dilakukan jika terjadi keadaan darurat. Prosedur penanggulangan keadaan darurat meliputi tentang kebijakan perusahaan, analisa risiko, organisasi tim penanggulangan keadaan darurat, sarana dan prasarana, tindakan penanggulangi dan pelatihan dan simuIasi. Tindakan untuk menanggulangi keadaan darurat terhadap produk dan korban yang dimiliki oleh PT. BASF Indonesia mengacu kepada Trem~Card dari United Nation dan MSDS masing-masing produk. Tindakan ini telah didistribusikan kepada semua personil yang tenibat dalam organisasi keadaan darurat Prosedur yang dimiliki oleh perusahaan ini sudah direvisi, sudah dilakukan pelatihan untuk menanggulangi keadaan darurat tetapi pelatihan dan simulasi pada saat pengangkutan butadiene belum dilakukan. Organisasi atau tim penanggulangan, prosedur keadaan darurat, sarana dan pmsarana yang sudah baik tidak akan dapat tenaksana dengan semestinya karena belum pemah dirakukan pelatlhan dan simurasi untuk menanggulangi keadaan darurat sehingga apabila menghadapi keadaan darurat yang sebenamya akan terjadi kebingungan untuk melaksanakannya.

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Chemical industry is one of the fast growing industries which have a potential high risk during its production activities. The failure ln controlling the potential high risk may create emergency situation and endanger its employee safety, property damage, and surrounding environmental damage that may impact on company and environmental losses.

PT. BASF Indonesia is one of chemi l manufacture which has an obligation to manage the hazard and potential risk as the consequences of industrial activity. In order to maintain the hazard and potential risk in creating negative impact to company or environment, a preventive and emergency response action is needed. During transport and tilhng site butadiene from hoarding terminal in Bojonegara to the production in Cengkareng is one of production pfowss carried out of by the BASF Company. These activity are conducted every day and depending on the companys need. During the transportation process, it is likely to occur emergency situation, hence it needs a preventive action and procedure to control this situation.

The objective of this study are to identify the potential risks that may occur during butadiene transportation, estimate the risk and evaluate the emergency response procedure of the butadiene transportation process. The risk identification was conducted using hazard identification method, based on scientific literature (MSDS and TREM Card) to detemtine the carcinogenicity and flammability. Risk evaluation was conducted using consequence analysis based one of explosion phenomena : BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) which calculate duration (time in second), maximum height (m) and distance (m) of BLEVE explosion. The evaluation is conducted based on comparison analysis between company procedure against cunent local and intemational standard. comparison analysis between company procedure against current local and intemational standard.

The prevention program of emergency situation implemented at PT. BASF Indonesia includes the vehicle check prior to transportation process, driver qualification, equipment related to the emergency response (tire extinguisher, safety shoes, helmet, gloves). The vehicle check determines the vehicle conditions, driver qualification include the drivers specific driving license, drive knowledge, as well as knowledge on emergency response situation.

The procedure should be documented in future where it consist of company policy, risk assessment, team organization for emergency rescue, tools and equipments, rescue action, training and simulation. This emergency control action for the material and the victim at PT BASF Indonesia refers to the TREM-Card from United Nation and MSDS for each product. This action programs has been disseminated to all individual who belong an involved to the emergency organization. These procedure has revised and these procedure developed from this study will be simulated and judgment. The organization or emergency response team, emergency situation procedure, a good tools and equipment can not be implemented properly since it has never been any training or simulation before regarding the emergency situation response so that they will panic if only facing this situation."

"Industri ban menyerap sekitar 80% produksi karet dunia dengan kebutuhan carbon black sebanyak 240.000 ton per tahun. Carbon black (CB) umumnya digunakan sebagai filler karet ban untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanis dan memberikan pigmen warna hitam. Sampai saat ini,70% kebutuhan CB masih diimpor dari China dan India. Lignin TKKS merupakan senyawa aromatik dengan kandungan karbon sebesar 60% yang berpotensi sebagai reinforcing filler karet ban setelah terdekomposisi menjadi biochar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh karakteristik unsur dan morfologi nano-biochar pada suhu 400, 500, dan 600oC serta memperoleh pengaruh rasio nano-biochar terhadap CB N330 pada sifat mekanis karet ban. Nano-biochar pada setiap suhu dianalisis karakteristik fisika-kimianya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan yield biochar berkurang seiring dengan meningkatnya suhu pirolisis. Jumlah fixed carbon dan kandungan karbon tertinggi diperoleh pada suhu pirolisis 600oC. Sementara itu, luas permukaan biochar tertinggi diperoleh pada suhu pirolisis 500oC sebesar 86,79 m2/g.  Struktur biochar yang lebih berpori diperoleh pada suhu 600oC. Sifat mekanis karet ban lebih tinggi pada tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus 100%, tear strength, dan hardness diperoleh ketika SBR dicampur dengan filler 25% nano-biochar. Hal ini membuktikan potensi biochar sebagai komplemen karbon CB N330 dalam meningkatkan sifat mekanis karet ban.

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The tire industry absorbs about 80% of the world's rubber production with a carbon black requirement of 240,000 tons per year. Carbon black (CB) is commonly used as a tire rubber filler to improve mechanical properties and provide black pigment. Until now, 70% of CB needs are still imported from China and India. Lignin of TKKS is an aromatic compound with a carbon content of 60% which has the potential as a reinforcing filler for tire rubber after being decomposed into biochar. This study aims to obtain the elemental and morphological characteristics of nano-biochar at temperatures of 400, 500, and 600oC and to obtain the effect of the ratio of nano-biochar to CB N330 on the mechanical properties of tire rubber. Nano-biochar at each temperature was analyzed for its physico-chemical characteristics. The results showed that the biochar yield decreased as the pyrolysis temperature increased. The highest amount of fixed carbon and carbon content was obtained at 600oC pyrolysis temperature. Meanwhile, the highest biochar surface area was obtained at 500oC pyrolysis temperature of 86.79 m2/g.  A more porous biochar structure was obtained at 600°C. Higher mechanical properties of tire rubber in tensile strength, elongation at break, 100% modulus, tear strength, and hardness were obtained when SBR was mixed with 25% nano-biochar filler. This proves the potential of biochar as a complement to CB N330 carbon in improving the mechanical properties of tire rubber."

"This study aimed to determine the effect of using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene in place of conventional wax material on treatment pattern removal in the investment casting process. There are three controllable process variables that can affect treatment pattern removal, which include temperature increase, holding time and the number of layers of ceramic shell that have been considered for comparison. Comparison among the effects of temperature increase, holding time and numbers of ceramic shell layers on the ceramic shell was analyzed using ANOVA. It was found that temperature increase (Tx), holding time (t) and number of layers of ceramic shell (N) contribute significantly to the length of the crack (l) on the ceramic shell. The crack in the ceramic shell?s surface was analyzed using scanning electron microscope photos. Less layers number cause the increase of crack length. The combination between temperature upraise and longer holding time cause cracking delay. The experimental is conducted by using 3 (three) variants for each of layers number, temperature and holding time. The layers number is ranging between 7-9 layers. Temperature increase from room temperature until 1300oC. The layers number variant is ranging between 180-300 seconds. It was concluded that a longer holding time will result in a more intact ceramic shell, as longer holding times yield short crack lengths."

"This study aimed to determine the effect of using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene in place of conventional wax material on treatment pattern removal in the investment casting process. There are three controllable process variables that can affect treatment pattern removal, which include temperature increase, holding time and the number of layers of ceramic shell that have been considered for comparison. Comparison among the effects of temperature increase, holding time and numbers of ceramic shell layers on the ceramic shell was analyzed using ANOVA. It was found that temperature increase (Tx), holding time (t) and number of layers of ceramic shell (N) contribute significantly to the length of the crack (l) on the ceramic shell. The crack in the ceramic shell’s surface was analyzed using scanning electron microscope photos. Less layers number cause the increase of crack length. The combination between temperature upraise and longer holding time cause cracking delay. The experimental is conducted by using 3 (three) variants for each of layers number, temperature and holding time. The layers number is ranging between 7-9 layers. Temperature increase from room temperature until 1300oC. The layers number variant is ranging between 180-300 seconds. It was concluded that a longer holding time will result in a more intact ceramic shell, as longer holding times yield short crack lengths."