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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Objectives: To comparatively evaluate the incidence of apical transportation during calcium hydroxide paste removal using two rotary systems on 40o curved simulated root canal blocks. Methods: Two groups (n 15: Group1, iRace; Group 2, ProTaper) of simulated root canals (40o curvature) were instrumented until working length was achieved. Stereomicroscopic post instrumentation images were captured, and the final file was inserted into canal to the working length. Calcium hydroxide paste with iodoform was placed until working length was achieved and removed after 7 days using the master apical file with copious irrigation. Stereomicroscopic images were taken after calcium hydroxide paste removal, with the final file inserted until working length was achieved to assess the incidence of apical transportation. Stereomicroscopic images were obtained and superimposed using Adobe Photoshop 8. Results: Mean angle change after rotary instrumentation and calcium hydroxide paste removal was observed in both groups and was greater in Group 2 than in Group 1. Superimposed images showed greater root canal deviation in Group 2 than in Group 1. Conclusion: Both file systems showed apical transportation upon calcium hydroxide paste removal from simulated curved root canals. A greater angle deviation and apical transportation was recorded with ProTaper.

Abstrak :
Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 111-116 Apexification is the preparation of the endodontic treatment for a tooth with pulpal necrosis and incomplete developed apex. The aim of this treatment is to stimulate further apex development and formation of calcified tissue at the apex, so that conventional endodontic treatment could be performed. One of the most suitable material for apexification is calcium hydroxide since it has an excellent biocompatibility, antimicrobial property, and ability to stimulate hard tissue formation. In this case, apexification was performed on a 9 years old boy with incompletely developed apex and necrosis 36 tooth. Thereis, no subjective or clinical symptoms after 6 months. Although in the radiograph, apical closure was not clearly detected, apical stop was obtained in clinical examination. Subsequently, the 36 tooth was restored with onlay.

Abstrak :
Korosi adalah sebuah produk yang dihasilkan oleh sebuah reaksi kimia antara mineral dengan oksigen dalam bentuk oksida yang sangat merugikan. Proses terjadinya korosi permukaan pada peralatan yang di bungkus isolasi tahan panas sulit dideteksi secara fisik dari luar sehingga kerusakan baru diketahui apabila sudah terjadi kegagalan pada saat peralatan atau sistim sudah mengalami kebocoran. Penelitian terhadap produk korosi beserta material isolasi tahan panas di daerah produk korosi dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi mekanisme korosi yang terjadi pada permukaan pipa. Dengan menggunakan alat uji laboratorium XRF, XRD dan TG-DTA dapat diketahui kandungan material pada produk korosi beserta material isolasi tahan panas yang terpasang serta perilaku peruraian kandungan material sehingga dapat dibandingkan dengan material aslinya. Korosi permukaan pada pipa kondensat ASTM A53-B yang teijadi dilapangan adalah akibat adanya air (H2O) yang diserap oleh material isolasi tahan panas calcium silicate (CaSiOj) sehingga membentuk calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), disamping itu kondisi operasional sistim yang mengalami perubahan temperatur berulang-ulang (cyclic) juga memiliki kontribusi mempercepat terjadinya proses korosi. Air yang masuk melalui celah pelapis luar material isolasi tahan panas akan menimbulkan senyawa baru dan mengakibatkan terjadinya korosi permukaan pipa seperti yang didapatkan dari pengujian sample didapatkan calcium yang terkandung dalam produk korosi. ......Corrosion is product of a Chemical reaction between mineral and oxygen in term of destructive oxide. Visually, surface corrosion in most of equipment which covered by thermal insulation material are undetectable, consequently that any failures will be recognize only after leakage take in place. Study of the corrosion product including thermal insulation material around corrosion product had been done to identify corrosion mechanism at pipe surface. By using laboratory test apparatus XRF, XRD and TG-DTA is able to identify corrosion Chemical product, thermal insulation material and thermal behavior as result of corrosion under insulation experiment. Surface corrosion at existing condensate pipe ASTM A53-B is reaction product of water (H2O) and calcium silicate (CaSiO3) which produced calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)i). In addition cyclic operation temperatures here proven to accelerate the corrosion process and water that found as absorbed by thermal insulation materials generates a new Chemical product which was found as calcium hydroxide at corrosion product.

Abstrak :
Korosi adalah sebuah produk yang dihasilkan oleh sebuah reaksi kimia antara mineral dengan oksigen dalam bentuk oksida yang sangat merugikan. Proses terjadinya korosi permukaan pada peralatan yang di bungkus isolasi tahan panas sulit dideteksi secara fisik dari luar sehingga kerusakan baru diketahui apabila sudah terjadi kegagalan pada saat peralatan atau sistim sudah mengalami kebocoran. Penelitian terhadap produk korosi beserta material isolasi tahan panas di daerah produk korosi dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi mekanisme korosi yang terjadi pada permukaan pipa. Dengan menggunakan alat uji laboratorium XRF, XRD dan TG-DTA dapat diketahui kandungan material pada produk korosi beserta material isolasi tahan panas yang terpasang serta perilaku peruraian kandungan material sehingga dapat dibandingkan dengan material aslinya. Korosi permukaan pada pipa kondensat ASTM A53-B yang teijadi dilapangan adalah akibat adanya air (H2O) yang diserap oleh material isolasi tahan panas calcium silicate (CaSiOj) sehingga membentuk calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), disamping itu kondisi operasional sistim yang mengalami perubahan temperatur berulang-ulang (cyclic) juga memiliki kontribusi mempercepat terjadinya proses korosi. Air yang masuk melalui celah pelapis luar material isolasi tahan panas akan menimbulkan senyawa baru dan mengakibatkan terjadinya korosi permukaan pipa seperti yang didapatkan dari pengujian sample didapatkan calcium yang terkandung dalam produk korosi. ......Corrosion is product of a Chemical reaction between mineral and oxygen in term of destructive oxide. Visually, surface corrosion in most of equipment which covered by thermal insulation material are undetectable, consequently that any failures will be recognize only after leakage take in place. Study of the corrosion product including thermal insulation material around corrosion product had been done to identify corrosion mechanism at pipe surface. By using laboratory test apparatus XRF, XRD and TG-DTA is able to identify corrosion Chemical product, thermal insulation material and thermal behavior as result of corrosion under insulation experiment. Surface corrosion at existing condensate pipe ASTM A53-B is reaction product of water (H2O) and calcium silicate (CaSiO3) which produced calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)i). In addition cyclic operation temperatures here proven to accelerate the corrosion process and water that found as absorbed by thermal insulation materials generates a new Chemical product which was found as calcium hydroxide at corrosion product.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Perawatan endodontik regeneratif (ER) adalah perawatan yang dirancang untuk menggantikan struktur gigi yang rusak secara fisiologis. Penggunaan medikamen pada prosedur perawatan ER menggunakan Calcium hydroxide yang telah ditentukan sebagai bahan medikamen utama yang ditetapkan American Association of Endodontik (AAE). Bahan medikamen lainnya seperti Triple antibiotic paste (TAP) juga banyak digunakan pada perawatan ER dalam konsentrasi 1 mg/ml. Tujuan: Mengetahui sitotoksisitas medikamen Ca(OH)2, TAP, dan kombinasi keduanya terhadap sel punca pulpa.Cs) yang telah 80% confluent (telah melalui uji stem cell marker CD 90 98%, CD 105 88,7%, CD 73 94%, LinNeg 0,5%) dan mencapai P3-P4 dilakukan starvation 24 jam,  diberikan perlakuan berupa Ca(OH)2, TAP 0,1 dan 1 mg/ml dan kombinasi Ca(OH)2dan TAP 0,1 dan 1 mg/ml dengan DMEM sebagai kontrol. Pengamatan viabilitas dan sitotoksisitas hDPSCs dengan uji kuantitatif MTT assay dan uji kualitatif pewarnaan DAPI. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan sitotoksisitas kombinasi medikamen Ca(OH)2 + TAP 0,1 mg/ml dan Ca(OH)2 + TAP 1 mg/ml dibandingkan dengan Ca(OH)2, TAP 0,1 mg/ml dan TAP 1 mg/ml terhadap sel punca pulpa. Kesimpulan: Bahan medikamen Ca(OH)2, TAP, dan kombinasi keduanya tidak toksik terhadap sel punca pulpa. ......Background: Regenerative endodontic treatment (ER) is a treatment designed to replace damaged tooth structure physiologically. In regenerative endodontic treatment (ER) procedures, the medicament used is calcium hydroxide, which has been determined as the primary medicament recommended by the American Association of Endodontics (AAE). Another medicament used in ER treatment is Triple antibiotic paste (TAP), typically at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Objective: To determine the cytotoxicity of Ca(OH)2, TAP, and their combination on dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Methods: Primary human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs), which have reached 80% confluence (tested for stem cell markers CD90 98%, CD105 88.7%, CD73 94%, LinNeg 0.5%), and have reached passages 3rd to 4th, were subjected to 24-hour starvation. They were then treated with Ca(OH)2, TAP at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/ml, and a combination of Ca(OH)2 and TAP at the same concentrations, with DMEM as the control. The viability and cytotoxicity of hDPSCs were observed using the quantitative MTT assay and qualitative DAPI staining. Results: There was no significant difference in the cytotoxicity between the combination of Ca(OH)2+ TAP 0.1 mg/ml and Ca(OH2 + TAP 1 mg/ml compared to Ca(OH)2  0.1 mg/ml and TAP 1 mg/ml in dental pulp stem cells. Conclusion: The medicaments Ca(OH)2, TAP, and their combination are not toxic to dental pulp stem cells.

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ABSTRAK Minyak nabati digunakan sebagai sebagai bahan baku untuk menghasilkan pelumas sebagai pengganti pelumas mineral karena tidak seperti pelumas mineral, minyak nabati adalah sumber daya alam berkelanjutan yang dapat terurai secara hayati dengan ekotoksisitas rendah. Biopelumas disintesis melalu transesterifikasi minyak kelapa dan minyak sawit mentah di mana gliserida bereaksi dengan alkohol dan katalis membentuk ester alkil asam lemak dan alkohol. Katalis heterogen dapat memberikan rute baru untuk produksi biopelumas yang ramah lingkungan. Katalis ini memberikan efisiensi konversi yang lebih tinggi daripada katalis homogen. Katalis heterogen partikulat dapat dengan mudah dipisahkan dari produk mengikuti reaksi yang memungkinkan katalis untuk digunakan kembali, menghasilkan lebih sedikit limbah, dan mengkonsumsi lebih sedikit energi. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini, kalsium hidroksida (Ca(OH)2) digunakan sebagai katalis heterogen, dengan proses kalsinasi. Untuk mengetahui karakterisasi katalis, dilakukan analysis XRD (X ray powder diffraction). Keberhasilan penelitian ini diperoleh dari sifat fisik dan kimia biopelumas menurut standar biopelumas melalui uji viskositas, densitas, titik nyala, titik awan, FTIR, dan GCMS. Hasil yield tertinggi yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah 73.72% dengan minyak kelapa sebagai bahan baku, katalis Ca(OH)2 yang dikalsinasi, rasio methanol terhadap minyak 12:1, jumlah katalis 8% (terhadap minyak), waktu reaksi 3 jam, dan suhu reaksi 65°C.

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ABSTRACT Vegetable oil is used as a feedstock to produce lubricant as the substitute of mineral oil because unlike mineral oil, vegetable oil is a biodegradable and sustainable natural resource with low eco toxicity. Bio lubricant was synthesized by transesterification of coconut oil and crude palm oil in which a glyceride reacts with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst forming fatty acid alkyl esters and an alcohol. Heterogeneous catalyst can provide new routes for the environmentally benign production of biolubricant. It provides higher conversion efficiency than a homogeneous catalyst. Particulate heterogeneous catalysts can be readily separated from products following reaction allowing the catalyst to be reused, generating less waste, and consuming less energy. Thus, in this research, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is used as the heterogeneous catalyst, prepared using calcination. To find out the characterization of the catalyst, XRD (X ray powder diffraction) analysis is used. The success of this research is obtained by the physical and chemical properties of biolubricant according to commercial biolubricant standard through viscosity, density, flash point, FTIR, and GCMS test. The highest yield obtained from this research is 73.72% with coconut oil as the feedstock, calcined Ca(OH)2 catalyst, 12:1 methanol to oil ratio, 8% catalyst amount (in relation to oil), 3 hours reaction time, and 65C reaction temperature.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang. Residu medikamen kalsium hidroksida yang tertinggal dalam saluran akar dapat memengaruhi kualitas pengisian saluran akar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi dua metode pembersihan medikamen kalsium hidroksida. Metode. Tiga puluh dua premolar rahang bawah dipreparasi dengan ProTaper Next hingga X3. Gigi kemudian diberikan medikamen kalsium hidroksida dan dilakukan pemindaian awal menggunakan Micro-CT. Setelah diinkubasi selama 7 hari pada suhu 37 C, medikamen kalsium hidroksida dibersihkan dengan larutan irigasi yang diaktivasi menggunakan instrumen sonik EDDY trade;, VDW dan menggunakan instrumen ultrasonik Irrisave, Acteon Satelec . Setelah dibersihkan, dilakukan pemindaian kedua dengan Micro-CT untuk mengetahui voume residu kalsium hidroksida. Data kemudian di rekonstruksi dan dianalisis menggunakan perangkat lunak NRecon dan CTAn. Hasil. Kelompok ultrasonik memiliki rerata volume residu kalsium hidroksida yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan kelompok sonik. Namun secara statistik tidak memiliki perbedaan yang bermakna p=0,225 . Kesimpulan. Teknik sonik dan ultrasonik memiliki kemampuan yang sama dalam membersihkan medikamen kalsium hidroksida.

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ABSTRACT
Background. The residual calcium hydroxide medicinal residue in the root canal can affect the quality of root canal filling. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two methods of cleansing the calcium hydroxide medicaments. Method. Thirty two mandibular premolars were prepared with ProTaper Next to X3. The tooth was then given a calcium hydroxide medicament and an initial scan was performed using Micro CT. after incubation for 7 days at 37 C, the calcium hydroxide medicaments were cleaned with irrigation solution which was activated using sonic instrument EDDY trade , VDW and using ultrasonic instrument Irrisave, Acteon Satelec . After cleaning, a second scan with Micro CT is done to determine the voume of calcium hydroxide residue. The data were then reconstructed and analyzed using NRecon and CTAn software. Results. ultrasonic group had a lower mean residual volume of calcium hydroxide than the sonic group. However, statistically, there was no significant difference p 0,225 . Conclusion. Sonic and ultrasonic techniques have the same ability to clean the calcium hydroxide medicaments.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Menghilangkan seluruh bakteri, khususnya E. faecalis di dalam saluran akar masih menjadi masalah dalam perawatan saluran akar karena bentuknya yang ireguler di sepertiga apikal. Jumlah kunjungan perawatan endodontik konvensional yang berulang juga masih di rasakan tidak praktis. Pemakaian laser terapi foto dinamik dan kalsium hidroksida dalam bentuk larutan adalah upaya menemukan teknik dan bahan untuk eliminasi tersebut. Mengetahui sifat-sifat spesifik bakteri berupa keragaman genotip dan karakter fenotip yaitu perilakunya terhadap perubahan lingkungan, diharapkan akan dapat menemuka tekanik dan medikamen terbaik untuk sterilisasi saluran akar. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan jumlah dan karakter genotip bakteri E. faecalis di saluran akar yang mengalami infeksi intra radikuler primer dan persisten serta menganalisis perubahan karakter fenotip pada kasus infeksi intra radikuler persisten setelah mendapat perlakuan dengan laser terapi foto dinamik dan larutan kalsium hidroksida 50%. Material dan Metode: Bakteri E. faecalis diisolasi dari saluran akar kemudian dilakukan penentuan tipe genotip cps nya. Perubahan karakter fenotip dilakukan dengan melihat sensitivitas, profil protein dan profil kapsul polisakarida dengan di beri perlakuan menggunakan sinar laser foto dinamik terapi dan larutan kalsium hidroksida 50%. Hasil: Sensitivitas bakteri E. faecalis terhadap Laser foto dinamik terapi dan kalsium hidroksida 50% yang diaplikasikan selama 60 detik pada infeksi intra radikuler persisten efektif dalam sterilisasi saluran akar. Kesimpulan: Laser foto dinamik terapi dan kalsium hidroksida 50% dapat menyebabkan perubahan sensitivitas, profil protein dan profil kapsul polisakarida pada genotip cps 1, 2 dan 5 bakteri E. Faecalis pada infeksi intra radikuler persisten. ......Background: Eliminating all bacteria, especially E. faecalis in the root canal remains a problem in root canal management due to its irregular shape at one third of apical area. The repeating endodontic visits also seem to be less practical. Utilization of photo dynamic laser and calcium hydroxide solution therapy is an attempt in finding the suitable technique and materials for eliminating this issue. Knowledge of specific characters of bacteria such as the various genotypes and the phenotype character, which is its behavior towards environmental changes, is expected to be helpful in finding the best technique and medicament for root canal sterilization. Objective: Analyse the amount and genotypic characters difference of E. faecalis in the root canal affected with primary and persistent intra radicular infection and analyse phenotypic character changes in persistent intra radicular infections cases after application of photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide therapy. Material and Method: E. faecalis was isolated from the root canal and its cps genotype was determined. Phenotypic character changes were observed with sensitivity, protein profiling and polysaccharide capsule profiling after getting photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide 50% therapy. Results: E. faecalis sensitivity towards photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide treatment for 60 seconds acquired from persistent intra radicular infection was effective in root canal sterilization. Conclusion: Photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide therapy can change the sensitivity, protein profile, and polysaccharide capsule profile of cps 1, 2 and 5 genotype E. faecalis in persistent intra radicular infection.