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"Ninety percent species of butterflies can be found in the tropics. Southeast Asia has one of the highest Lepidopteran biodiversity in the world, while over 1,200 species of butterflies reside in Malaysia. Despite high Lepidopteran diversity, there is still little knowledge on the butterfly distribution in the islands of Southeast Asia. The aim of this study was to generate species data for butterflies at the islands of Pulau Perhentian Besar and Pulau Bidong in Terengganu region, Malaysia. The collected data will be a foundation for long-term monitoring, future research and a species guideline for tourism. The faunistic composition of Rhopalocera was studied by using 20 baited traps in which 10 baited traps were set at the canopy level and another 10 baited traps were set in the understorey for seven days on each island. The baited traps at the understory and canopy level were set on selected trees at 1 m and 15 m above the ground respectively, and left to function from 0800 hours to 1700 hours. Ripe pineapples were used as bait to attract butterflies. Aerial netting along one kilometre of line transects were also conducted for catching butterflies. A total of 26 species of butterflies from four families were caught during the sampling period. Butterfly population on small islands may be particularly susceptible to environmental and stochastic changes. Thus, development and land clearing should be strictly controlled to prevent further loss of flora and fauna such as endangered tree species and endemic butterflies of the islands."

"The growth of the Yogyakarta Urban Area (YUA) has led to an increasing of the microclimate, characterized by elevated temperatures. One of the efforts to decrease temperature is by establishing the development of Green Open Space (GOS). According to Law Number 26/2007 about Spatial Planning, a minimum of 30% of the total area must be designated as green open space. IKONOS satellite images taken in 2009 showed that GOS represented 43.36% of the total area for YUA. However, there are still areas which are characterized by high temperatures (more than 36.5o C). By applying Geographical Information System (GIS) analysis with an overlay technique among three factors such as canopy, building and population density, the priority zone for GOS development was identified. Based on the analysis, 38.82% of the area was designated as low priority for GOS development, 32.38% as middle priority, and 28.80% as very high priority to be developed as GOS. The land conversion is bigger and has high potency on private sector. GOS development needs to be established in the public sector, such as the creation of urban parks. Community empowerment strategies, application of incentive - disincentive mechanisms, and efforts towards GOS productivity improvement can encourage implementation."

"Peningkatan emisi gas karbon dioksida mendorong terjadinya pemanasan global dan perubahan iklim. Tanah memiliki kemampuan menyimpan emisi gas karbon dioksida yang diserap oleh vegetasi. Kajian mengenai dinamika fluks emisi gas karbon dioksida tanah dengan perbedaan persentase tutupan kanopi vegetasi di ekosistem Hutan Kota Srengseng belum pernah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan membandingkan dinamika fluks emisi gas karbon dioksida tanah di ekosistem Hutan Kota Srengseng dengan perbedaan persentase tutupan kanopi vegetasi serta menganalisis hubungan antara suhu udara, kelembapan tanah, suhu tanah, dan derajat keasaman (pH) tanah dengan fluktuasi emisi gas karbon dioksdia tanah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penangkapan gas rumah kaca menggunakan chamber, pengukuran faktor lingkungan, dan analisis data menggunakan uji ANOVA dan korelasi Spearman. Hasil penelitian serta kesimpulan peneleitian menyatakan bahwa nilai fluks emisi gas karbon dioksida tanah tidak berbeda signifikan di berbagai tutupan kanopi vegetasi Hutan Kota Srengseng. Lebih lanjut, faktor lingkungan yang memiliki hubungan terhadap fluks emisi gas karbon dioksida di Hutan Kota Srengseng, yakni suhu tanah, kelembapan tanah, dan derajat keasaman (pH) tanah, kecuali suhu udara.

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Increasing carbon dioxide gas emissions encourages global warming and climate change. Soil can store carbon dioxide gas emissions, which are absorbed by vegetation. Studies on the dynamics of soil carbon dioxide gas emission fluxes with differences in the percentage of vegetation canopy cover in Srengseng Urban Forest ecosystem have never been carried out. This research aims to analyze and compare the dynamics of soil carbon dioxide gas emission fluxes in Srengseng Urban Forest ecosystem with different percentages of vegetation canopy cover and analyze the relationship between air temperature, soil moisture, soil temperature and soil acidity (pH) with carbon gas emission fluxes soil dioxide. The research method used is the greenhouse gas capture method, which uses a chamber to measure environmental factors and data analysis using the ANOVA test and Spearman correlation. The research results and research conclusions state that no significant difference between the percentage of vegetation canopy cover of the Srengseng Urban Forest and the flux of carbon dioxide gas emissions. Environmental factors related to the flux of carbon dioxide gas emissions in Srengseng Urban Forest are soil temperature, humidity, and acidity (pH), except air temperature.

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"Hutan Kota Ciganjur, Jakarta Selatan merupakan hutan kota yang dikelola oleh pemerintah daerah sebagai ruang terbuka hijau yang bermanfaat untuk lingkungan dan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dinamika fluks emisi gas karbon dioksida tanah pada perbedaan persentase tutupan kanopi vegetasi di Ekosistem Hutan Kota Ciganjur dan menganalisis hubungan antara suhu tanah, suhu udara, kelembaban tanah, dan pH tanah dengan fluks emisi gas karbon dioksida tanah. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada bulan September-November 2023. Sampel gas karbon dioksida diambil menggunakan metode Chamber-based pada tiga stasiun dengan persentase tutupan kanopi vegetasi yang berbeda, yaitu stasiun tutupan terbuka T1 (0%-30%), stasiun tutupan sedang T2 (31%-60%), dan stasiun tutupan tertutup T3 (61%-100%). Sampel gas yang diperoleh dikirim ke Laboratorium GRK BSIP, Pati untuk diukur. Pengukuran parameter lingkungan dilakukan langsung dilapangan. Hasil emisi gas yang diperoleh pada masing-masing tutupan terbuka, sedang, dan tertutup adalah 6,87 g CO2/m-2 hari-1, 2,57 g CO2/m-2 hari-1, dan 3,21 g CO2/m-2 hari-1. Hasil dari analisis Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara tutupan kanopi vegetasi berbeda dengan fluks emisi gas karbondioksida (H hitung = 1,921; x2 tabel = 5,991). Hal ini dikarenakan terdapat faktor lain seperti suhu dan tanah, kelembapan, dan pH tanah yang mempengaruhi. Hasil analisis korelasi Spearman-rho menunjukkan terdapat korelasi dengan arah positif pada suhu udara (r = 0,28) dan pH (r = 0,34) terhadap fluks emisi gas karbon dioksida. Sebaliknya, tidak terdapat korelasi antara suhu tanah (r = 0,16) dan kelembapan (r = -0,10) terhadap fluks emisi gas karbon dioksida (rho tabel = 0,226; signifikansi = 0,05).

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Ciganjur Urban Forest, South Jakarta is a urban forest managed by the local government as a green open space that is beneficial for the environment and society. The aims of this research were to to analyze the dynamics of soil carbon dioxide gas emission flux at different percentages of vegetation canopy cover in Ciganjur Urban Forest Ecosystem and analyze the relationship between soil temperature, air temperature, soil moisture and soil pH with soil carbon dioxide gas emission flux. Sampling was carried out in September-November 2023. Carbon dioxide gas samples were taken using the Chamber-Based method at three stations, namely open cover station T1 (0%-30%), medium cover T2 (31%-60%), and closed cover T3 (61%-100%). Environmental parameter measurements are carried out directly in the field. The gas emission results obtained for each open, medium and closed cover were 6,87 g CO2/m-2 day-1, 2,57 g CO2/m-2 day-1, and 3,21 g CO2/m-2 day-1. Results of Kruskal-Wallis analysis showed that there was no significant difference between different vegetation canopy cover and carbon dioxide gas emission flux (H calculated = 1,921; x2 table = 5.991). The differences are not significant because of the factors of air and soil temperature, moisture, and pH. Spearman-rho correlation analysis show a positive correlation between air temperature (r = 0,28) and pH (r = 0,34) on the carbon dioxide gas emission flux, but there is no correlation between soil temperature (r = 0,16) and moisture (r = -0,10) on carbon dioxide gas emission flux (rho table = 0,226; sig = 0,05)."