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"Defisiensi vitamin A merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat pada anak di negara berkembang. Di Indonesia, dalam rangka memberantas defisiensi vitamin A Departemen Kesehatan (Depkes) memberikan Kapsul Vitamin A (KVA) secara gratis setiap bulan Februari dan Agustus kepada anak umur 6-59 bulan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan pemberian KVA di Jawa Tengah (Jateng) dan di Sulawesi Sela tan (Sulsel). Data yang digunakan adalah data dari Nutrition and Health Surveillance System (NSS) yang dikumpulkan oleh Helen Keller International (HKI) bekerjasama dengan Balitbangkes, Depkes pada bulan Maret - Juni 2003.Cakupan pemberian KVA di Jateng adalah 90.8 % dan di Sulsel adalah 66.8 %. Di Jateng anak umur 6-11 bulan mempunyai peluang yang lebih besar untuk menerima KVA dibandingkan anak umur 48-59 bulan (OR= 1.51, 95% CI 1.09 - 2.08), Di Jateng status gizi yang diukur dengan BBIU berhubungan dengan penerimaan KVA, anak yang underweight mempunyai peluang yang lebih kecil untuk menerima KVA (OR=0.83, 95%CI, 0.70-0.98). Ada hubungan antara status gizi yang diukur dengan BB/TB dalam penerimaan KVA, anak yang wasting mempunyai peluang yang lebih kecil untuk menerima KVA (OR = 0.68, 95% CI, 0.51 - 0.91). Ada hubungan antara ISPA dengan penerimaan KVA. Anak yang menderita ISPA mempunyai peluang yang lebih kecil untuk menerima KVA (OR=0.84, 95%CI:0.70-1.00).Di Sulsel semakin muda umur anak, peluang untuk mendapatkan KVA semakin besar. Ada hubungan antara diare dengan penerimaan KVA, anak yang diare mempunyai peluang yang lebih kecil untuk menerima KVA. (OR =0.55, 95% CI: 0.42-0.73).Di kedua propinsi, tidak ada hubungan antara jenis kelamin dengan penerimaan KVA, semakin rendah pendidikan semakin tinggi peluang untuk menerima KVA, semakin rendah pendapatan semakin tinggi peluang untuk mendapatkan KVA. Status gizi (TBIU) tidak berhubungan dengan penerimaan KVA. Tidak ada hubungan antara asupan vitamin A dengan penerimaan KVA, namun demikian asupan vitamin A sangat rendah. Media kampanye melalui radio dan media cetak berhubungan dengan penerimaan KVA, sedangkan media kampanye TV tidak berhubungan dengan penerimaan KVA.Dari hasil analisis multivariat. faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penerimaan KVA di Jateng adalah terpapar kampanye melalui media cetak (OR = 1.8, 95 %CI 1.51-2,14), partisipasi di Posyandu (OR= 3.57, 95% CI 2.99-4.25) dan wasting (OR=0.68, 95%CI 0.50-0.92). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penerimaan KVA di Sulsel adalah terpapar melalui kampanye radio (OR=0.43, 95%CI 1.08-0.90), kampanye melalui media cetak (OR= 96, 95 % CI 1.67- 2.29), partisipasi Posyandu (OR = 4.74. 95% CI 4.03- .57) , Pendidikan : tidak sekolah (OR = 2.35 . 95%CI 1.65-3.34), pendidikan 1-3 tahun (OR=1.76, 95% CI 1.29-2.40), pendidikan 4-6 tahun (OR=1.58, 95 % CI 1.30-1.93) dan pendidikan 7-9 tahun (OR=1.35, 95 % CI 1.08-1.68) Diare (OR 0.52, 95 % CI 0.38- 0.72). Partisipasi ke Posyandu merupakan faktor yang paling berhubungan di kedua propinsi, namun partisipasi ke Posyandu di Sulsel lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan di Jateng . Status gizi dan morbiditas harus mendapat perhatian dalam pemberian KVA, media kampanye panting untuk mensukseskan cakupan pemberian KVA.

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Factors That Were Related To Vitamin A Capsule (VAC) Receipt Among Children Aged 6-59 Months In Central Java And South Sulawesi, 2003 (Secondary Data Analyses of the GO I/HKI NSS data , March - June 2003)Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem among children in developing countries. In Indonesia, in order to combat vitamin A deficiency, Ministry of Health (MOH) distributes the Vitamin A Capsule (VAC) for free in every February and August to children 6 - 59 months.

The aim of the research was to find out factors that were related to Vitamin A Capsule (VAC) receipt in Central Java and South Sulawesi . The Government of Indonesia /Helen Keller International Nutrition and Health Surveillance System (the GOL' KI NSS) data collected in March-June 2003 had been used for this research,VAC coverage in Central Java was 90.8 % and in South Sulawesi was 66.8 %. In Central Java children 6-11 months had a higher chance to receive VAC than children 48-59 months (OR= 1.51, 95% CI 1.09 - 2.08). There was relationship between nutritional status (weight for age) with VAC receipt., underweight children had a lower chance to receive VAC than normal children (OR=0.83, 95%CI, 0.70-0.98). There was a relationship between nutritional status (weight for height) with VAC receipt, wasting children had a lower chance to receive VAC than normal children (OR = 0.68, 95% CI, 0.51 - 0.91). There was relationship between Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) and VAC receipt, children with ARI had a lower chance to receive VAC (OR=0.84, 95%CI:0.70-1.00).

In South Sulawesi, younger children had a higher chance to receive VAC. There was a relationship among diarrhea and VAC receipt, children with diarrhea had a lower chance to receive VAC (OR =0.55, 95% CI: 0.42-0.73).

In both areas, there was no relationship between sex and VAC receipt, there was relationship among maternal education and VAC receipt, children whose mother had lower education had a higher chance to receive VAC , children whose mother had lower income had a higher chance to receive VAC. There was no relationship among vitamin A intake with VAC receipt, however vitamin A intake was very low. Media campaigns of radio and printed materials had relationship with VAC receipt, but media campaign of TV had no relationship with VAC receipt.

Results from multivariate analyses showed that factors that were related with VAC receipt in Central Java was media campaign of printed materials (OR = 1.8, 95 %CI 1.51-2,14), Posyandu attendance (OR= 3.57, 95% CI 2.99-4.25) and wasting (OR=0.68, 95%CI 0.50-0.92). Factors that were related with VAC receipt in South Sulawesi was media campaign of radio (OR=0.43, 95%CI 1.08-0.90), media campaign of printed materials (OR= .96, 95 % CI 1.67- 2.29), Posyandu attendance (OR = 4.74. 95% CI 4.03- .57) , Education: did not go to school (OR = 2.35 .95%CI 1.65-3.34), 1-3 years of education (OR=1.76, 95% CI 1.29-2.40), 4-6 years of education (OR=1.58, 95 % CI 1.30-1.93) and 7-9 years of education (OR=I.35, 95 % CI 1.08-1.68), diarrhea (OR=0.52, 95 % CI 0.38- 0.72). Posyandu attendance was the main factor that was related to VAC receipt in both areas. However, Posyandu attendance was lower in South Sulawesi than in Central Java. Children nutritional status and morbidity need to be considered in distributing the VAC. Media campaign was important for the success of the VAC coverage."

"Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan cakupan distribusi kapsul vitamin A dosis tinggi antara lain partisipasi ibu, kader dan sarana yang menunjang kegiatan tersebut. Partisipasi ibu dalam kegiatan tersebut berhubungan dengan karakteristik ibu, peran pembinaan dari kader, petugas kesehatan dan partisipasi tokoh masyarakat setempat. Masih dijumpai beberapa daerah dengan angka cakupan distribusi kapsul vitamin A rendah atau dibawah target yang telah ditetapkan, namun ada pula daerah dengan angka cakupan yang tinggi atau melebihi target yang telah ditetapkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan cakupan distribusi kapsul vitamin A dosis tinggi di desa Tlogopragoto dan desa Kertodeso, Kecamatan Mirit Kabupaten Kebumen. Sasaran dalam penelitian ini adalah 248 ibu balita, 33 orang kader dan 8 posyandu. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, kujungan rumah dan pengamatan. Jenis penelitian adalah Cross Sectional dengan menggunakan data primer. Teknik analisa data adalah analisa univariat dan analisa bivariat dengan menggunakan uji Khi Kuadrat, U Mann Whitney dan perhitungan Odds Ratio (OR). Berdasarkan analisa bivariat diperoleh hasil bahwa faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan cakupan distribusi kapsul vitamin dosis tinggi adalah partisipasi ibu dan pengetahuan kader tentang vitamin A. Sedangkan faktor yang berhubungan dengan partisipasi ibu yaitu pengetahuan ibu tentang vitamin A, pembinaan oleh kader, pembinaan oleh petugas kesehatan dan partisipasi tokoh masyarakat.

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Factors Related with the Coverage of Distribution of High Dosage Vitamin A Capsule in Tlogopragoto Village and Rertodeso Village, Sub district of Mirit, District of KebumenThe factors which are related with the coverage of distribution of high dosage vitamine A capsule among others are the mother's participation, cadres and supporting facilities of the activity. The mother's participation in the activities are related with the mother's characteristics, roles of the cadres, health staffs and participation of the local leaders. There are still areas with low coverage of distribution of vitamine A or below the target, however, there are also area with high coverage of distribution of vitamine A or above the target.

This research is intended to study factors which are related with the distribution coverage of high dosage of vitamine A capsule in Tlogopragoto village and Kertodeso village, Subdistrict of Mirit, District of Kebumen. The subject of this research is 248 mothers, 33 cadres, and 8 integrated health service centers. The data collection technique is interview, home visits and observation. The type of research is a cross sectional by using primary data. The data analysis technique is univariate analysis and bivariate analysis by using the Chi Square test, U Mann Whitney test and calculation of Odds Ratio (OR).

Based on the bivariate analysis that the factors related with the high dosage vitamine A capsule distribution coverage are the mother's participation and cadres knowledge regarding vitamine A. The mother's participation are related with the mother's knowledge regarding vitamine A, counseling of cadres, counseling of health staffs and participation of the community leaders."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi hasil dari beberapa teknik bedah katarak dan implantasi lensa intraokuler (LIO) pada anak, di Jakarta Eye Center, Jakarta, Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan studi retrospektif pada 44 penderita anak (57 mata) yang menjalani bedah katarak dan pemasangan LIO. Tiga macam teknik yang dipakai adalah: 1. Ekstraksi katarak ekstrakapsular dan pemasangan LIO dengan kapsul posterior tetap intak, yang dilakukan pada 21 mata (kelompok 1). 2. Ekstraksi katarak ekstrakapsular dan pemasangan LIO dengan kapsuloreksis posterior (PCCC) dan optic capture, yang dilakukan pada 24 mata (kelompok 2). 3. Ekstraksi katarak ekstrakapsular dan pemasangan LIO dengan kapsuloreksis posterior dan vitrektomi anterior serta optic capture, yang dilakukan pada 24 mata (kelompok 3). Seluruh penderita menjalani evaluasi tindak lanjut selama lebih dari 1 tahun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kekeruhan kapsul posterior (PCO) terjadi pada 20 mata pada kelompok 1. Semua mata mempunyai aksis visual yang jernih pada kelompok 2, dan terjadi PCO hanya pada 1 mata pada kelompok 3. Kesimpulan : PCCC dengan atau tanpa vitrektomi anterior dan optic capture adalah metoda yang efektif untuk mencegah timbulnya PCO pada bayi atau anak-anak. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 21-6)

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This study evaluated the surgical outcome of various surgical technique in paediatric cataract implant surgery, at Jakarta Eye Center, Jakarta, Indonesia. This was a retrospective study of 57 eyes in 44 children who had primary cataract implants surgery. Three surgical techniques used were : 1. Extracapsular cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation with intact posterior capsule which was performed on 21 eyes (group 1). 2. Extracapsular cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation and posterior capsulorhexis (PCCC) and optic capture which was performed on 24 eyes (group 2). 3. Extracapsular cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation, posterior capsulorhexis and anterior vitrectomy which was performed on 24 eyes (group 3). All patients were followed up more than one year. Our results showed that posterior capsule opacity (PCO) was developed in 20 eyes with intact capsules in group 1. All eyes had a clear visual axis in group 2. PCO developed only in one eye in group 3. In conclusion, PCCC and optic capture with or without anterior vitrectomy are effective methods in preventing PCO in infant and children. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 21-6)"

"One of the cultivation failure reasons of Jatropha curcas Linn (JcL) in Indonesia was that it was only recommended for Crude Jatropha Oil (CJO) production which is processed into biodiesel. CJO is only 17-25% of dry seed weight, while the waste residue is called seed cake. Another waste product is dried capsule husk (DH-JcL) which is about 30-80% of the fresh fruit weight and sludge CJO (S-CJO) or about 2-5% of the CJO. S-CJO was unutilized which is bad for the ecology when it is disposed. The research objective was the utilization of the S-CJO waste for bio-refinery and improvement productivity of biogas made from DH-JcL.The study was conducted at the research garden of PT Bumimas Ekapersada, Bekasi, West Java in November-December 2012. A liter one-stage digester was compiled completely as a randomized design (CRD) with three replications in a water bath at a temperature of 32o C. The materials used were DH-JcL of JatroMas cultivars in the toxic category which were mixed with the sludge S-CJO as a co-substrate about with 10% water at a ratio of 1:8. Observation variables were biogas production volume (water displacement method), pH and temperature in the outlet slurry. The preliminary study concludes that S-CJO is appropriate as the co-substrate DH-JcL. It can increase the biogas productivity with feed in less than 10% of S-CJO allocation per day"