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Abstrak :
Proses karbonisasi secara hidrotermal atau hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) merupakan proses termokimia pada temperatur yang relatif rendah untuk meningkatkan fasa padatnya yang biasa disebut HTC. Proses ini dapat mengkonversikan berbagai jenis biomassa menjadi serupa lignit bahkan sub- bituminous dengan massa tertinggal sekitar 35-60%. Karbon yang hilang sangat tinggi pada proses ini dikarenakan senyawa organik terlarut pada fasa cair dan hanya sedikit gas yang diproduksi. Proses ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh jenis biomassa serta kondisi operasi yang meliputi waktu tinggal serta temperature. Temperatur operasi HTC sekitar 180- 250°C di tekanan subkritik dengan waktu tinggal yang pendek. Hasil dari konversi biomasa MSW bisa digunakan untuk bahan bakar yang dapat diperbarui dan ramah lingkungan. ......The hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermochemical process at relatively low temperatures to increase its solid phase commonly called HTC. This process can convert various types of biomass into similar lignite even sub-bituminous with masses left around 35-60%. The missing carbon is very high in this process due to the dissolved organic compounds in the liquid phase and only a few gases are produced. This process is strongly influenced by the type of biomass and operating conditions that include time and temperature. HTC operating temperature is about 180-250 °c at the pressure of sub-critic with short stay time. Results of the biomass conversion of MSW can be used for renewables and environmentally friendly

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Segala potensi sumber daya energi perlu kita manfaatkan demi terjaganya ketahanan energi bangsa. Pelabuhan Soekarno Hatta, Makassar merupakan pelabuhan dengan kapasitas komposisi biomassa yang beragam perlu memperdalam penguasaan teknologi pengolahannya. Teknologi Hydrothermal Carbonization cocok digunakan untuk meningkatkan nilai guna dari sampah pada pelabuhan Soekarno Hatta, Makassar. Dengan hasil padatan dari teknologi Hydrothermal Carbonization dapat menghasilkan hydrochar dengan nilai HHV 16-28 MJ / kg. Teknologi Hydrothermal Carbonization dapat menghasilkan bricket hydrochar yang optimal dengan memanfaatkan proses parameter yang ada. Implementasi dari Teknologi Hydrothermal Carbonization ini dapat meningkatkan nilai guna dari 45% sampah pelabuhan.

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ABSTRACT We need to utilize all potential energy resources for the sake of maintaining the nation's energy security. The Soekarno Hatta Port, Makassar is a port with a diverse biomass composition capacity that needs to deepen its mastery of processing technology. Hydrothermal Carbonization technology is suitable to increase the use value of waste at the port of Soekarno Hatta, Makassar. With the results of solids from Hydrothermal Carbonization technology can produce hydrochar with a HHV value of 16-28 MJ / kg. Hydrothermal Carbonization technology can produce an optimal hydrochar bricket by utilizing existing parameter processes. The implementation of Hydrothermal Carbonization Technology can increase the use value of 45% of port waste.

Abstrak :
Since 2004, graphene has risen in popularity owing to its superior properties. However, limits to the scale of production methods have rendered graphene a costly material. Moreover, existing production methods require chemicals that are detrimental to the environment. This study uses Coconut Coir Dust (CCD) as a carbon precursor and an intermediate product in the manufacturing of graphene. Firstly, CCD sieved into a 100 mesh was carbonized using a hydrothermal method at temperatures of 235oC, 250oC, and 265oC, for 4 hours. Following this, the resulting solid residue was pyrolyzed at 1000oC for 2 hours under the protection of nitrogen (N2). The hydrothermal solid residue was labelled CHT (hydrothermal temperature) and the pyrolysis product was named as SP (hydrothermal temperature). Both samples were characterized using SEM, XRD and EDS. In addition, Raman characterization was conducted for SP samples. At the end of the process (SP), the XRD pattern showed two broad peaks centered around 2? ~24o and 44o corresponding to a (002) and (100) graphite plane. This pattern is similar to that of reduced-graphene oxide. SEM images showed a sheet-like microstructure is caused by undegraded lignin. A perforated and corrugated sheet formed after pyrolysis, which subsequently confirms the formation of reduced-graphene oxide. Furthermore, the Raman result indicates that higher hydrothermal temperatures lead to an increasing integrated ID/IG ratio. The ratios were 1.62, 1.71 and 1.77, for SP 235, SP 250, and SP 265, respectively. Research results conclude that the carbonaceous material formed through hydrothermal and pyrolytic processes contained a mixture of an amorphous-carbon form and a graphene-like cluster. Results additionally show a similar structure with reduced-graphene oxide.

Abstrak :
Litium Titanat atau Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) merupakan salah satu material yang menguntungkan sebagai bahan dasar anoda baterai lithium ion. Dalam penelitian ini, LTO disintesis dengan karbon aktif (AC) yang berbahan dasar dari sampah pelastik (PET), dengan komposisi karbon aktif yang berbeda sebesar 3 wt%, 5 wt%, and 7 wt%. Karbon aktif tersebut terbuat dari campuran sampah pelastik dan bentonite (9:1) yang dikarbonisasi melalui tungku pembakaran pada suhu 400°C dalam atmosfer inert nitrogen menjadi karbon amorf hitam. Setelah karbonisasi, karbon tersebut diaktivasi melalui empat proses utama: pencampuran dengan NaOH, sintering dalam atmosfir nitrogen, pencucian, dan pengeringan. LTO/AC yang sudah disintesis lalu diubah menjadi anoda baterai lithium-ion setengah sel. Kemudian anoda tersebut dikarakterisasi melalui Uji Voltametri Siklus, Uji Pengisian Daya Muatan (CD) dan Spektroskopi Impedansi Listrik (EIS). Hasil akhir dari pengujian ini menunjukan bahwa penambahan karbon aktif dapat meningkatkan konduktifitas dari baterai lithium-setengah sel. Sesuai dengan hasil pengujian CV, penambahan karbon sebesar 7% wt% menghasilkan kapasitas spesifik sebesar 143.4 (mAh/g). Hasil pengujian pada penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa penambahan karbon aktif optimal adalah sebesar 7 wt%. ......Lithium titanate or Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is a favorable contender as lithium-ion battery anode material. In this research, LTO/AC was synthesized with activated carbon made of plastic waste, the different composition of 3 wt%, 5 wt%, and 7 wt% has been carried out. The activated carbon was made using the mixture of plastic waste and bentonite nano clay (9:1) that will go through the slow pyrolysis carbonization process, which is performed under 400°C in an inert atmosphere of N2 with the help of a furnace into black amorphous carbon. After the carbonization, the carbon is activated through four main stages: mixing with NaOH, sintering under a nitrogen atmosphere, washing, and drying. The synthesized LTO/AC materials are then formed into a half-cell lithium-ion battery anode. The half cell lithium-ion battery anodes are then examined using the Cycle Voltammetry Test, Charge Discharge (CD) Test, and Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The final result of this research shows that activated carbon can increase the conductivity of the half-cell lithium battery. According to the results of the CV test, the addition of 7% wt% carbon resulted in a specific capacity of 143.4 (mAh/g). The test results in this research indicate that the optimal addition of activated carbon is 7 wt%.

Abstrak :
Batang kelapa sawit merupakan limbah industri kelapa sawit yang melimpah. Salah satu pemanfaatan batang kelapa sawit yaitu untuk bahan campuran pembuatan papan semen. Papan semen berpenguat serat batang kelapa sawit dari penelitian ini ditujukan untuk penyerap suara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi perlakuan awal terbaik terhadap serat batang kelapa sawit atau Oil Palm Trunk Fiber (OPTF) untuk meningkatkan kompatibilitas terbaik dengan bahan semen sehingga dihasilkan papan semen untuk penyerap suara dengan kinerja yang baik. Metode penelitian berfokus pada perlakuan pendahuluan terhadap OPTF, tambahan akselerator (CaCl2 3% dari berat semen) dan komposisinya dengan semen untuk menghasilkan papan semen. Perlakuan awal ini berupa perendaman air dingin pada suhu kamar selama 24 jam (OPTF-2) dan perlakuan karbonisasi hidrotermal pada suhu 130°C selama 4 jam (OPTF-3), serta tanpa perlakuan (OPTF-1). Komposisi serat dan semen yang digunakan yaitu 1 : 2,75; 1 : 3,00 dan 1 : 3,25 (basis berat). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum perlakuan terbaik untuk mendapatkan papan semen berpenguat OPTF dengan tujuan penyerap suara pada penelitian ini adalah perlakuan OPTF-3 dengan komposisi serat dan semen 1 : 2,75. Papan ini optimum digunakan sebagai papan penyerap suara pada frekuensi 4000 Hz. Nilai koefisien absorpsi (α) yang diperoleh sebesar 0,91 ......Oil palm trunk is waste from oil palm industry that abundantly available. One of the uses of oil palm trunks is as mixtures to produce mixtures of cement boards. Palm fiber reinforced cement board from this research was intended for sound absorbtion. This study aimed to analyze the best pretreatment of oil palm trunk fiber (OPTF) to improve the best compatibility with cement materials for producing cement boards for good performance of sound absorbtion. The research method focused on the pre-treated OPTF with the addition of accelerator (CaCl2, 3% by weight of cement) and its composition with cement to produce cement board. This pre-treatment involved cold water immersion at room temperature for 24 hours (OPTF-2) and hydrothermal carbonization treatment at 130°C for 4 hours (OPTF-3); as well as fibre without pre-treatment (OPTF-1). The compositions of fiber and cement were 1: 2.75; 1: 3.00 and 1: 3.25 (weight base). In general, the results showed the best cement board with OPTF-3 fibre and cement composition of 1 : 2.75. The OPTF-3 reinforced cement board worked optimally for a sound absorbtion board at the frequency of 4000 Hz. The absorption coefficient (α) obtained is 0.91

Abstrak :
Karbon aktif dibuat dari tongkol jagung melalui karbonisasi dilanjutkan aktivasi menggunakan KOH. Karbon aktif tongkol jagung dikarakterisasi menggunakan metode BET, FTIR, adsorpsi metilen biru dan iodium untuk mengetahui luas permukaan, gugus fungsi serta penyerapan molekul besar dan kecil. Karbon aktif tongkol jagung diaplikasikan untuk adsorpsi Cu, Pb dan amonia. Adsorpsi paling optimum saat aplikasi dimiliki : karbon aktif tongkol jagung berukuran 0,06 mm dengan persentase penyisihan 52,99 % pada adsorpsi Cu; karbon aktif tongkol jagung berukuran 0,06 mm dengan persentase penyisihan 49,04 % saat adsorpsi Pb; dan karbon aktif tongkol jagung berukuran 0,5 mm dengan kapasitas adsorpsi 2,08 gr/gr saat adsorpsi uap amonia. ......Activated carbon made from corn cob through carbonization followed by activation using KOH. Corn cob activated carbon through characterization using BET, FTIR, methilen blue and iodium adsorption method in order to obtain surface area, functional group, and adsorption of big and small molecul. Corn cob activated carbon used for applied for Cu, Pb and ammonia adsorption. Optimum adsorption when application was obtained by using : corn cob activated carbon which have a measurement of 0,06 mm with elimination percentage 52,99 % at Cu adsorption; corn cob activated carbon which have a measurement of 0,06 mm with elimination percentage 49,04 % at Pb adsorption; dan corn cob activated carbon which have a measurement of 0,5 mm with adsorption capacity 2,08 gr/gr at ammonia adsorption.

Abstrak :
The gas diffusion layer (GDL) is one of the critical components of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). It is generally made of a fossil-fuel-based carbon material. In this study, carbon composite paper (CCP) for GDL was prepared by using carbon material obtained from coconut coir. To obtain the CCP, 80 wt% carbon material from the coconut coir and 20 wt% polymer binder (ethylene vinyl acetate and polyethylene glycol) were mixed in xylene solvent at 100°C, cast on molded glass, and then rolled. The carbon material consists of a mixture of carbon fibers (length: 2 mm) and powders (size: 74 µm). Subsequently, the CCP was treated with polytetrafluoroethylene solution (10 wt%). The physical properties of the CCPs, such as through-plane electrical conductivity, porosity, density, and hydrophobic properties, were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy mapping were used to analyze the morphology and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) distribution in the CCP. The through-plane conductivity test showed that CCP with 70 wt% carbon fiber, 10 wt% carbon powder, and 20 wt% polymer was the optimum sample, and it showed the highest electrical conductivity of 2.22 S cm-1. The physical properties of PTFE-treated CCP, such as porosity, density, and contact angle, were almost similar to that of commercial carbon paper used as a GDL. Therefore, the CCP prepared from coconut coir can be applied as a GDL in a PEMFC.

Abstrak :
The gas diffusion layer (GDL) is one of the critical components of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). It is generally made of a fossil-fuel-based carbon material. In this study, carbon composite paper (CCP) for GDL was prepared by using carbon material obtained from coconut coir. To obtain the CCP, 80 wt% carbon material from the coconut coir and 20 wt% polymer binder (ethylene vinyl acetate and polyethylene glycol) were mixed in xylene solvent at 100°C, cast on molded glass, and then rolled. The carbon material consists of a mixture of carbon fibers (length: 2 mm) and powders (size: 74 µm). Subsequently, the CCP was treated with polytetrafluoroethylene solution (10 wt%). The physical properties of the CCPs, such as through-plane electrical conductivity, porosity, density, and hydrophobic properties, were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy mapping were used to analyze the morphology and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) distribution in the CCP. The through-plane conductivity test showed that CCP with 70 wt% carbon fiber, 10 wt% carbon powder, and 20 wt% polymer was the optimum sample, and it showed the highest electrical conductivity of 2.22 S cm-1. The physical properties of PTFE-treated CCP, such as porosity, density, and contact angle, were almost similar to that of commercial carbon paper used as a GDL. Therefore, the CCP prepared from coconut coir can be applied as a GDL in a PEMFC.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini membahas tentang pengaruh putaran autoclave pada proses pembuatan karbon aktif dari ampas kopi Indonesia, yaitu dari kopi Lampung jenis Robusta. Karbon aktif adalah senyawa karbon yang telah ditingkatkan daya adsorpsinya dengan melakukan proses karbonisasi dan aktifasi. Pembuatan karbon aktif dilakukan dengan proses karbonisasi pada temperatur 700 oC dan proses aktifasi secara fisika pada temperatur 800 oC dengan laju aliran N2 dan CO2 100 ml/mnt konstan untuk setiap putaran autoclave. Variasi putaran autoclave yang dilakukan adalah 9 rpm, 12 rpm dan 20 rpm.

Pada penelitian ini, kita dapat mengetahui hasil burn off dan iodine number dari variasi putaran autoclave pada proses karbonisasi dan aktifasi fisika. Dan hasilnya didapat nilai burn off tertinggi 79,78 % pada putaran motor 9 rpm dan nilai iodine number tertinggi 83,50 mg/g pada putaran 9 rpm.

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ABSTRACT
This final project studied about the effect of autoclave speed in making activated carbon from Indonesian coffee grounds, which location from Lampung. Activated carbon is a carbon compound that has been increased its adsorption capability by doing carbonization and activation process. The making of activated carbon was done by doing carbonization process at temperature of 700 oC and physical activation process at temperature of 800 oC with N2 and CO2 flow of 100 ml/mnt constant for each autoclave speed. Variation of autoclave speed are 9 rpm, 12 rpm and 20 rpm.

In this research, we can find out the burn off point and iodine number with the variation of autoclave speed on carbonization and physical activation process. The result is the highest 79.78 % of burn off point at 9 rpm and the highest value 83.50 mg/g of iodine number at 9 rpm.