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"Latar Belakang: Disfungsi kognitif pascabedah adalah salah satu komplikasi pembedahan jantung yang telah diketahui. Hipoperfusi jaringan otak diduga sebagai penyebabnya, terutama dihubungkan dengan penggunaan mesin pintas jantung-paru. Near-infrared spectroscopy muncul sebagai alat pemantauan saturasi oksigen otak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara nilai NIRS dan kandungan oksigen intrabedah dengan kejadian disfungsi kognitif pascabedah jantung terbuka.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan kohort prospektif yang dilakukan di Rumah sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo, Indonesia. Sebanyak 60 pasien elektif yang akan menjalani bedah jantung terbuka dilakukan uji neurokognisi pada 1 hari sebelum pembedahan dan hari ke 5 pascabedah. Disfungsi kognitif pascabedah dinyatakan jika terdapat penurunan >20% dari nilai uji prabedah, pada 2 dari 3 ranah kognisi. Pemantauan saturasi oksigen regional (rSO2¬) menggunakan probe NIRS yang ditempel pada dahi subjek penelitian. Nilai rSO2¬ secara kontinu direkam sepanjang pembedahan. Desaturasi rSO2 adalah penurunan rSO2>20% nilai baseline, nilai terendah, durasi desaturasi rSO2, luas area under the curve rSO2 yang dihitung oleh INVOS 5100 dalam satuan min% dicatat pada berbagai fase pembedahan. Analisis bivariat variabel numerik menggunakan Independent T-test atau Mann-Whitney dengan SPSS 20.0. Variabel-variabel dengan nilai p<0.25 pada analisis bivariat selanjutnya dimasukkan dalam regresi logistik.Hasil: Sebanyak 31 dari 60 pasien (51,6%) mengalami POCD. Durasi desaturasi rSO2>20% secara signifikan lebih lama pada kelompok POCD dibandingkan non-POCD, terutama pada fase intraCPB dan pascaCPB. Didapatkan desaturasi total rSO2 dan nilai AUC rSO2 yang lebih panjang pada kelompok POCD dibandingkan kelompok non-POCD (median 55 [0-245] vs 0 (0-140) menit, p= 0.007) dan (412 [0-4875] vs 0 [0-472], p= 0,003). Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan AUC rSO2 sebagai variabel yang paling berpengaruh terhadap POCD. Kualitas persamaan regresi logistik baik dengan AUC 83,5% (CI 95%; 72,8%-94,2%).

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Introduction. Cardiac surgery has been known to cause postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Cerebral hypoperfusion is suspected as the cause, mainly related to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) machine. Near infrared spectroscopy had been introduced as a method to monitor cerebral oxygen saturation. This study aims to investigate the role of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring in preventing POCD after cardiac surgery.Purpose: To evaluate association between intraoperative Near-Infrared Spectroscopy value and arterial oxygen content with POCD in open heart surgeryMethods. This prospective cohort study was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia. We included sixty adult patients scheduled for elective open-heart surgery and assessed their cognitive function 1 day before surgery and postoperative day 5. To measure regional oxygen saturation (rSO¬¬2), NIRS probe was placed on the subjects forehead, the values were recorded until the end of surgery. A decrease in rSO2 >20% of baseline value was considered as rSO2 desaturation. The lowest rSO2 value and duration of desaturation were recorded before, during, after CPB. Another variable of NIRS value was Area under the curve of rSO2; an output measured by INVOS 5100 labelled as AUC rSO2 in min%. Data were compared using Students t test or the Mann-Whitney U test with SPSS 20.0 software. Logistic regression was applied to variables with p-value above 0.25 on bivariate analysis.Results: In this study 31 out of 60 patients (51.6%) developed POCD. Duration of rSO2 desaturation 20% baseline was significantly higher in POCD group, espescially during and after CPB phase. We observed a median of 55 (0-245) minutes of total desaturation time in POCD group, compared to the non-POCD group, who experienced a median desaturation time of 0 (0-140) minutes (p = 0.007). Quality of regression equity based on good discrimination with AUC was 83.5% (CI 95%; 72.8%-94.2%). From multivariate analysis, it was found that variables of NIRS AUC could affect logistic regression equity."

"Keperawatan medikal bedah merupakan bidang praktik khusus dalam keperawatan profesional yang fokus dalam perawatan respon pasien terhadap masalah kesehatan aktual maupun potensial. Clinical nurse specialist (CNS) didefinisikan sebagai clinical leader dalam praktik keperawatan yang memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan tingkat lanjut seperti keahlian klinis dalam bidang tertentu, praktik berbasis bukti, kolaborasi, konsultasi, edukator, mentoring, dan manajemen. Peran CNS meliputi direct patient care, nursing practice, dan organization atau system. Peran perawat direct patient care diterapkan pada 31 pasien kasus kardiovaskuler baik medikal maupun bedah dengan pendekatan Model Adaptasi Roy. Hasil analisis praktik menunjukkan bahwa Model Adaptasi Roy dapat diterapkan dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan pasien dengan gangguan sistem kardiovaskuler. Penerapan peran perawat nursing practice, yaitu perawat menerapkan praktik yang berbasis bukti (evidence) adalah efektivitas cold therapy sebelum latihan napas dalam (deep breathing) dan batuk efektif (coughing) terhadap nyeri akut pada pasien post cardiac surgery. Penerapan peran perawat organisation atau system, yaitu perawat membuat pengembangan profesional melalui inovasi terbaru untuk perkembangan asuhan keperawatan dengan menyusun SPO rehabilitasi jantung fase 1 pada pasien sindrom koroner akut (SKA).

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Medical surgical nursing is a special area of nursing profesional practice that focuses on the care of patient s response to actual and potential health problems. Clinical nurse specialist (CNS) is defined as a clinical leader in nursing practice that has advance knowledge and skill such as clinical expertise in a particular area, evidence-based practice, collaboration, consulting, eduvator, menoting, and management. The role of CNS included direct patient care, nursing practice, and organization or system. The role as a direct patient care was applied to 31 cardiovascular patients both medical and surgical with the Roy s Adaptation Model approach. The result of practice analysis showed that Roy s Adaptation Model could be applied in providing nursing care in cardiovascular disease. The application of nursing practice nursing role, that nurse applied evidence-based practice that was effectiveness of cold therapy before deep breathing and coughing for acute pain post cardiac surgery patient. Aplication of the role of nurse organization or system, that nurses made professional development through the innovation for the development of nursing care. It was 1st phase cardiac rehabilitation in patient with acute coronary syndrome by formed standard operational procedure (SOP)."

"The main target of clinical and academic cardiology activities is to optimize the patient's management and ultimately their welfare. Professionals manage patients according to their own understanding of disease process; clinicians concentrate on alleviating the symptoms and echocardiographers on identifying the disease. This book helps to 'cross the barrier' and describes the common ground between physiologic disturbances and their management which should ideally form the shared basis for understanding and managing all cardiac problems.A practical review of the many uses of echocardiography in clinical practice, Clinical Echocardiography is designed to integrate and refine the investigation of cardiac disorders within the framework of the pathologic, physiologic and surgical appearances of heart disease. It has been common to consider echocardiographic findings separately from the more physical aspects of heart disease. However, with the development of new imaging modalities such as three- and four-dimensional echocardiography, it has become necessary to consider this imaging as a window on the heart. "

"This project represents a concise review of normal and abnormal cardiac anatomy and physiology, the evolution of SVR to EVLPP with validation of near normal ventricular restoration, plus act as a reference guide for cardiac surgeons with interest in SVR. The authors review normal and abnormal cardiac anatomy following post myocardial infarction and physiology, with focus on the evolution of surgical techniques aimed at establishing an ellipsoid ventricular shape, resulting in near-normal physiological hemodynamics evident at long term."

"Therapeutic hypothermia has emerged as a very important treatment option for patients with cardiac arrest as it provides significant protection from developing neurologic injury once the patient has been successfully resuscitated. Studies have demonstrated over 15% absolute risk reduction in death and neurologic injury using this therapy. Although hospitals and medical centers have become familiar with this important intervention it still remains greatly under utilized due to an experience and lack of resources to safely and effectively deploy such a program. The objective of this book is to educate and familiarize both providers and institutions as to how to develop and deploy and provide therapeutic hypothermia to their patients. The current knowledge for this is provided by speakers and national experts and also by literature review. There are several courses being provided on this as well throughout the US. These are good venues for people to come and see and get hands on experience, but there still needs to be a concrete book with references on how to go about getting this program started."

"Tetralogy of fallot is the most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease, and one of the first to be successfully repaired by congenital heart surgeons. Although “fixed”, patients born with tetralogy of fallot cannot be considered “cured”. Improving survival and quality of life for this ever-increasing adult population will continue to challenge the current and future generations of cardiologists.Adult patients with tetralogy of fallot should be seen by a cardiologist specializing in the care of adults with congenital heart disease, to be monitored for late complications. They need to be checked regularly for any subsequent complications or disturbances of heart rhythm.This monograph is intended as both an introduction to the subject and a timely, comprehensive review, and will be welcomed by adult cardiologists, pediatric cardiologists, internists, surgeons, obstetricians, and intensivists who wish to learn about the most recent discoveries and advances concerning tetralogy of Fallot in adults. It will also be of interest to advanced undergraduates wanting to learn more about the subject."

"Approximately 120 different surgical procedures are used to correct congenital heart diseases, and the burden that this places on the surgeon is compounded by the exceptional complexity of the techniques and the rarity of many of the lesions. Training is problematic, not least because of legal issues, and currently available texts, drawings, and images are no substitute for real ‘live’ surgery.Against this background, the authors have set out to create an interactive multimedia manual that covers many aspects of congenital heart surgery. Each heart defect is addressed in an individual chapter, elaborating specific surgical anatomy and indication for surgery of heart defect first, followed by video clips depicting the operative approach and technique. The clips are accompanied by a clear descriptive narrative, and patient history and diagnostic images are available to provide a clear backdrop to the operation. "

"Redo cardiac surgeries are challenging cases with a myriad of influential factors, ranging from the patient's pathology to the whimsy of the previous surgeon. Redo Cardiac Surgery in Adults, 2nd Edition clearly outlines practical approaches, surgical techniques, and management of associated conditions such as perioperative stroke and acute kidney function. It covers the spectrum of redo cardiac operations, including coronary artery bypass, mitral valve repair, reoperation for prosthetic mitral valve endocarditis, aortic arch reoperation, descending and thoracoabdominal aortic reoperation, and reoperations following endovascular aortic repair. All redo cardiac surgeries present a complex array of challenges beyond what the original procedure demands. "

"Komplikasi paru pacsa oprasi (PPC-Post operative Pulmonary Complications) memiliki kontribusi penting dalam peningkatan angka morbiditas, moralitas, dan lamanya perawatan. Terdapat beberapa faktor risiko terkait diantaranya: status kesehatan pasien, jenis dan teknik oprasi, dan jenis anestesi yang digunakan. Insiden yang paling sering dilaporkan diantaranya: gagal napas, pneumonia, atelektasis, dan eksaserbasi penyakit paru kronis. Model skor indeks risiko yang dikembangkan Arozullah dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi komplikasi paru pasca operasi diantaranya gagal napas dan pneumonia. Oleh karena terdapat perbedaan karakteristik populasi pasien, maka perlu dilakukan validasi untuk mengetahui performa model skor tersebut.Tujuan menilai performa kalibrasi dan diskriminasi model skor indeks risiko komplikasi paru Arzullah dalam memprediksi komplikasi gagal napas dan pneumonia pacsa oprasi pada pasien yang menjalani oprasi non-kardiak di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo ( RSCM).Metode penelitian ini merupakan studi khorot retrospektif pada populsi pasien yang menjalani oprasi non-kardiak di RSCM dari bulan Januari sampai Desember 2015. Variabel yang dinilai adalah jenis oprasi, usisa, oprasi darurat, riwayat Penyakit Paru Obtruksi Kronis ( PPOK), kadar albumin darah, kadar ureum darah, status fungsional, penurunan berat badan >10% dalam 6 bulan, prokok, penggunaan alkohol, transfusi darah pre oprasi >4 kolf, anatesi umum, riwayat cerebrovascular disaese, gangguan sensorium akut, dan penggunaan steroid kronis. Lauran yang dinilai dengan uji Hosmer-Lemeshow. Performa diskriminasi dinilai dengan area under the curve (AUC). "

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Consensus Statement of Standards for Interventional Cardiovascular Nursing Practice menetapkan  domain standar praktik interventional keperawatan kardiovaskular  meliputi mampu berfikir kritis dan menganalisis intervensi kardiovaskular dalam praktik keperawatan, terlibat dalam hubungan terapeutik dan hubungan profesional untuk meningkatkan pelayanan dan pengalaman dalam pemberian asuhan keperawatan.  The dynamic nurse-patient relationship model telah digunakan sebagai teori dasar dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan pada praktik keperawatan, yang menekankan  prinsip-prinsip dasar pemikiran kritis, pendekatan yang berpusat pada klien intervensi serta berorientasi pada tujuan, dan penggunaan  rekomendasi intervensi keperawatan berbasis bukti. Penerapan The dynamic nurse-patient relationship model pada praktik residensi menetapkan penurunan curah jantung sebagai diagnosis keperawatan utama pada pasien kelolaan utama dan 30 pasien lainnya, dengan cardiac care sebagai pilihan intervensi keperawatan untuk mengoptimalkan fungsi jantung dan menurunkan beban kerja jantung. CAM-ICU sebagai instrumen diagnostik memiliki keandalan yang sempurna untuk menilai delirium pasca pembedahan jantung (sensitifitas 100% dan spesitifitas 100%), lain halnya BHIS sebagai istrumen untuk menilai risiko kejadian SSI pasca pembedahan jantung memiliki keandalan yang sedang ( sensitifitas 70% dan spesitifitas 67%), artinya BHIS perlu dikembangkan kembali dengan memperhatikan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian SSI.

 

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The Consensus Statement of Standards for Interventional Cardiovascular Nursing Practice has established the standard domain of interventional cardiovascular nursing practices which includes the ability to think critically and to analyze cardiovascular interventions in nursing practice, engaging in therapeutic relationships and professional relationships to improve service and experience in providing nursing care. The dynamic nurse-patient relationship model has been used as a primary theory, providing nursing care approach into nursing practice which emphasizes the basic principles of critical thinking, client-centered and intervention-oriented approaches, and the use of evidence-based nursing intervention recommendations. The dynamic nurse-patient relationship model in residency practice establishes a decrease in cardiac output as the main nursing diagnosis in primary management patients and 30 other patients, with cardiac care as the choice of nursing intervention to optimize cardiac function and reduce cardiac workload. CAM-ICU as a diagnostic instrument has perfect reliability to assess delirium after cardiac surgery (100% sensitivity and 100% specificity). BHIS as an instrument to assess the risk of SSI events after cardiac surgery has moderate reliability (70% sensitivity and 67% specificity), meaning that BHIS needs to be developed by taking into account the factors related to SSI events.

 

Keywords: ida jean orlando, delirium, CAM-ICU, surgical site infection, cardiac surgery, low cardiac output, respiratory muscle training.

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