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Penyakit kardiovaskular merupakan penyebab utama kematian secara global. Di Indonesia, seiring bertambahnya usia, prevalensi penyakit kardiovaskuler juga mengalami peningkatan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui berbagai faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan readmisi pada lansia yang terdiagnosis penyakit kardiovaskuler. Metodologi penelitian ini dengan desain Cross-Sectional, dan menggunakan tehnik Consecutive Sampling dalam pemilihan sampel, jumlah sampel sebanyak 102 responden. Analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis univariat, bivariat, dan multivariat dengan prosedur Confirmatory Faktor Analysis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kejadian readmisi dalam setahun minimum 1 kali dan maksimum 4 kali, dengan variabel depresi yang secara signifikan berhubungan dengan kejadian readmisi (p=0.003). Analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa factor sosial demografi (variabel usia, kebiasaan merokok), faktor kondisi klinis (variabel status fungsional, IMT, penurunan kadar HDL, komorbid, jenis penyakit, dan kepatuhan minum obat) dan faktor psikososial (kognitif) memiliki korelasi yang kuat antar faktor (0.987, 0.980, dan 0.984) dan variabel-variabelnya mewakili keseluruhan variabel independen.

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Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally. In Indonesia, with increasing age, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease has also increased. The purpose of this study was to determine the various risk factors associated with readmission in the elderly diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. The methodology of this study was a Cross-Sectional design, and used Consecutive Sampling technique in sample selection, the sample size was 102 respondents. Data analysis was carried out by univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis with Confirmatory Factor Analysis procedures. The results showed the incidence of readmissions in a year was a minimum of 1 time and a maximum of 4 times, with depression variables significantly associated with the incidence of readmissions (p=0.003). Multivariate analysis showed that socio-demographic factors (variables of age, smoking habit), clinical condition factors (variables of functional status, BMI, decreased HDL level, comorbidities, disease type, and medication adherence) and psychosocial factors (cognitive) had a strong correlation between factors (0.987, 0.980, and 0.984) and their variables represented the overall independent variables.

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"Penyakit kardiovaskular telah menjadi penyebab kematian utama di Indonesia dan prevalensi yang tinggi didapatkan pada kelompok lanjut usia. Studi mengenai hubungan antara dislipidemia dan penyakit kardiovaskular pada kelompok lanjut usia masih jarang dilakukan di Indonesia. Informasi mengenai hubungan dislipidemia dengan penyakit kardisvaskuler sangat diperlukan agar para pengelola program dapat menyusun program penanggulangan penyakit kardiovaskuler yang lebih tepat. Tujuan utama dari studi ini adalah mengetahui prevaliensi dislipidemia pad akelompok lanut usia di kota Padang, daerah terhadap 205 responden lanjut usia di kota Padang. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode multistage random sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur pengukuran antropometri, pengukuran kadar lemah darah dan pengukuran tekanan darah. Analisa data menggunakan SPSS program versi 7.5. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi dislipidemia yang tinggi, yaitu lebih dari 50% (total kolesterol > 240 mg/dl dan LDL koleksterol > 160 mg/dl). Rasio total kolesterol terhadap HDL koleksterol yang tinggi (> 5), didapatkan pada 47.6% populasi penelitian. Penyuluhan kesehatan terhadap kelompok lanjut usia agar menekankan pada pemilihan makan sehar dan pentingnya menjaga aktivitas fisik yang memadai yang mempunyai efek proteksi terhadap dislipidemia. Pemerikaan kadar lemak darah secara teratur perlu dilakukan sebagai deteksi dini faktor penyakit kardiovaskuler.

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Cardiovascular disease has become the first cause of death. Highest morbidity is found in the elderly. Many studies on the relationship between dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease has been done, however studies on prevalences of dyslipidemia among the elderly in Indonesia are lacking. Therefore, there is an urgent neeg to obtain information on dyslipidemia in the Indonesia elderly, which will allow the policy makers top provide appropriate intervention programs againts cardiovascular diseases. The primary purpose of this study was to the observe prevalence of dyslipidemia among the aged in Padang, an area with high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. A cross sectional study was undertaken in Padang with a total sample of 205 elderly using multisatage random sampling. Subjects were recruited from free living elderly population. Data were collected through interviews using structured questionaires, anthropometric measurements, biochemical blood analysis, and blood pressure measurements. Data were analyzed by using SPSS programs for Windows version 7.5.Prevalence of dyslipidemia (hypercholesterolemia and LDL-cholesterolemia) found in the study was quite high, more than 50 of the study population. The ration of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (> 5) was also quite high in the study population ( 47.6%). Nutrition education to elderly group should emphasize healthy nutrients with protecting effect against dyslipidemia. Suggestion for proper physical activity as a protecting factor against hypertension is very important for the elderly. Regular checkinh of plasma lipid should be conducted for early detection of cardiovascular desease risk factors. Future studies should be directed on public health and nutrition intervention to the elderly community."

"Obesity is performed by genetic, environmental, and complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors.Fatness levels in obese children are indicative of increased risk for elevated blood pressure, cholesterol, and lipoproteinratios children and adolescents. Serum cholesterol and blood pressure are related to raise atherosclerotic lesion. Certaincardiovascular disease risk factors in obese children are related to the earliest stages of atherosclerosis disease. Obesechildren have the high risk factors of certain cardiovascular disease. Genetic factors affecting metabolic rate can besuccessfully managed by the introduction of environmental factors such as decrease caloric intake and increase physicalactivity. The treatment of obesity and of atherosclerotic patients should include dietary restriction (protein sparingmodified fast and hypocaloric balanced diet), nutrition education, increased physical activity, behavior modification, andfamilial support. Success fully management of obesity can improve the quality of life and reduce the risk of morbidityand mortality associated with obesity."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan utilisasi rawat inap cardiovascular disease di FKRTL oleh Peserta JKN di Wilayah Provinsi Sumatera Utara Tahun 2018-2020. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional menggunakan Data Sampel BPJS Kesehatan Tahun 2018-2020. Uji hubungan dianalisis dengan menggunakan Chi-square. Hasil penelitian didapatkan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan rawat inap di Sumatera Utara pada tahun 2018-2020 yaitu sebesar 876.636 kunjungan yang meningkat pada tahun 2019 dan mengalami penurunan kunjungan pada tahun 2020 dengan otal kunjungan rawat inap cardiovascular disease sebanyak 96.366 kunjungan. Utilisasi rawat inap cardiovascular disease banyak diakses oleh usia lansia (22,4%), jenis kelamin perempuan (11,1%), status kepemilikan FKRTL milik pemerintah (10,1%), segmen Bukan Pekerja (23,6%), hak kelas rawat I (16,3%), lama hari rawat 4 hari, lokasi FKRTL di Kabupaten (10,1%), lokasi tempat tinggal peserta di kabupaten (10%), tempat tinggal peserta berada di wilayah II (10.9%), kunjungan berada di wilayah dengan jumlah Spesialis Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah lebih dari satu orang (9,8%), serta berada di wilayah dengan jumlah rumah sakit lebih dari tiga rumah sakit (9,9%). Variabel yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan rawat inap cardiovascuular disease adalah umur peserta.

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This study aims to determine the factors associated with cardiovascular disease inpatient utilization at FKRTL by JKN Participants in the Province of North Sumatra in 2018-2020. This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design using BPJS Health Sample Data for 2018-2020. Relationship test was analyzed using Chi-square. The results showed that the utilization of inpatient health services in North Sumatra in 2018-2020 amounted to 876,636 visits, which increased in 2019 and decreased visits in 2020 with a total of 96,366 visits to inpatient cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease inpatient utilization is mostly accessed by the elderly (22.4%), female (11.1%), ownership status of government-owned FKRTL (10.1%), non-employee segment (23.6%), rights class I treatment (16.3%), length of stay 4 days, location of FKRTL in the district (10.1%), location of the participant's residence in the district (10%), participant's residence in region II (10.9%), visits were in areas with more than one Cardiovascular Specialist (9.8%), and in areas with more than three hospitals (9.9%). The most dominant variable related to cardiovascular disease hospitalization is the age of the participants"

"Penyakit jantung koroner (PJK) atau infark miokard (IMA) adalah salah satu penyebab utama kematian di seluruh dunia. Tindakan reperfusi miokardial merupakan pendekatan utama dalam penanganan PJK. Cedera iskemia-reperfusi (IRI) mewakili cedera tambahan pada otot jantung yang terjadi akibat disfungsi seluler setelah proses reperfusi. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) merupakan protein yang berperan dalam induksi angiogenesis dan meningkatkan permeabilitas vaskuler. VEGF penting dalam pembentukan pembuluh darah kolateral pasca IMA, namun kadar VEGF yang terlalu tinggi diketahui mengakibatkan restenosis pasca tindakan intervensi koroner perkutan primer (IKPP). Kolkisin dosis rendah diketahui menurunkan kadar VEGF. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai pengaruh pemberian kolkisin terhadap penurunan kadar VEGF pada serum pasien infark miokard akut-elevasi segmen ST (IMA-EST) sebelum dan pada 48 jam pasca tindakan reperfusi. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan desain uji klinik tersamar ganda (double blinded randomized clinical trial) yang melibatkan 63 subjek. Pada hasil penelitian didapatkan penurunan kadar VEGF pada 48 jam pasca reperfusi namun tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna pada analisis perubahan (delta) kadar VEGF sebelum dan pada 48 jam pasca tindakan reperfusi antara kedua kelompok. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pertama yang menilai pengaruh pemberian kolkisin terhadap kadar VEGF pada pasien IMA-EST pasca reperfusi. Penelitian ini dapat dijadikan dasar penelitian lanjutan untuk menilai penurunan kadar VEGF dengan pemberian kolkisin dalam jangka panjang.

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Coronary heart disease (CHD) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the major causes of death throughout the world. Myocardial reperfusion is the main approach in treating CHD. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) represents additional injury to the heart muscle that occurs due to cellular dysfunction following the reperfusion process. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a protein that plays a role in inducing angiogenesis and increasing vascular permeability. VEGF is important in the formation of collateral blood vessels after MI, but higher levels of VEGF are known to result in restenosis after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (IKPP). Low-dose colchicine is known to reduce VEGF levels. This study aims to assess the effect of colchicine administration on reducing VEGF levels in the serum of patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (IMA-EST) before and 48 hours after reperfusion. The research was conducted using a double-blinded randomized clinical trial design involving 63 subjects. The study result showed the decrease in VEGF levels at 48 hours after reperfusion, but there was no significant difference in the analysis of changes (delta) in VEGF levels before and at 48 hours after reperfusion between the two groups. This study is the first study to assess the effect of colchicine administration on VEGF levels in post-reperfusion IMA-EST patients. This research can be used as a basis for further research to assess the reduction in VEGF levels with long-term administration of colchicine."

"Background: cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is the most common cause of death in Indonesia. We aimed to examine risks of CVD in workers aged 40 to 69 year related to their occupational status. Methods: a cross-sectional study in all provinces of Indonesia. Data from a large-scale national health survey called RISKESDAS were used to analyze factors associated with CVD. Analysis was restricted to the working population aged 40 to 69 year. There were 137,378 subjects included in the analysis. Coxs regression analysis was modified to calculate prevalence ratio for the association of CVD with diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, stress, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and particular demographic factors. Results:CVD was associated with occupation; white collar workers were about 1.6 times as likely to be diagnosed with CVD as to blue collar workers. However, blue collar workers were more likely to report symptoms of CVD than white collar workers. Prevalence of CVD was higher in women than men, increasing by age and education attainment. Hypertension, DM, stress, and increased BMI added the prediction of CVD: prevalence ratio (PR) was 1.72 (95% CI 1.59-1.86), 3.89 (95% CI 3.43-4.44), 3.02 (95% CI 2.77-3.29) and 1.42 (95% CI 1.28-1.57) for BMI 27 relative to <25 kg/m2, respectively. The study could not explain the association with smoking. Conclusion: this study added evidence of major risk factors which could be modified to reduce CVD. Some associations were likely to reflect access to health care.

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Latar belakang: penyakit kardiovaskular (PKV) adalah penyebab kematian yang paling umum di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari faktor risiko PKV pada pekerja umur 40 – 69 tahun yang dikaitkan dengan status pekerjanya.

Metode: studi potong lintang pada seluruh provinsi di Indonesia. Studi ini menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penyakit kardiovaskular. Data berasal dari survei kesehatan nasional/ RISKESDAS (Riset Kesehatan Dasar). Analisis terbatas pada populasi pekerja usia 40-69 tahun. Terdapat 137.378 subyek yang dianalisis. Analisis cox’s regression yang dimodifikasi digunakan untuk menghitung rasio prevalensi hubungan antara penyakit kardiovaskular (PKV) dengan diabetes melitus (DM), hipertensi, stres, indeks massa tubuh (IMT), merokok dan faktor demografi lainnya.

Hasil: PKV berhubungan dengan pekerjaan; pekerja white collar berisiko 1.6 kali terdiagnosis PKV dibandingkan dengan pekerja blue collar. Namun, pekerja blue collar lebih cenderung melaporkan gejala PKV dibanding dengan pekerja white collar. Prevalensi PKV lebih tinggi pada wanita dibandingkan dengan laki-laki. PKV meningkat berdasarkan usia dan pendidikan. Hipertensi, DM, stres, dan peningkatan IMT merupakan prediktor dari PKV: prevalence ratio (PR) 1,72 (95% CI 1,59-1,86), 3,89 (95% CI 3,43-4,44), 3.02 (95% CI 2,77-3,29) dan 1.42 (95% CI 1,28-1,57) pada IMT ≥27 dibandingkan <25 kg/m2. Studi ini tidak menjelaskan hubungan antara PKV dengan merokok.

Kesimpulan: studi ini membuktikan bahwa faktor risiko utama dapat dimodifikasi untuk menurunkan CVD. Beberapa hubungan mungkin mencerminkan akses ke pelayanan kesehatan."

"Kelainan kardiovaskular merupakan komplikasi dan penyebab kematian terbanyak pada anak penyakit ginjal kronik (PGK). Hepsidin adalah protein berperan dalam homeostasis besi yang berkontribusi dalam patogenesis anemia penyakit kronik. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan hubungan hepsidin dan kelainan kardiovaskular pada pasien PGK dewasa, tetapi belum ada pada anak PGK. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai korelasi hepsidin dan kelainan kardiovaskular pada anak PGK. Penelitian dengan metode potong lintang dilakukan pada anak PGK stadium 3–5 yang berusia 2–18 tahun di rumah sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). Ekokardiografi menilai left ventricular mass index (LVMI), relative wall thickness (RWT), fungsi sistolik, diastolik, dan peningkatan carotid intima media thickness (cIMT). Kadar hepsidin diperiksa dengan menggunakan ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Penelitian ini melibatkan 78 anak dengan PGK stadium 3–5. Penelitian ini menunjukkan korelasi hepsidin Q2 dan LVMI bermakna [adjusted b 0,37 (95% IK 0,08–0,65); p = 0,011] dan hepsidin Q4 terhadap LVMI [adjusted b 0,31 (95% IK 0,02–0,60); p = 0,036] pada analisis multivariat regresi linear. Korelasi bermakna antara hepsidin dan MV E/A yaitu kadar hepsidin Q2 [Crude b -0,16 (95% IK -0,29 – -0,02); p = 0,024] juga ditemukan. Tidak ada korelasi hepsidin dan fungsi sistolik serta peningkatan cIMT. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian awal dan membutuhkan penelitian prospektif selanjutnya untuk dapat memastikan hubungan hepsidin dan kelainan kardiovaskular.

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a common complication and an important cause of mortality in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hepcidin is a protein that regulates iron metabolism and has been closely linked with the pathogenesis of anemia in chronic disease. Recent studies have shown a substantial association of hepcidin and CVD in adults with CKD, however this association has not been studied in children. This study aimed to investigate the correlation of hepcidin and CVD in children with chronic kidney disease. This was a cross sectional study that involved children aged 2–18 years with CKD in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Echocardiography was performed to describe LVMI, RWT, systolic and diastolic function as well as increase cIMT. Plasma hepcidin was obtained and analysed using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). This study involved 78 patients with CKD stage 3–5. The study showed a positive correlation of hepcidin Q2 and LVMI [adjusted b 0,37 (95% IK 0,08–0,65); p=0,011] as well as hepsidin Q4 and LVMI [adjusted b 0,31 (95% IK 0,02–0,60); p = 0,036] in the multivariate linear regression analysis. A correlation of hepcidin Q2 and MV E/A [Crude b -0.16 (95% IK -0.29 – -0.02); p = 0.024] was also observed. We did not find any correlation of hepcidin and systolic function as well as increased cIMT. Our study needs further prospective cohort studies to confirm our results."

"Background: Several risk factors related to the COVID-19 mortality rate have been identified, including old age, male, smoking, and having comorbidities. Among many comorbidities, cardiovascular disease is known as the leading cause of death in the world. This study aims to determine the relationship between a history of heart disease and mortality in COVID-19 patients.

Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at The National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, North Bambu City, West Jakarta. The data for this study were taken from the COVID-19 registry from the period June to August 2021.

Results: Of the 439 patients included in the study, 238 patients (54.2%) had at least one history of heart disease and 201 patients (45.8%) had no history of heart disease. 134 patients (30.5%) were reported to have died and 305 patients (69.5%) were reported to be alive. Bivariate analysis showed that old age (p = 0.000; OR = 2.27), rapid heart rate (p = 0.017; OR = 1.69), low oxygen saturation (p = 0.000; OR = 4.62), high NLR (p = 0.000 ; OR = 3.10), high D-dimer (p = 0.001; OR = 2.07), CAD (p = 0.018; OR = 1.64), hypertension (p = 0.008; OR = 1.76), and diabetes (p = 0.001; OR = 2.00) had statistically significant associations with mortality in COVID-19 patients. In addition, the odds of death in COVID-19 patients increased when two or more risk factors were present (p = 0.001; OR = 2.42). After other factors were controlled, oxygen saturation (AOR = 5.06), NLR (AOR = 3.12), heart failure (AOR = 2.90), and diabetes (AOR = 2.63) were found to be more significant independently.

Conclusion: Some pre-existing cardiovascular diseases were associated with death in COVID-19 patients. In addition, risk factors and patients’ clinical profiles also play a role in higher mortality rate.

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Latar Belakang: Beberapa faktor risiko terkait dengan angka kematian COVID-19 telah diidentifikasi, antara lain usia tua, laki-laki, perokok, dan memiliki komorbiditas. Di antara banyak penyakit penyerta, penyakit kardiovaskular dikenal sebagai penyebab utama kematian di dunia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara riwayat penyakit jantung dan angka kematian pada pasien COVID-19.

Metode: Studi potong lintang ini dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita, Kota Bambu Utara, Jakarta Barat. Data penelitian ini diambil dari registri COVID-19 periode Juni hingga Agustus 2021.

Hasil: Dari 439 pasien yang dilibatkan dalam penelitian, 238 pasien (54.2%) memiliki setidaknya satu riwayat penyakit jantung dan 201 pasien lainnya (45.8%) tidak memiliki riwayat penyakit jantung. 134 pasien (30,5%) dilaporkan meninggal dan 305 pasien (69,5%) dilaporkan masih hidup. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan bahwa usia tua (p = 0.000; OR = 2.27), denyut nadi cepat (p = 0.017; OR = 1.69), saturasi oksigen rendah (p = 0.000; OR = 4.62), NLR tinggi (p = 0.000; OR = 3.10), D-dimer tinggi (p = 0.001; OR = 2.07), PJK (p = 0.018; OR = 1.64), hipertensi (p = 0.008; OR = 1.76), dan diabetes (p = 0.001; OR = 2.00) memiliki hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik dengan kematian pada pasien COVID-19. Selain itu, peluang kematian pada pasien COVID-19 meningkat ketika terdapat dua atau lebih faktor risiko (p = 0.001; OR = 2.42). Setelah faktor-faktor lain dikendalikan, saturasi oksigen (AOR = 5.06), NLR (AOR = 3.12), gagal jantung (AOR = 2.90), dan diabetes (AOR = 2.63) ditemukan lebih signifikan secara independent.

Kesimpulan: Beberapa riwayat penyakit jantung berhubungan dengan kematian pada pasien COVID-19. Di samping itu, faktor resiko dan profil klinis pasien juga berperan dalam tingkat kematian yang lebih tinggi."

"Hipertensi adalah salah satu penyakit sistim kardiovaskuler dengan prevalensi tinggi di masyarakat dan dapat menimbulkan berbagai gangguan organ vital tubuh dengan akibat kelemahan fungsi organ, cacat maupun kematian. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi hipertensi tidak terkendali, namun demikian faktor mana yang paling dominan, berapa besar hubungannya belum terungkap sepenuhnya. Hal ini akan diungkapkan pada penelitian ini dengan menggunakan jenis disain kasus kontrol dimana kasus dan kontrol diambil dari pengunjung poliklinik Ginjal - Hipertensi RSUPNCM dengan besar sampel 200 untuk kasus dan 200 untuk kontrol. Sebelum dilakukan analisis ditentukan terlebih dahulu " Cut off Point " dari variabel independen. Pada analisis bivariat ternyata variabel yang menunjukkan hubungan bermakna dengan hipertensi tidak terkendali (HTT) adalah lntensitas Terapi (IT), usia dan Body Mass Index (BMI), sedangkan variabel yang menunjukkan hubungan tidak bermakna yaitu merokok dan jenis kelamin, selanjutnya dilakukan analisis multivariat untuk menentukan model, temyata variabel yang dapat dimasukkan kedalam model adalah IT, usia dan BMI. Untuk mengurangi risiko HTT, penderita hipertensi sebaiknya menjalani terapi nonfarmakologi (penurunan berat badan bila obesitas, latihan fisik secara teratur, mengurangi makan garam menjadi < 2,3 g Natrium atau < 6 g NaCL sehari, makan Ca, K dan Mg yang cukup dan diet, membatasi asupan alkohol , kafein, kopi, teh, berhenti merokok) dan terapi farmakologi dengan sebaik mungkin.

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Hypertension is a cardiovascular disease with high prevalence in the society. The disease is able to distress vital organ function even worst death. There are two kinds of hypertension; control and uncontrolled.

Uncontrolled hypertension is influenced by many factors but the significant factors and their relationship can't be determined yet. Through this research. I would try to reveal the significant factors and their relationship. The research is used the control case design with 400 sample; case and control are taken from the visitors at the Polyclinic Ginjal-Hipertensi Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo.

Cut off point is determined from independent variables before we do analysis. Based on bivariat analysis, Define Daily Doses (DDD), age, and Body Mass Index (BMI) are significant variables for uncontrolled hypertension. On the other hand, gender and smoking are insignificant variables. Furthermore, model is determined by doing multivariate analysis. DDD, age, and BMI are variables that in fact can be input to the model.

To reduce the risk of uncontrolled hypertension, nonpharmacology and pharmacology should be treated to patients simultaneously."