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Abstrak :
NF-κB berperan dalam keseimbangan mediator pro/anti inflamasi. Suplementasi S. platensis telah memperlihatkan efektivitasnya yang berdampak pada respons imunitas pada studi hewan dan manusia berumur tua yang sehat. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh pemberian S. platensis terhadap modulasi NF-κB dan regulasi TNF-α, COX-2 dan IL-10 pada tikus sehat. Penelitian ini menggunakan 6 kelompok tikus Wistar jantan kelompok perlakuan umur 12, 18 dan 24 minggu yang diberikan ekstrak S. platensis dosis 200 mg/kgBB dan kelompok kontrol. Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksprimental in vivo menggunakan limpa tikus dan uji in silico. Metode ELISA sandwich, qRT-PCR dan uji penambatan molekuler digunakan pada penelitian ini. Ekspresi protein NF-κB umur 24 minggu lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok 12 dan 18 minggu pada kelompok perlakuan maupun kontrol. Ekspresi protein TNF-α dan COX-2 kelompok perlakuan lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok kontrol semua umur. Ekspresi protein IL-10 kelompok perlakuan lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol umur 12, 18 dan 24. Terdapat korelasi antara konsentrasi NF-κB dengan TNF-α (p<0,05, R=0,461) dan COX-2 (p<0,05, R=0,434). Senyawa aktif S. platensis yaitu phycocyanobilin, beta karoten dan alfa glucan diprediksi memiliki potensi sebagai inhibitor terhadap aktivasi NF-κB. Ekstrak etanol S. platensis memodulasi imunitas seluler dengan cara meningkatkan konsentrasi NF-κB diikuti penurunan TNF-α dan COX-2 serta peningkatan IL-10. ......NF-κB plays a role in the balance of pro/anti-inflammatory mediators. Supplementation of S. platensis effectively impacts the immune response in animal studies and healthy elderly humans. This study aimed to analyze the administration of S. platensis on NF-κB modulation and regulation of TNF-α, COX-2, and IL-10 in healthy mice. This study used six groups of male Wistar rats aged 12, 18, and 24 weeks treated with 200 mg/kgBW of S. platensis extract and a control group. This research is an experimental in vivo study using mouse spleen and in silico test. The sandwich ELISA method, qRT-PCR, and molecular docking were used in this study. The expression of NF-κB protein at 24 weeks was lower than in the 12 and 18 week groups in the treatment and control groups. TNF-α and COX-2 protein in the treatment group were lower than in the control group of all ages. IL-10 level in the treatment group was higher than in the control group of all ages. There was a correlation between the concentration of NF-κB with TNF-α (p<0.05, R=0.461) and COX-2 (p<0.05, R=0.434). The active compounds of S. platensis, namely phycocyanobilin, beta carotene, and alpha glucan, are predicted as inhibitors of NF-κB activation. The ethanolic extract of S. platensis modulated cellular immunity by increasing the concentration of NF-κB, followed by a decrease in TNF-α and COX-2 and an increase in IL-10.

Abstrak :
Golongan usia anak merupakan golongan usia yang paling ringan terdampak infeksi COVID-19. Salah satu kemungkinan penyebab keadaan tersebut adalah perlindungan dari efek nonspesifik vaksinasi rutin yang diterima anak sebelumnya. Vaksinasi rutin yang diterima anak dapat memodulasi sistem imun anak terhadap infeksi lain di luar target imunisasi yang dituju melalui mekanisme imunitas heterolog. Bukti-bukti penelitian terdahulu menimbulkan hipotesis antigen vaksin DTP berpotensi menimbulkan imunitas heterolog dengan SARS-CoV-2. Hal ini berdasarkan kemiripan epitop antara antigen SARS-CoV-2 dengan antigen pada vaksin DTP. Belum diketahui bagaimana pengaruh vaksinasi DT booster terhadap respons imun (antibodi S-RBD SARS-CoV-2 dan IFN-ɤ-sel T spesifik SARS-CoV-2) pascavaksinasi COVID-19 inaktif pada anak usia 6–7 tahun. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian vaksinasi DT booster pada anak yang mendapat vaksinasi COVID-19 inaktif terhadap respons imun humoral dan selular anak. Studi potong lintang dilakukan dengan didahului tahapan pengambilan data pada orang tua subjek penelitian di wilayah Senen, Jakarta Pusat. Pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner yang disebarkan secara luring kepada orang tua melalui guru sekolah anaknya. Dari kuesioner didapatkan data status vaksinasi anak, yang dibedakan dalam 4 kelompok yaitu COVID+/DT+, COVID+/DT–, COVID–/DT+ dan COVID–/DT–, dan diukur antibodi S-RBD, IFN-ɤ-sel T spesifik SARS-CoV-2 dan IgG antidifteri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 113 dari 154 subjek penelitian (73,4%) telah memiliki status relative immune terhadap difteri, dengan hasil IgG antidifteri > 0,1 IU/mL. Terdapat imunitas heterolog vaksinasi DT booster terhadap COVID-19 dengan adanya perbedaan bermakna kadar antibodi S-RBD SARS-CoV-2 antara anak yang sudah mendapat vaksin DT booster dibanding yang belum (1182 U/mL vs. 612,5 U/mL, p = 0,026), dan perbedaan bermakna IFN-ɤ-sel T spesifik SARS-CoV-2 pada anak COVID+/DT+ dibanding COVID+/DT– (560,87 mIU/mL vs. 318,03 mIU/mL, p = 0,03). Tidak didapatkan korelasi antara IgG antidifteri dan S-RBD SARS-CoV-2. Selain hasil penelitian data laboratorium, didapatkan pula data keinginan orang tua untuk vaksinasi COVID-19 bagi anaknya adalah sebesar 69,7%. Disimpulkan vaksin DT booster dapat berperan menguatkan respons imun spesifik SARS-CoV-2 pada anak yang menerima vaksin COVID-19 inaktif. ......Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children tends to be mild. A possible cause is existing protection from the routine vaccination previously received by children. Routine vaccinations can modulate the child's immune system against other pathogen, presumably through a mechanism of heterologous immunity. Previous research had suggested that the Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis (DTP) vaccine antigen has potential to incite heterologous immunity towards SARS-CoV-2, due to similarities between SARS-CoV-2 epitopes and various epitopes found within the DTP vaccine. It was not known whether the Diphtheria-Tetanus (DT) vaccination could modulate the SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response among children aged 6–7 years who received inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. This study thus aimed to assess the impact of DT booster immunization in SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immune responses among children who received two doses of CoronaVac. A cross-sectional study was performed on children aged 6–7 years old in the Senen area, Central Jakarta. This study was started with data collection from parents of eligible subjects using questionnaire that was distributed to parents via their children’ school teachers. Based on the collected demographic data and the child's vaccination status, eligible subjects were further screened. The participating subjects were subsequently classified into 4 groups, i.e., COVID+/DT+, COVID+/DT-, COVID-/DT+ and COVID-/DT-. Blood collections were performed to determine anti-diphtheria toxoid antibodies, anti-S-RBD antibodies and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell-produced IFN-ɤ. The results showed that 113 of 154 subjects (73.4%) had relative immune-status against diphtheria as the result of the anti–diphtheria toxoid antibodies was > 0.1 IU/mL. There was a heterologous immunity of DT booster and COVID-19 vaccine, as there was significant difference in anti-S-RBD antibody titers between the group with DT booster compared to non-DT booster (1182 U/mL vs. 612.5 U/mL, p = 0.026), and a significant difference in IFN-ɤ concentration between the group of COVID+/DT+ and COVID+/DT- (560.87 mIU/mL vs. 318.03 mIU/mL, p = 0.03). No correlation was found between anti-diphtheria and anti-S-RBD antibodies. In addition, our data indicated that parental intention to vaccinate their children against COVID-19 in the Senen area was 69.7%. In conclusion, our results suggested that DT booster vaccine might able to enhance SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses among children who received inactivated COVID-19 vaccine.

Abstrak :
Coxiella burnetii is the etiological agent of Q fever, a zoonotic disease found worldwide. The bacterium is a fascinating example of intracellular parasitism that has uniquely evolved to thrive in the most inhospitable of cellular compartments-the phagolysosome. Understanding how C. burnetii resists the degradative functions of this vacuole, and the host cell functions coopted for successful parasitism, are central to understanding Q fever pathogenesis. Recent achievements in glycomics and proteomics are guiding development of enhanced detection schemes for the bacterium in addition to shedding light on the host immune response to the pathogen. Several chapters survey immune functions that control or potentially exacerbate Coxiella infection and delve into correlates of protective immunity elicited by vaccination. Comparative genomics is also the foundation of chapters discussing diagnostic antigen discovery and molecular typing of the bacterium, with significance for development of new clinical, epidemiologic, and forensic tools.