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"Ruang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian : Kasus infertilitas dijumpai pada l0%-l5% pasangan suami istri dan 50% kasus disebabkan oleh faktor pria. Salah satu penyebab infertilitas pria adalah faktor genetis yang menimbulkan gangguan kualitatif maupun kuantitatif produksi sperma. Kemajuan biologi molekuler mengungkap adanya gen Azaospermic Factor (AZF) pada lengan panjang kromosom Y dengan tiga subregio yaitu AZFa, AZFb, dan AZFc yang diduga berperan pada proses spermatogenesis. Masingmasing subregio memiliki gen kandidat diantaranya adalah RBMY 1 dan DAZ. Frekuensi mikrodelesi lengan panjang kromosom Y berkisar 1%-55%, paling sering ditemukan pada pria azoospermia. Penelitian mengenai mikrodelesi kromosom Y ini semakin pesat bersamaan dengan kemajuan teknologi reproduksi berbantuan yang memungkinkan beberapa pria infertil memiliki keturunan dengan metode Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI). Teknik ICSI memungkinkan adanya transmisi kelainan genetis pada keturunan laki-laki. Oleh karena itu diperlukan pemeriksaan mikrodelesi kromosom Y untuk menghindarkan terjadinya transmisi tersebut. Pemeriksaan mikrodelesi kromosom Y dilakukan dengan metode PCR menggunakan enam Sequence Tagged Sites (STS) pada 35 pria azoospermia, dan kelompok kontrol yang terdiri dari 10 pria normozoospermia sebagai kontrol positif dan delapan wanita fertil sebagai kontrol negatif. Hasil PCR dielektroforesis pada gel agarosa 2% untuk melihat ada tidaknya pita spesifik untuk mendeteksi mikrodelesi pada sekuen tertentu.Hasil dan Kesimpulan : Pada penelitian ini ditemukan dua dari 35 pria azoosperrnia yang mengalami mikrodelesi pada kromosom Y. Hasil pengujian dengan menggunakan enam STS menunjukkan delesi pada STS sY84 (subregio AZFa), RBMY1 (subregio AZFb), dan sY254 serta sY255 (subregio AZFc). Frekuensi delesi pada penelitian ini adalah 5,7% dan masih dalam kisaran 1%-55% dengan lokasi delesi pada 3 subregio (2,8% pada AZFa+AZFb, dan 2,8% pada AZFc).

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Background : Infertility affects 10% - 15% couples attempting pregnancy and 50% of these cases are caused by male factor. Male infertility factors involve qualitative and quantitative defect of sperm production., which some of them can be ascribed a genetic aetiology. Recent molecular biology studies found Azoospermic Factor (AZF) genes on long arm of Y chromosome which divided into three subregions : AZFa, AZFb, and AZFc which seem required for physiologic spermatogenesis. Each subregion has candidate genes, among them are: RBMYI and DAZ. Incidence of , Y chromosome microdeletion varies from 1% to 55% and most of them related to azoospermia. Studies of Y chromosome microdeletion develop as the assisted reproduction technology does, which possible several infertile male to have offspring by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) method. This technique could transmit the genetic defect to male offsprings. Screening for Y chromosome microdeletion is important to avoid this kind of transmission. The study uses PCR method with six Sequence Tagged Sites (STS) on DNA of 35 azoospermic men, and as control groups: 10 normozoospermic men, and eight fertile women and then continue by 2% agarose electrophoresis to find out the presence of microdeletion at certain sequence.

Results and conclusions : This study found two of 35 azoospermic men with Y chromosome microdeletion. By using six STS, deletions were found in STS sY84 (AZFa subregion), RBMY1 (AZFb subregion), and sY254-sY255 (AZFc subregion). Microdeletion incidence (5,7%) is stilt in avarage range of 1'Y13-55% and located in three different subregions (2,8% in AZFa+AZFb subregions, and 2,8% in AZFc subregion)."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui frekuensi mikrodelesi kromosom Y pada pria azoospermia di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode PCR dengan lima STS untuk melihat delesi yang timbul pada tiga subregio (AZFa, AZFb, dan AZFc) dan satu STS untuk mengamplifikasi gen SRY yang merupakan kontrol internal. Dari 35 sampel pria dengan azoospermia terdeteksi dua orang (5,7%) yang mengalami mikrodelesi pada kromosom Y (Yq). Mikrodelesi yang terdeteksi dengan enam STS adalah satu orang mengalami delesi pada sY84 (subregio AZFa) dan RBMY1 (subregio AZFb), dan satu orang mengalami delesi pada sY254 dan sY255 (subregio AZFc). Pemeriksaan delesi kromosom Y sangat dianjurkan pada pria azoospermia yang ingin mengikuti program ICSI untuk menghindarkan kelainan genetik pada keturunannya.

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Analysis of Y Chromosome Microdeletion in Indonesian Males. The aim of this study is to find out Y chromosome microdeletion in Indonesian azoospermic men. This study used the PCR method with five STS to locate deletion on three different subregions (AZFa, AZFb, and AZFc) of azoospermic men and one STS to amplify SRY gen which act as an internal control. In this study we detected two of 35 (5,7%) azoospermic men had microdeletion Yq. One had microdeletion on subregion AZFa (sY84) and AZFb (RBMY1) and the other one on subregion AZFc (sY254 and sY255). Therefore microdeletion of the Y chromosome in Indonesian azoospermic men excist. Examination of microdeletion of Y chromosomes in azoospermic men is important if they are going to participate in the Intra Cytoplasmic Infection Program to avoid genetic disorders of their descendants."

"Penelitian transformasi fragmen DNA Xanthomonas campestris ke dalam Escherichia coli DH5αα, digunakan vektor plasmid Escherichia coli (pUC19). DNA kromosom diisolasi dengan metoda CTAB. DNA plasmid diisolasi dengan metoda alkali lisis. Kedua sumber DNA dipotong menggunakan enzim restriksi EcoRI. Sel kompeten disiapkan dengan CaCl2, transformasi menggunakan metoda kejutan panas.Hasil transformasi didapatkan sebanyak 5 koloni putih (yang mengandung fragmen DNA), dengan frekuensi transformasi sebesar 1,22 x 10-8 koloni putih/sel kompeten. Elektoforesis agarosa menunjukkan variasi ukuran DNA fragmen sebesar 0,5 ? 7,5 kb. Penelitian lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan dengan pembuatan pustaka genom untuk mendapatkan hasil transformasi yang lebih banyak.

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Research on DNA transformation of Xanthomonas campestris into Escherichia coli DH5αα using plasmid vector Escherichia coli (pUC19). was carried out. DNA chromosome was isolated using CTAB method, alkali lysis method was used to isolate DNA plasmid. Both of DNA plasmid and chromosome were digested using restriction enzyme EcoRI. Competent cell was prepared with CaCl2 and heat shock method for transformation procedure.The result revealed transformation obtain 5 white colonies, with transformation frequency was 1,22 x 10-8 colony/competent cell. Electrophoresis analysis showed the DNA fragment (insert) in range 0.5 ? 7,5 kb. Further research should be carried out to prepare the genomic library to obtain better result of transformant."

"Anggota-anggota marga Citrus, memiliki jumlah kromosom sama yaitu 2n = 18. Untuk membedakan jenis-jenis Citrus dengan data kromosom, digunakan data yang lain, seperti ukuran, bentuk, dan juga indeks kromosom. Penelitian telah berhasil dilakukan pada tiga jenis Citrus yang mewakili dua seksi, yaltu Citrus aurantifolia (seksi Limonellus), C. medica, dan C. limon (seksi Citrophorum). Telah dilakukan analisis kromosom berupa pengukuran panjang, penentuan bentuk, pendeskripsian kariotipe, dan penghitungan indeks kromosom. Kesimpulan yang dapat dirumuskan dari hasil penelitian ini adalah adanya perbedaan panjang, bentuk, dan perumusan kromosom pada tiap jenis Citrus, menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan diantara jenis-jenis tersebut. Perbedaan tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai ciri taksonomi. Setain itu juga nilai indeks kromosom yang telah dihitung pada tiap jenis Citrus, menunjukkan perbedaan dan dapat digunakan dalam taksonomi untuk membedakan jenis-jenis Citrus, serta merupakan nilai untuk mengetahui dekat atau tidaknya suatu hubungan kekerabatan."

"ABSTRACTAt the department of Biology - University of Indonesia, the use of a modified von Hemel procedure in slide processing often gives incomplete metaphases due to chromosome losses during the processing. This study is to know the percentage of the incomplete metaphases, to test if the chromosome loss is influenced by chromosome size, and how far all of these will give rise to a false diagnosis. The material is a harvest of fixated blood culture from five normal female patients (46,XX). Slides were prepared from the material and "R-band" stained. Then we analyzed and searched for 115 metaphases with only one chromosome loss that could be analyzed. The result shows that 64.19 % out of 1303 metaphases were incomplete, and 9.29 % or 121 metaphases with only one chromosome loss. It is found that each chromosome has different probability of loss which depends on the size of chromosome. The smaller the chromosome, the greater the chance of loss, but all of these do not lead to any false diagnosis. Chromosome Loss During Slide Processing Using a Modified Von Hemel Procedure;Chromosome Loss During Slide Processing Using a Modified Von Hemel Procedure"

"Penelitian tentang anatomi organ vegetatif Dioscorea bulbifera L. (gadung) telah dilakukan dari Januari - Juli 2005, di Laboratorium Struktur dan Perkembangan Tumbuhan, Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Andalas. Penelitian dilaksanakan menggunakan metoda deskriptif dan kuantitatif, dengan pembuatan preparat permanen menggunakan metoda parafin dan pembuatan preparat semipermanen. Pada sayatan melintang struktur batang secara sentripetal terdiri atas satu lapis epidermis, korteks (6-9 lapis sel), endodermoid dengan sel sklerenkim (1-2 lapis sel) dan ikatan pembuluh. Anatomi daun terdiri dari epidermis atas dan epidermis bawah, mesofil sudah terdiferensiasi menjadi parenkim palisade dan parenkim spons (tipe daun dorsiventral). Stomata anomositik terdapat pada kedua permukaan daun. Anatomi akar terdiri dari satu lapis sel epidermis, korteks (9-11 lapis sel), ikatan pembuluh dan empulur. Sel endodermis satu lapis mengalami penebalan pada dinding dalam berbentuk U. Perisikel (1-2 lapis sel). Ikatan pembuluh ukurannya meningkat secara sentripetal dan tersusun dalam tiga lingkaran. Floem pada akar tersusun mengelilingi xilem (tipe amfikribal). Umbi didominasi oleh parenkim berisi pati. Pada umbi banyak didapatkan struktur khusus diduga berisi HCN. Kromosom berjumlah 2n=20.

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The study of anatomical structure and karyotype of West Sumatran Dioscorea bulbifora L. Had been done from March 2005 to January 2006 in plant Structure and Development Laboratory of Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Andalas University. In present study were used descriptives and quantitatives method by preparing semi-permanent and permanent slide. Anatomycal structures of green aerial stem were consisting of epidermal, cortex with endodermoid cells and sclerechima tissue centripetally. Vascular bundle can be rocognized in three distinct rings with amphycribal type. Transverse section of leave anatomical composed by both a layer epidermal on upper and lower leaf surface, palysade parechima, and spons parenchyma (dorsiventral type). The stomata were anomocytic type on both upper and lower surface of leaf (amphystomatic type). Idioblast of cell raphides crystals and tannin containing founded in leaf structure. In transverse section each of eight individual bundle surrounded by sclerenchyma. The root anatomical structures consist of epidermal, cortex, endodermal (U shape wall thickening), pericycle and pith (with three ring of vascular bundles) centripetally. The air tuber lacking of starch grains containing of parenchyma cells. Idioblast cell expected contain of HCN distributed over all of tuber tissue. The somatic cell chromosome were diploid 2n=20 with basic chromosome number were x=10."

"In general, it was assumed that the chromosome aberration induced by ionizing radiation is proportional to the chromosome size. From this viewpoint, the higher chromosome size, the more resistant to radiation. However, different opinions, in which chromosomes are particularly sensitive or resistant to radiation, are also still followed until now. Here in this research, we compared the chromosome sensitivity between chromosomes number 1, 2, and 4 using the FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique. From this research, we expect that the information obtained could show clearly whether a longer chromosome is more frequently involved in translocations and also more resistant to radiation than a shorter one. The type of chromosome aberration considered was limited only to translocation and we used one sample donor in order to avoid donor variability. The whole blood from a healthy female was irradiated with γ-rays with doses of 1, 3 and 5 Gy, respectively. Isolated lymphocytes from the whole blood were then cultured for 48 hours. After the culture process was completed, preparations of harvest and metaphase chromosomes were carried out. Chromosomes 1, 2, and 4 were stained with different fluorochromes. The translocation of each chromosome at each dose point was subsequently evaluated from 50 images obtained from an automated metaphase finder and capturing system. An additional analysis was performed to identify which chromosome arm was more frequently involved in translocation. Further analyses were also conducted with the aim of determining which chromosome band had a higher frequency of radiation-induced breakage. The experimental results showed that chromosome number 4 was more frequently involved in translocations compared to chromosomes 1 and 2 at 5 Gy. In contrast, at doses of 1 and 3 Gy translocations involving chromosomes number 1 and 2 were more numerous compared to the ones involving chromosome 4. However, if the number of translocation was accumulated for all the doses applied, the chromosome number 4 was the chromosome most frequently involved in translocations. Breakpoint analysis revealed that in chromosome 1, chromosome 2, and chromosome 4, the highest chromosome bands as break position were in band q32, p13, and q21, respectively. It can be concluded that chromosome 4 is more sensitive to radiation in all doses point, despite having less DNA content than chromosomes 1 and 2. Thus, it was showed that our research cannot support the general assumption about chromosome aberration induced by radiation being proportional to DNA content."

"Kromosom metafase dalam keadaan terkondensasi diperlukan untuk menjaga kelestarian materi genetik yang diturunkan pada sel anakan. Kondensasi kromosom pada kromosom hewan diketahui dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, salah satunya keberadaan ion magnesium (Mg2+). Pada konsentrasi yang berbeda, Mg2+ memberikan efek yang berbeda terhadap struktur kromosom hewan. Akan tetapi, pengaruh konsentrasi Mg2+ kromosom tumbuhan belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi Mg2+ (0, 2, 5, dan 20 mM) terhadap struktur kromosom gandum (Triticum aestivum) yang diisolasi menggunakan teknik squashing dan diamati dengan mikroskop cahaya. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa secara kualitatif kromosom dengan perlakuan tanpa penambahan Mg2+ (0 mM) memiliki struktur yang kurang terkondensasi, perlakuan 2 mM Mg2+ memiliki struktur yang mulai terkondensasi namun belum merata, perlakuan 5 mM Mg2+ memiliki struktur yang paling padat terkondensasi dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya, dan perlakuan 20 mM Mg2+ kromosom terkondensasi namun mulai menunjukkan tanda kerusakan. Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik Kruskal-Wallis dan Anova pada data panjang dan lebar kromosom, perlakuan variasi konsentrasi Mg2+ yang ditambahkan memberikan hasil yang signifikan (p<0,05) terhadap perlakuan kontrol. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Mg2+ memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap struktur kromosom gandum (Triticum aestivum) dengan 5 mM Mg2+ menghasilkan struktur kromosom yang paling padat terkondensasi.

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Metaphase chromosome is needed to be in a condensed state to conserve the genetic material inherited to daughter cells. Chromosomal condensation in animal chromosomes is known to be influenced by several factors, one of which is the presence of magnesium ions (Mg2+). At different concentrations, Mg2+ exerts different effects on the animal chromosome structure. However, the effect of Mg2+ concentration on plant chromosomes is not yet known. Thus, this study aimed to observe the effect of Mg2+ concentration (0, 2, 5, and 20 mM) on the chromosomal structure of wheat (Triticum aestivum) isolated with squashing technique using a light microscope. The results showed that without the addition of Mg2+ chromosome had a less condensed structure. Chromosomes with 2 mM Mg2+ treatment had a slightly condensed structure, the 5 mM Mg2+ treatment gave the most condensed structure compared to others. Based on the Kruskal-Wallis and one-way Anova tests on the length and width of the chromosomes, the variation in the concentration of Mg2+ added had a significant result (p<0.05) compared to the control treatment. This result shows that Mg2+ has a significant influence on the chromosomal structure of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Optimum condensation resulted in chromosomes with 5 mM Mg2+ treatment."