Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"ABSTRAKPenambahan plastik pada pyrolysis tongkol jagung dapat dijadikan salah satu carauntuk meningkatkan yield biooil dan kandungan senyawa non-oxygenate dalambiooil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efek dari penambahan plastikpada pyrolysis biomassa terhadap yield dan kualitas biooil serta pengaruh holdingtime terhadap biooil hasil proses co-pyrolysis tongkol jagung dan limbah plastikdalam reaktor unggun tetap. Temperatur maksimal yang digunakan adalah 500oC.Kecepatan alir N2 yang digunakan 700 ml/menit dan kecepatan pemanasan rendah5oC/menit. Kecepatan alir N2 dan kecepatan pemanasan co-pyrolysis dibuatrendah untuk mengakomodasi yield biooil yang tinggi dari pyrolysis plastik.Tongkol jagung memiliki kandungan selulosa dan hemiselulosa sebesar 81,3%dimana sangat potensial untuk menghasilkan biooil. Variasi rasio berat plastikdalam campuran umpan adalah 0, 25, 50, 75, dan 100% dan holding time 0, 10,30, 50, dan 70 menit. Yield biooil yang diperoleh pada co-pyrolysis tongkoljagung dan plastik semakin menurun dengan semakin besarnya rasio berat plastikpada campuran umpan, High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) sebesar 20,28, 17,70,17,95, 10,45, dan 7,66 % berat dan Polypropylene (PP) sebesar 20,28, 20,80,18,05, 8,10, 13,98 % berat. Tidak terjadi efek sinergitas untuk meningkatkan yieldbiooil. Efek sinergitas terjadi menyebabkan peningkatan senyawa non-oxygenatebiooil hasil co-pyrolysis dengan rasio berat plastik terhadap campuran umpanyang tinggi. Penambahan holding time pada co-pyrolysis tongkol jagung danplastik cenderung menurunkan yield biooil dan kandungan non-oxygenate biooil.

---

ABSTRACTThe addition of plastic on the pyrolysis of corn cobs can be one way to increasethe yield biooil and non-oxygenate compound in biooil. This study aimed toevaluate the effects of adding plastic on pyrolysis of biomass to yield and qualityof biooil and the effect of holding time on biooil from co-pyrolysis corncobs andplastic waste on a fixed bed reactor. The maximum temperature used is 500oC.The flow rate of N2 used 700 ml/min and a low heating rate of 5°C / min. Theflow rate of N2 and co-pyrolysis heating rates are set low to accommodate biooilhigh yields of pyrolysis plastic. Corncob contains cellulose and hemicellulose of81.3% which is very potential to generate biooil. Variations in the weight ratio ofplastic in the feed mixture is 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% and a holding time of 0, 10,30, 50 and 70 minutes. Yield biooil obtained in co-pyrolysis of corn cobs andplastics decreases with greater weight ratio of plastic in the feed mixture, themixture with High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) produced 20,28, 17,70, 17,95,10,45, and 7,66% by weight biooil and with Polypropylene (PP) produced 20,28,20,80, 18,05, 8,10, 13,98% by weight biooil. A synergy effects was not happenedto increase yield of biooil. Synergy effects occur causing an increase in nonoxygenatecompound biooil result of co-pyrolysis with a high weight ratio ofplastic to feed mixture. Addition holding time in the co-pyrolysis of corn cobs andplastic tends to decrease the yield biooil and non-oxygenate content biooil."

"Fast pyrolysis biomassa dapat menghasilkan bio-oil dengan potensi aplikasi yang luas, salah satunya dapat digunakan sebagai bio-fuel. Sayangnya, bio-oil berbasis biomassa memiliki sifat fisikokimia yang buruk dan banyak mengandung senyawa oksigenat sehingga heating value-nya rendah. Plastik diketahui memiliki rasio H/C yang lebih tinggi dan miskin akan oksigen sehingga slow co-pyrolysis biomassa dengan plastik dapat digunakan sebagai solusi upgrading bio-oil yang sederhana, efektif dan murah. Dengan mencampurkan keduanya, sebuah efek sinergetik akan tercipta untuk memperbaiki kuantitas dan kualitas bio-oil yang dihasilkan. Bonggol jagung dipilih sebagai biomassa karena kandungan total selulosanya yang tinggi dan ketersediaannya yang melimpah di Indonesia. Bonggol jagung akan dipirolisis bersama-sama dengan plastik polipropilena dalam reaktor batch berpengaduk dengan variasi rasio plastik dalam umpan sebesar 12,5%, 25%, 37,5%, 50%, 62,5%, 75%, dan 87,5%. Kondisi operasi dengan suhu maksimum sebesar 500oC, laju alir N2 sebesar 0,5 L/menit, holding time 10 menit dan heating rate 5oC/menit digunakan selama eksperimen berlangsung. Terjadi peningkatan pH, densitas, dan warna pada bio-oil hasil slow co-pyrolysis. Karakterisasi GC-MS menunjukkan penurunan senyawa oksigenat di dalam bio-oil berbanding lurus dengan komposisi plastik dalam umpan. Efek sinergetik teramati saat rasio plastik ≥50%. Komposisi umpan 12,5% bonggol jagung dan 87,5% plastik PP menghasilkan yield tertinggi dengan kandungan senyawa oksigenat terendah.

---

Fast pyrolysis of biomass produces bio-oil with many potential applications, one of them is to be bio-fuel. Unfortunately, biomass derived bio-oil has low physicochemical properties and contains lot of oxygenated compounds thus the heating value is low. Plastics are known to have higher H/C ratio and almost no oxygen content, so co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic could be used as a simple, effective yet cheap bio-oil upgrading solution. By mixing those two as a feed, a synergetic effect will occur and improve the bio-oil both in quantity and quality.

Corn cobs are chosen as the biomass due to its high cellulose content and availability. Corn cobs will be slow co-pyrolyzed with polypropylene plastic in a two stirrer batch reactor with plastic ratio variation of 12,5%, 25%, 37,5%, 50%, 62,5%, 75%, and 87,5%. Maximum temperature of 500oC, 0,5 L/min nitrogen flow, 10 minutes holding time and heating rate of 5oC/min was used in the experiment. pH, density, and color improvement were observed.

GC-MS results showed that lower oxygenated compounds in the bio-oil are associated with higher plastic feed composition. Synergetic effect is happened when plastic ratio is ≥50%. Composition of 12,5% corn cobs and 87,5% polypropylene plastic is found to produce the highest yield of bio-oil with the lowest oxygenates."

"Bonggol jagung merupakan limbah dengan jumlah yang cukup banyak di Indonesia. Sejauh ini pemanfaatan utama untuk biomassa. Namun biomassa tersebut masih mengalami kendala karena tingginya senyawa oksigenat yang menyebabkan heating value-nya rendah. Plastik polipropilena diketahui memiliki rasio H/C yang lebih tinggi dan miskin akan oksigen sehingga slow co-pyrolysis biomassa dengan plastik dapat digunakan sebagai solusi upgrading bio-oil yang sederhana, efektif dan murah. Pencampuran biomassa dan plastik akan menghasilkan efek sinergetik dalam memperbaiki kuantitas dan kualitas bio-oil yang dihasilkan. Berbagai penelitian pada slow co-pyrolysis telah dilakukan terutama pada reaktor tubular dengan rasio tinggi terhadap diameter, lebih dari 4. Tetapi untuk skala besar, bentuk reaktor seperti ini sangat sulit dilakukan scale-up. Pada penelitian ini reaktor dibuat dengan rasio kurang dari 2. Perpindahan panas khususnya pada plastik yang memiliki konduktivitas termal rendah dibantu dengan adanya pengaduk untuk memperbaiki persebaran perpindahan panas tersebut. Identifikasi pengaruh efek sinergetik dilakukan dengan menganalisis bio-oil menggunakan FTIR dan GC-MS. Efek sinergetik yield bio-oil terjadi pada komposisi PP terhadap bonggol jagung sebesar 50-87,5 dengan 87,5 sebagai yield tertinggi. Sementara efek sinergetik kualitas bio-oil yang berupa peningkatan senyawa non-oksigenat terjadi pada komposisi PP 37,5-87,5.

---

Corn cob is a waste which has considerable amount in Indonesia. So far, its utilization especially for biomass. However, biomass still having problems because the high oxygenate compound which causes low heating value. The pure polypropylene plastic has a H C ratio higher and poor in oxygen, so slow co pyrolysis of biomass with plastic can be used for bio oil upgrading solutions which is simple, effective and inexpensive. By mixing the two feedstocks, a synergetic effect would be created to improve the quantity and quality of the bio oil produced. Various studies on the slow co pyrolysis has been carried out mainly in the tubular reactor with a high ratio of the diameter, more than 4. But for large scale, that reactor design will be very difficult to scale up.

This research, reactor was made with a ratio less than 2. The heat transfer especially on the plastic that has a low thermal conductivity helped by stirrer to improve the distribution of heat transfer. Identification of the synergetic effect was done by analyzing bio oil using FTIR and GC MS. Synergetic effects of bio oil yield occurred in the composition of the PP towards corn cobs of 50 to 87.5 which 87.5 as the highest yield. While the synergetic effect of the quality in bio oil as an increase in the composition of the non oxygenate which exist in PP composition 37.5 to 87.5."

"ABSTRAKMaterial plastik, seperti polipropilena PP , yang mengandung banyak hidrogen sangat potensial untuk digunakan sebagai sumber hidrogen pada co-pyrolysis bersama biomassa seperti bonggol jagung. Dengan mencampurkan keduanya, akan tercipta suatu efek sinergetik yang akan meningkatkan kualitas bio-oil yang dihasilkan. Investigasi yang mengarah pada fenomena efek sinergetik ini dievaluasi dengan menggunakan reaktor displacement untuk melakukan proses slow co-pyrolysis. Eksperimen yang melibatkan umpan yang didominasi biomassa, yaitu PP < 50 regime 1 , terjadi kontraksi pada reaktor kemudian diikuti dengan tidak berubahnya displacement dari silinder piston, sementara pada pirolisis umpan yang didominasi plastik, yaitu PP ge; 50 regime 2 menunjukkan adanya swelling dan contraction pada reaktor. Pada regime 1, sifat termoplastis tidak muncul pada char, sementara pada regime 2, sifat termoplastis muncul pada char. Eksperimen juga menunjukkan bahwa pada komposisi PP < 37,5 , char masih mengandung senyawa oksigenat, dan pada PP ge; 37,5 , char tidak mengandung oksigen. Sementara itu, pada komposisi PP 75 menunjukkan adanya perpindahan massa oksigen hasil pirolisis biomassa ke lelehan plastik. Hasil semua eksperimen di atas menunjukkan bahwa pirolisis umpan regime 2 mengindikasikan adanya interaksi yang kuat antara hasil pirolisis biomassa dan plastik PP yang mengarah ke efek sinergetik

---

ABSTRACTPlastic material, such as polypropylene plastic PP , which has hydrogen content compared to that in biomass, is potential to be used as a hydrogen source for pyrolysis of biomass, such as corncobs. By mixing these two, certain synergistic effect will appear that will improve the quality and quantity of bio oil produced. Investigation of the phenomenon leading to the synergistic effect has been evaluated by using a displacement reactor in the form a tubular batch reactor to perform slow co pyrolysis. Feed compostion was varied at 12.5 , 25 , 37,5 , 50 , 62,5 , 75 , and 87.5 weight of PP . Experiment involving biomass dominated feeds, i.e. PP 50 regime 1 , reactor contracted followed by no displacement of reactor piston, while plastic dominated feeds, i.e. PP ge 50 regime 2 showed swelling and contraction of the reactor. Char in regime 1 showed that thermoplastic properties did not appear on char, while in regime 2, thermoplastic properties did appear on char. Experiment also showed that for PP 37,5 , char still contain oxygenated compounds, while for PP ge 37,5 , char contains no oxygen. Meanwhile, on plastic melt in PP 75 composition showed an oxygen mass transfer to the plastic melt from biomass. The results of all experiments show that co pyrolysis in regime 2 indicates a strong interaction between biomass and plastic leading to synergistic effect. "

"Bonggol jagung dan plastik polipropilena merupakan sampah yang berlimpah di Indonesia, namun belum didaur ulang dengan maksimal. Bio-oil hasil proses co-pyrolysis biomassa dan plastik dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi salah satu sumber alternatif bio-fuel. Plastik polipropilena, yang memiliki rasio H/C yang tinggi dapat menjadi sumber hidrogen yang baik bagi bio-oil pirolisis biomassa. Dengan melakukan co-pyrolysis pada kedua bahan ini, sebuah efek sinergetik akan terjadi sehingga bio-oil yang dihasilkan akan memiliki kuantitas dan kualitas yang lebih baik. Peningkatan kualitas bio-oil ditandai dengan berkurangnya kadar oksigen akibat pengusiran H. Reaksi berlangsung pada reaktor tangki berpengaduk, dengan kondisi operasi 500oC, laju alir N2 750 mL/menit, holding time 10 menit dan heating rate 5oC/menit. Yield bio-oil non-polar mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan bertambahnya komposisi PP pada umpan. Wax mengalami kenaikan jumlah ikatan jenuh seiring dengan kenaikan komposisi PP akibat terjadinya transfer hidrogen pada proses pirolisis. Proses pirolisis dapat menyebabkan degradasi termal yang menyebabkan produk pirolosis mempunyai berat molekul yang lebih rendah.

---

Corncob and polypropylene plastics are abundant waste in Indonesia which have not been fully recycled to its fully potential. Co pyrolysis of corncob and plastic can be one of alternative source of bio fuel. Polypropylene plastic, which is high in H C ratio can be a good hydrogen source for pyrolysis oil from biomasss. Co pyrolysing biomass and plastic could lead to synergetic effect which yields higher quantitiy of liquid product. Low oxygenated compound in bio oil is caused by hydrogen resulting in higher quality of bio oil. The reaction occurs in a stirred tank reactor, with operation condition 500oC, N2 flowrate 750 mL min, holding time 10 minutes and heating rate 5oC min. Non oxygenated bio oil yield is significantly increase as polypropylene composition in feed increased. Wax shows raised amount of double bonds as PP composition increase due to hydrogen transfer in pyrolysis. Pyrolysis can cause thermal degradation which leads to lower molecular weight of the products."

"Penelitian slow co-pyrolysis bonggol jagung dan plastik polipropilena telah dilakukan untuk mempelajari pengaruh laju alir gas pembawa terhadap yield dan komposisi bio-oil yang dihasilkan. Pengaruh laju alir gas pembawa diteliti dengan memvariasikan laju alir nitrogen sebesar 400 mL/menit, 500 mL/menit, dan 600 mL/menit dengan masing-masing variasi laju alir nitrogen dilakukan pada 3 rasio komposisi bonggol jagung dan plastik polipropilena, yaitu 0 :100 , 50 :50 , dan 100 :0 . Proses slow co-pyrolysis berlangsung di reaktor tangki berpengaduk, dengan suhu akhir 500°C, holding time 10 menit, heating rate 5oC/menit, dan total massa umpan 100 gram. Identifikasi pengaruh laju alir gas pembawa dilakukan dengan menganalisis bio-oil fasa polar dan nonpolar menggunakan FTIR, GC-MS, dan H-NMR. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh laju alir gas pembawa terhadap yield dan komposisi bio-oil hasil slow co-pyrolysis bonggol jagung dan plastik polipropilena. Semakin besar laju alir nitrogen menghasilkan yield bio-oil yang semakin besar dan yield char yang semakin rendah. Yield bio-oil tertinggi sebesar 47,9 mL pada laju alir nitrogen 600 mL/menit, sedangkan efek sinergetik terbaik sebesar 35 pada laju alir nitrogen 400 mL/menit. Berdasarkan karakterisasi GC-MS dan H-NMR seiring semakin besar laju alir nitrogen maka gugus fungsi alkana semakin rendah dan alkena semakin tinggi pada bio-oil nonpolar, serta gugus fungsi karboksilat semakin rendah dan gugus fungsi furan, fenol, guaiacol, catechol semakin tinggi pada bio-oil polar.

---

Research that focused on slow co pyrolysis of corn cobs and polypropylene plastic has been done to study the effect of carrier gas flow rate on yield and composition of bio oil. The effect of carrier gas flow rate was investigated by varying nitrogen flow rate of 400 mL min, 500 mL min and 600 mL min with each variation performed on 3 ratio of corn cobs and polypropylene plastic are 0 100 , 50 50 , and 100 0 . The slow co pyrolysis process takes place in a stirred tank reactor, with final temperature of 500°C, holding time of 10 minutes, heating rate of 5oC min, and total mass of feed 100 grams. Identification of the effect of carrier gas flow rate is done by analyzing polar and nonpolar phase bio oil using FTIR, GC MS, and H NMR.

The results of this study indicate that there is an effect of carrier gas flow rate on yield and bio oil composition of slow co pyrolysis of corn cobs and polypropylene plastic. The greater the nitrogen flow rate results in greater bio oil yield and lower yield char. The highest bio oil yield was 47.9 mL at nitrogen flow rate of 600 mL min, while the best synergetic effect was 35 at nitrogen flow rate of 400 mL min. Based on the characterization of GC MS and H NMR as the greater the nitrogen flow rate the alkane functional group is lower and the higher the alkene in nonpolar bio oil, and the lower carboxylic functional groups and the furan, fenol, guaiacol, catechol functional groups are higher in polar bio oil. "

"Co-pirolisis termal antara bonggol jagung dan PP pada laju pemanasan rendah telah berhasil memisahkan bio-oil fasa oksigenat dan non-oksigenat secara spontan. Pada co-pirolisis, PP dapat mengambil oksigen dari bio-oil untuk mengkonversi sebagian bio-oil menjadi fasa non-oksigenat sehingga dapat berkontribusi dalam perengkahan PP. Namun, kemampuan PP untuk mengubah oksigen sangat lemah. Pada penelitian ini, zeolit digunakan sebagai katalis pada co-pirolisis bonggol jagung dan PP pada laju pemanasan rendah guna mengurangi energy aktivasi dari pirolisis PP, sehingga akan mengurangi suhu dekomposisi massa PP hingga kurang dari 400 oC. pada penelitian sebelumnya, belum pernah ada katalitik pirolisis menggunakan laju pemanasan rendah untuk meningkatkan yield fase non-oksigenat pada co-pirolisis biomass dan PP. Penelitian ini dilakukan di reaktor berpengaduk dengan laju pemanasan 5 oC/menit dan suhu pirolisis 500 oC. komposisi umpan yang digunakan adalah 0; 50 dan 100%PP. Katalis yang digunakan adalah katalis zeolit alam dan zeolit sintetik ZSM-5 dengan dua rasio Si/Al yang berbeda yaitu 38 dan 70. Penggunaan katalis menghasilkan produk senyawa alifatik seperti metil, metilen dan methin yang tingggi. Dengan penambahan tipe katalis zeolit ZSM-5 produksi dari alilik yang merupaan rantai yang berhubungan dengan alkena berkurang. Apabila dilhat dari kualitas bio-oil, sebagian besar fraksi bio-oil non-polar memiliki nilai HHV yang hampir sama atau sedikit lebih tinggi dari bahan bakar komersial yaitu diesel dan gasoline. Selain itu apabila dilihat dari nilai BI (Branching Index) bio-oil fraksi non-polar menghasilkan rantai karbon lurus dengan cabang yang lebih banyak apabila dibandingkan dengan bahan bakar komersial. Dari perbandingan HHV dan BI, nilai HHV dan BI bio-oil fraksi non-polar lebih mendekati nilai HHV dan BI dari gasoline komersial.

---

Thermal co-pyrolysis of corn cobs and polypropylene (PP) at low heating rate has succeeded in separating bio-oil produced between oxygenated and non-oxygenated phases spontaneously. In co-pyrolysis, PP can sequester oxygen from bio-oil to convert part of bio-oil to non-oxygenated phase and can contribute partly non-oxygenated phase by PP carbon chain cracking. However, the capability of PP pyrolates to sequester oxygen is still low. In present work, zeolite catalyst was introduced in co-pyrolysis of corn cobs and PP at low heating rate, in order to reduce activation energy of PP pyrolysis and therefore reducing the lowest temperature of PP mass decomposition to less than 400oC. There has been no research previously conducted to employ catalytic co-pyrolysis at low heating rate to improve non-oxygenated phase yield in co-pyrolysis of biomass-plastic. The present co-pyrolysis work was carried out in a stirred tank reactor at heating rate of 5oC/min and maximum temperature of 500oC. The composition of feed was varied at 0, 50 and 100%PP in the mixture of corn cob particles and PP granules. There were two types of zeolite catalysts used in this experiment, natural zeolite and ZSM-5 with two different ratio, 38 and 70. Utilization of catalyst generated high amount of aliphatic moieties, i.e. methyl, methine and methylene. With ZSM-5 catalyst utilization, production of allyl decreased. Most of non-polar bio-oil fractions have similar or slightly higher higher heating values (HHVs) compared to those of commercial fuels. Branching index (BI) values of non-polar phase of bio-oil generated traight carbon chain with higher branches compared to those commercial fuels. From the comparison of HHV and BI value, non-polar phase of bio-oil generate HHV and BI value closer to commercial gasoline."

"Bio-oil hasil produksi dari ko-pirolisis biomassa tidak dapat langsung digunakan sebagai bahan bakar untuk mesin karena sifat-sifatnya yang asam, korosif dan tidak stabil. Pada penelitian ini, bio-oil fraksi non-oksigenat akan di-upgrade untuk menghasilkan diesel menggunakan metode hidrogenasi untuk mengeliminasi ikatan rangkap pada bio-oil untuk meningkatkan kestabilannya. Hidrogenasi bio-oil dilakukan secara semi-batch menggunakan gas-entrainment impelleryang me-resirkulasi gas hidrogen pada reaktor untuk meningkatkan kontak antara hidrogen, bio-oil dan katalis Ni/Al₂O₃serta menghemat kebutuhan hidrogen. Dengan begitu, transfer hidrogen ke bio-oil terjadi secara konvektif akibat perbedaan tekanan dan dibawa oleh aliran bio-oil. Hidrogenasi dilakukan pada suhu 184°C dengan kecepatan putar pengaduk 400 rpm. Penelitian ini mempelajari pengaruh dari tekanan pada reaksi hidrogenasi terhadap karakteristik biofuel yang dihasilkan. Tekanan hidrogenasi divariasikan pada nilai 4, 6, 8, dan 10 barg. Peningkatan tekanan menyebabkan peningkatan transfer massa hidrogen secara konvektif sehingga tingkat hidrogenasi juga meningkat. Ikatan rangkap pada biofuel pada tekanan 6 barg sudah hampir seluruhnya terhidrogenasi. Peningkatan tekanan lebih lanjut tidak akan menurunkan jumlah alkena secara signifikan dan akan mengurangi jumlah sikloalkana. Hidrogenasi bio-oil juga berakibat pada peningkatan branching index (BI), HHV dan viskositas kinematik. Peningkatan tekanan hidrogenasi meningkatkan branching index dari biofuel dan berada di rentang 0.78 sampai 0.98. Nilai ini jauh dari BI dari bahan bakar diesel komersial (0.40). Nilai HHV dari biofuel mendekati nilai HHV dari bahan bakar komersial. Peningkatan tekanan hidrogenasi sampai 6 barg akan menurunkan viskositas kinematik biofuel, dan peningkatan lebih lanjut akan meningkatkan viskositasnya. Pada tekanan hidrogenasi 6 barg, viskositas kinematik dari biofuelnya adalah 3.02 cSt.

---

Bio-oil produced from the co-pyrolysis of biomass cannot be used directly as an engine fuel due to its acidic, corrosive and unstable nature. In this research, non-oxygenate bio-oil will be upgraded to produce diesel using hydrogenation to eliminate double bonds which will stabilize the fuel. Hydrogenation is done by semi-batch using gas-entrainment impeller to recirculate hydrogen gas to improve contact of hydrogen, bio-oil, and Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst, as well as reducing the hydrogen consumption. Hydrogenation is done at a temperature of 184°C with an impeller speed of 600 rpm. It allows the convection of hydrogen due to pressure difference and is brought by the flow of bio-oil. Hydrogenation is conducted at 184°C with a stirring speed of 400 rpm. This research studies the effect of pressure of the hydrogenation reaction on the biofuel characteristics. Pressure will be varied at 4, 6, 8, and 10 barg. Increase in pressure causes the increase of hydrogen transfer through convection and hence the hydrogenation degree also increases. Double bonds in biofuel are mostly eliminated at hydrogenation pressure of 6 barg. Further increase in pressure does not significantly decrease the double bonds and will decrease the cycloalkane. Hydrogenation of bio-oil also increases the branching index (BI), HHV and kinematic viscosity. Increase in hydrogenation pressure increases the branching index to 0.78 to 0.98, significantly higher than commercial diesel (0.40). The HHV values of the biofuel are similar to the commercial fuel. Increase in hydrogenation pressure up to 6 barg decreases the kinematic viscosity of biofuel, while further increase of pressure will increase its kinematic viscosity. At 6 barg hydrogenation pressure, the kinematic viscosity of biofuel is 3.02 cSt."

"Bio-oil produced by biomass pyrolysis contains high oxygenates, namely, carboxylic acids, alcohols, and ketones resulting in low calorific fuel, and therefore bio-oil requires upgrading to sequester these oxygenates. By conducting the co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic feed blend, the donation of hydrogen by plastic free radicals to the oxygen of biomass free radicals may sufficiently reduce oxygenate compounds in the bio-oil and increase its yield. Therefore, the synergetic effects are functional. Currently, co-pyrolysis reactors have high aspect ratios (ratio of height to diameter) of 4 or more and small diameters (maximum 40 mm), in which the heat transfer from the furnace to the feed blend is immaterial even though the plastic material has low thermal conductivity. However, in large-scale reactors, such a design restricts the bio-oil’s capacity due to the heat transfer constraint. To resolve the latter and to improve bio-oil quality, in the present work, the co-pyrolysis of corn cobs and polypropylene (PP) is conducted in a stirred-tank reactor with a low aspect ratio (2). PP composition in the feed blend was varied from 0-100% weight with a 12.5% weight interval, heating rate of 5oC/min, and final temperature of 500oC. The results show that by increasing the PP composition in the feed blend from 37.5% to 87.5%, the bio-oil yield increased from 25.8% to 67.2% feed weight. An analysis of bio-oil quality shows that there was a favorably abrupt increase of non-oxygenate composition in the bio-oil from less than 5% to more than 70% as the PP composition in the feed blend was increased from 37.5% to 50% and more."

"Pemanfaatan sampah plastik menjadi biofuel merupakan salah satu keuntungan dari proses co-pyrolysis polipropilena (PP) dan Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO). Penelitian kali ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi yield produk final co-pyrolysis (bio-oil yang menyerupai biodiesel) dengan meningkatkan kontribusi PP dan efek loading katalis pada yield co-pyrolysis PP-RBDPO yang rendah (yield sebelumnya 64% menjadi 76% dari keseluruhan massa produk co-pyrolysis) pada penelitian sebelumnya oleh Ramadhan et al. (2021) yang menggunakan katalis ZrO2/Al2O3TiO2 dengan keasaman yang lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan katalis Ni/ZrO2SO4 dan juga untuk menyelidiki efek sinergetik co-pyrolysis (efek yang meningkatkan yield dan komposisi bio-oil jika dibandingkan dengan pirolisis PP dan RBDPO secara terpisah). Efek kontribusi PP diuji menggunakan variasi 0, 50, dan 100% massa PP dari total massa feed keseluruhan dan efek loading katalis diuji menggunakan variasi 7, 9, dan 11% massa katalis dari total massa feed keseluruhan. Produk bio-oil kemudian dianalisis menggunakan GC-MS dan FTIR untuk menentukan komposisi dan ikatan kimianya. Sedangkan, katalis Ni/ZrO2SO4 akan dianalisis dengan XRD, TPR, TPD, BET, dan TGA untuk menentukan ukuran, tipe kristal, tingkat keasaman dan kebasaan, interaksi, dan ketahanan suhu katalis. Co-pyrolysis PP-RBDPO terbukti menciptakan efek sinergetik. Loading katalis tertinggi (11%) pada proses co-pyrolysis PP-RBDPO terbukti menghasilkan yield tertinggi (33%) dengan komposisi bio-oil paling baik dan menyerupai biodiesel yang memiliki rantai karbon dengan panjang C9 sampai C23 dengan ukuran yang paling umum sebagai C16 dan bertipe hidrokarbon paraffin

---

The use of plastic waste into biofuels is one of the advantages of the polypropylene (PP) and Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) co-pyrolysis process. This study aims to investigate the yield of the final co-pyrolysis product (bio-oil that resembles biodiesel) by increasing the contribution of PP and the effect of catalyst loading on the low yield of PP-RBDPO co-pyrolysis (previous yield of 64% to 76% of the overall mass of the co-pyrolysis product) in the previous study by Ramadhan et al. (2021) which used the ZrO2 /Al2O3TiO2 catalyst with lower acidity when compared to the Ni/ZrO2SO4 catalyst and also to investigate the synergistic effect of co-pyrolysis (effect that increases the yield and composition of bio-oil when compared with PP pyrolysis and RBDPO pyrolysis separately). The PP contribution effect was tested using variations of 0, 50, and 100% PP mass of the total feed mass and the catalyst loading effect was tested using variations of 7, 9, and 11% of the catalyst mass of the total feed mass. The bio-oil product is then analyzed using GC-MS and FTIR to determine its composition and chemical bonds. Meanwhile, Ni/ZrO2SO4 catalysts will be analyzed with XRD, TPR, TPD, BET, and TGA to determine the size, crystal type, acidity and alkalinity levels, interactions, and temperature resistance of the catalyst. PP-RBDPO co-pyrolysis was shown to create a synergistic effect. The highest catalyst loading (11%) in the PP-RBDPO co-pyrolysis process was proven to produce the highest yield (33%) with the best bio-oil composition and resembled biodiesel. which has a carbon chain with a length of C9 to C23 with the most common size as C16 and is of the paraffin hydrocarbon type.

"