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"Despite its shortcomings, many industrial economists believe that coxentration index is a powerful tool to use in order to analyze the level of competition within a market. This is due to the fact that concentration index influences greatly market performance. Nonetheless, there are two opposing views on how does concentration index actually influences the market (Donsimoni, 1984). On one hand, the relationship between competition and market performance, and perfect competition with market performance on the other hand, have been discussed since the 18th century, however, a common ground between those two opposing theories have relatively been left untouched by analysis (Bothwell, 1984). Even so, in the last three decades, many researches have been done based on those two opposing theories.Through the use of panel regression in this research, the degree of collusion in the Indonesian manufacturing industry can be found. Although the degree of collusion is small, nevertheless, there exists a positive relationship between the degree of collusion and the level of concentration. This proves that the first theory, Market Power Theory, applies in this case. By knowing that this is the theory which applies in the manufacturing industry in Indonesia, the policy implemented must be adjusted accordingly. Policy implemented by the government for the manufacturing industry should take into account the possibility that collusion exists within certain industries which contain a small amount oflarge firms that control the majority ofthe market share."

"Akta yang dibuat oleh PPAT kerap kali menyebabkan terjadinya suatu sengketaatau konflik dalam pertanahan, sehingga tidak sedikit PPAT yang terjerat perkara diPengadilan yang salah satunya adalah karena pembuatan akta yang tidak sesuai denganprosedur. Pokok permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini ialah bagaimanabentuk pelanggaran berat pembuatan akta jual beli oleh PPAT dalam kasus di PutusanPengadilan No. 1146 K / PDT / 2020 serta bagaimana pertanggungjawaban PPAT ataspelanggaran berat yang telah dilakukan tersebut. Adapun penelitian ini menggunakanmetode yuridis normatif dan bentuk penelitiannya adalah Eksplanatoris. Hasil daripenelitian ini menyimpulkan pelanggaran berat yang dilakukan ialah pembantuan dalampermufakatan jahat yang mengakibatkan sengketa pertanahan dan membuatkan akta yangtelah terbukti PPAT mengetahui para pihak yang berwenang melakukan perbuatan hukumatau kuasanya tidak hadir dihadap nya sehingga melanggar ketentuan 10 Ayat 3 Huruf aPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 24 Tahun 2016. Akta Jual Beli yang dinyatakan batal demihukum menjadikan peristiwa hukum akibat lahirnya akta jual beli tersebut dianggap tidakpernah ada turut menjadi tidak sah dan tidak mempunyai kekuatan hukum mengikatantara para pihak. Maka berdasarkan ketentuan pasal 62 PP No. 24 Tahun 1997 jo. pasal55 Peraturan KaBPN No. 1 Tahun 2006, PPAT VNR dapat dikenakan penjatuhan sanksiadministratif berupa pemberhentian dengan tidak hormat dan ganti rugi. Hasil tesis inijuga menyarankan bahwa sebaiknya PPAT selaku pejabat yang memberikan pelayananharus memeriksa kewenangan penghadap sehingga dapat menghasilkan akta berkekuatanpembuktian sempurna.

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Deed that had been made by land deed officical often cause conflict or dispute

over land, hence there are many land deed official that trap in court because of it which sometimes happens because not following the procedure when making deeds. The subject matter that will be discussed are how the deed against the law by land deed official in the case of the court verdict No. 1146 K / PDT / 2020 in the framework of the creation of the buy and sell deed and how the legal consequences of cancellation of the buy and sell deed are acts against the law by land deed official. As for this research using normative juridical methods and its research form is an explanatory. The form of serious conducted by VNR is aiding as a malicious agreement that resulted in a land dispute and create a deed where he knows the

authorities whom doing legal acts or their proxies are not present before him which is violate

the provisions of verse 10 section a PP 24year 2016 The sale and purchase deed, which is

null and void, makes the legal event due to the birth of the deed is deemed to have never.

According to chapter 62 PP No. 24 year 1997 jo. Chapter 55 Peraturan KaBPN No. 1 year

2006, PPAT VNR can be punished by dismissal with disrespect and compensation. This

thesis also advice that as PPAT who give public service must research about the authority

of the party that make the deed, so the deed can have the perfect evidentiary"

"Pengalaman membuktikan bahwa di Indonesia pelayanan publik tidak berjalan dengan baik dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan rakyat. Pemerintah yang didukung oleh birokrasi tidak pernah membentuk budaya pelayanan untuk melayani rakyat dengan sebaiknya-baiknya. Bahkan, birokrasi yang seharusnya sebagai abdi rakyat, sering berlaku secara diskriminatif yang hanya melayani orang-orang tertentu. Birokrasi lebih melayani para penguasa, yang berduit,dan keluarga tertentu, sehingga pelayanan hanya bisa dinikmati mereka yang ?berpunya?, dengan mengesampingkan ?mereka yang papa?. Dampak ikutannya adalah perekonomian nasional menjadi rapuh, kekayaan terkonsentrasi di segelintir orang, dan iklim usaha di Indonesia anjlok. Banyak kalangan investor baik internasional, nasional dan lokal bahkan rakyat yang ingin berdagang menjadi enggan untuk berinvestasi, karena beratnya proses yang akan dilalui.Pemerintah Indonesia sejak tahun 1996 sudah mengambil langkah-langkah konkrit untuk melakukan pelayanan perijinan terpadu yaitu dengan dikeluarkannya Keppres No.29/2004 tanggal 12 April 2004 tentang pelayanan satu atap dalam perijinan investasi. Tidak itu saja, pemerintah juga mengeluarkan serangkaian kebijakan diantaranya: (1) revisi UU 32/2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah, (2) mengeluarkan Kepmen PAN 63/2004 tentang Pedoman Umum Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan Publik, serta (3) mengeluarkan Permendagri 24/2006 tentang Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan Perizinan Terpada satu Pintu.Beberapa daerah yang menerapkan (Sragen, Jembrana, Solok), hasilnya sangat menggembirakan yang di tandai dengan menurunnya angka kemiskinan, meningkatnya PAD, dan tumbuhnya sektor usaha kecil dengan baik sehingga menambah lapangan pekerjaan. Tidak ketinggalan dengan daerah lainnya, Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai di Propinsi Sumatera Utara kemudian memberlakukan kebijakan pelayanan perijinan satu pintu dengan membentuk Kantor Pelayanan Terpadu (KPT) pada bulan september, tahun 2006. Sejak diberlakukannya KPT di Kab. Serdang Bedagai tampak peningkatan dalam jumlah perijinan dan bertambahnya PAD dari sektor pengurusan perijinan. Namun, pembentukan KPT tersebut belum menampakkan hasil yang optimal jika dibandingkan dengan potensi usaha kecil yang ada di Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai. Sekalipun terjadi peningkatan jumlah usaha yang mendaftar (tahun 2007 ada sebanyak 2.500 usaha yang mendaftar), namun angka tersebut masih relatif jauh dari potensi usaha di kabupaten Serdang Bedagai yang berjumlah 46.000 usaha. Khususnya usaha kecil, keberadaan KPT Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai, justru di respon dengan cara yang beragam. Ada pelaku suaha kecil yang menyambut baik adanya KPT namun, tidak sedikit kalangan usaha kecil yang justru tidak memnafaatkan keberadaan KPT. Di sisi yang lain KPT gencar melakukan sosialisasi, menghimbau, mengajak dan ?merayu? pelaku usaha untuk mengdaftarkan usahanya ke KPT Serdang Bedagai. Untuk melihat secara lebih mendalam latar belakang belum optimalnya usaha kecil mendaftarkan usahanya ke KPT maka penelitian ini dilakukan. Untuk kepentingan pendalaman bahasan maka penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif-kualitatif yang bertumpu pada peneliti sebagai instrumen penelitian. Penelitian ini juga mendeteksi nara sumber sebagai informan kunci.Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa ada sejumlah masalah yang melatari belum optimalnya usaha kecil mengurus izin usahanya ke KPT sekalipun urusan ke KPT saat ini lebih mudah, transparan, murah dan cepat.Temuan lapangan menggambarkan bahwa masih terdapat berbagai kelemahan keberadaan KPT Serdang Bedagai yaitu,pertama, pelayanan di KPT belum optimal yang ditandai dengan syarat-syarat yang dibutuhkan usaha kecil dan biaya pengurusan ijin yang masih memberatkan, sosialisasi belum merata, dan terkesan hanya kejar PAD.Kedua, birokrasi belum berubah (koordinasi dan kebersamaan antar SKPD dalam mendorong usaha kecil lemah, pelayanan perizinan tidak diikuti reformasi birokrasi, sehingga pungli masih terjadi di desa maupun di camat).Ketiga, peran perbankan belum optimal (sekalipun KPT menggandeng perbankan untuk memberi modal usaha kepada usaha kecil tetapi kebijakan perbank masih dianggap memberatkan seperti kebijakan agunan, bunga dan syarat-syarat administrasi lainnya).Keempat, persepsi masyarakat tentang buruknya pelayanan perizinan masa lalu yang berbelit-belit, mahal, gak jelas, belum sepenuhnya bergeser dan dapat dihilangkan. Rekomendasi penting yang dapat di lakukan oleh pengambil kebijakan di Kabupaten Sedang Bedagai adalah, membebaskan biaya pengurusan ijin bagi usaha kecil selama 5 tahun, membangun kerjasama dengan pihak bank menyangkut jaminan dan bunga pinjaman, melakukan reformasi birokrasi secara menyeluruh jadi tidak parsial di pelayanan perizinan saja, membangun infra struktur kebutuhan usaha kecil di kabupaten serdang Bedagai.

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Experience had proven that Indonesian public services have not been well delivered and not match with the people needs. The status quo bureaucracy never establishes serving culture to better serve the people. Moreover, bureaucracy that supposed to be the public servant often act discriminatively, especially for certain people. Bureaucracy tends to serve the authority, the rich, certain families. Consequently, public services would enjoyed only by those who are ?the have? not by ?the have not?. These terrible public services resulted in the weakened economic foundation, increased corruption, collusion and nepotism (KKN) practices among the bureaucrats, and rapid declining business climate. Many international, national and local investors unwilling to put their investment in Indonesia. Additionally, ordinary people also hesitate to do business due to the long, heavy and time consuming business licensing procedures. These situations have pushed the government to change its policy for more efficient business licensing. Several concrete steps had been undertaken to establish one stop services (OSS) system. This system is applied through the enactment of Presidential Decree No 29/2004 dated 12 April 2004 on OSS in investment license. Additionally, the government also preceded serial law and regulations to support the implementation of OSS, i.e. (1) Revision of Law No 32/2004 on regional autonomy, (2) MenPan (Ministry of apparatus reform) Decree No 63/2004 on General Guidance of Public Service and (3) Ministry of Home Affairs Decree No 24/2006 on establishment of OSS in the region.Several local governments such as Sragen, Jembrana and Solok districts had applied the OSS policy. The result indicates many improvements such as declining poverty index, increasing local revenue, growing number of microenterprises and employment. Serdang Bedagai regency in North Sumatera Province also applied the OSS through the establishment of Kantor Pelayanan Terpadu (KPT) in September 2006. Since the KPT operated in Serdang Bedagai, there are increased number of business license issued, increasing local revenue due to increasing income from the issued licenses. However the establishment of KPT still has not achieved optimal outcome compared to the large growing of microenterprises in Serdang Bedagai regency. Although the number of registered microenterprises had significantly increased (2500 microenterprises registered in 2007), these number are still far under the potency, there are about 46.000 enterprises in Serdang Bedagai regency. Various responses regarding the existence of KPT, especially among the microenterprises. Some have good responses, but there are many do not utilize the ease KPT facilitations. On the other side KPT incessantly socializing, informing and persuading the business actor to register their business at KPT. This study applies qualitative descriptive approach to analyze the interest of micro enterprises in obtaining business license from Serdang Bedagai Regency one stop services/OSS office. Six informant were interviewed to explore the effectiveness of KPT services in relation with its procedures, socialization, cost services (tariff), coordination with other district related agencies/offices and the interest of small and micro enterprises to obtain business license. The result of depth interviews were transcript and recorded into three categories: KPT system, Perception of small and micro enterprises towards and main issues being faced by small and micro enterprises.The result of the study shows that several factors had made the small and micro enterprises reluctant to register their business to the KPT.The study indicatesFirst, weakness of KPT system and procedures had influence the enterprises awareness to register their business i.e. high cost of services (tariff), long and heavy pre-requisite documents before submission business registration application to KPT an ineffective socializations.Second, there were no significant administration reforms at other agencies/offices (dinas/kantor) that have relation in issuing enterprises license, this had resulted weak coordination among the stakeholders.Thirdly, in optimal roles of banking sector. Although the KPT has an MoU with the Bank, but the Bank still applied standard loan procedures for the micro enterprises who recommended by the KPT. Finally, from the business views, the KPT still applied the unreformed red tape bureaucracy.This study recommends Serdang Bedagai regency to undertake measures as follows (1) release registration fee for microenterprise in applying business license at KPT at least for next 5 years, (2) establish concrete cooperation with banking institutions regarding the low interest rate for the recommended micro enterprises, (3) conduct comprehensive administrative/bureaucracy reform at all offices/agencies and (4) develop required infrastructure for small and microenterprise development."

"The regulatory authority of the telecomunications sector in Korea has typically employed explicit or implicit administrative guidance as a means of effective competition...."

"Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat indikasi awal terhadap potensi terjadinya kolusi dalam penentuan Jakarta Interbank Offered Rate (JIBOR). Selain itu, studi ini juga bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mendukung munculnya sebuah kolusi dalam penentuan JIBOR. Dengan menggunakan metode analisis Benford’s Law terhadap distribusi digit kedua, ditemukan bahwa distribusi digit kedua dalam data JIBOR dengan tenor overnight memiliki perbedaan yang signfikan dengan distribusi milik Benford sepanjang tahun 2009 hingga 2018 dan deviasi yang tertinggi terjadi pada periode Desember 2012 – Mei 2013. Pada periode yang sama terjadi perubahan pola pergerakan serta peningkatan marjin antara rata-rata JIBOR dengan tenor yang pendek dengan tenor yang panjang. Motif terjadinya kolusi dalam penentuan JIBOR diduga untuk menegaskan perbedaan antara JIBOR jangka pendek dan jangka panjang, serta mengurangi biaya pinjaman antarbank akibat rendahnya JIBOR overnight dalam rangka peningkatan keuntungan dalam pemberian kredit. Sementara untuk faktor pendukung kolusi, berdasarkan hasil regresi ditemukan bahwa tingkat konsentrasi, kondisi profitabilitas, rasio likuidasi, dan volume transaksi dari Fasilitas Simpanan Bank Indonesia (FASBI) signifikan berpengaruh terhadap penentuan JIBOR, khususnya tenor overnight. Faktor lain seperti regulasi yang menjadi batasan masuk dan kemudahan dalam memperoleh data kuotasi individual JIBOR turut mendukung jalannya kolusi dalam penentuan JIBOR.

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This study aims to find preliminary indications of collusion allegation in Jakarta Interbank Offered Rate (JIBOR) fixing. Also, this study aims to identify the factors that facilitate collusion in JIBOR fixing. Using an analysis based on Benford’s Law for Second Digit distribution, this study found that the second digit distribution of JIBOR with overnight maturity from 2009 to 2018, differ from Benford’s and the highest deviation occurred in December 2012 – May 2013. Moreover, a shift in pattern and an increase of margins between averaged JIBOR with short-term maturity and long-term maturity occurred in the same period.  The assumed motives for collusion in JIBOR fixing are to differentiate JIBOR with short-term maturity and long-term maturity, also to reduce the cost of interbank borrowing, to increase the profit from consumer credit lending. As for the factors that facilitate collusion: concentration ratio, profitability, liquidity ratio, and reserves facilitation from Bank Indonesia (FASBI) significantly affect the JIBOR fixing, especially the overnight maturity. Other factors such as regulation as a barrier to entry and easy access of JIBOR daily individual quotations help ease the collusion in JIBOR fixing."

"This article explains the main competition rules in European Community in general. The basic norm of competition rule in European Community (EC) is determined in article 3 (g) EC Treaty. Article 3 (g) provide that "the institution of a system ensuring that competition in the internal market is not distorted". To ensure workable competition in EC were set out in article 81 and 82 EC Treaty the Competition rule. Article 81 (1) prohibits as incompatible with common market, collusion between undertakings that may affect trade member states and has the object or effect of restricting competition within the common market. But not all agreements that perceptibly restrict competition and may effect inter-state trade are prohibited. Some forms of collaboration restrictive of competition may have beneficial effects and are capable exemption by the Commission. By virtue of article 81 (3) the prohibition in article 81 (1) may be declared inapplicable to any agreements or category of agreements provided that they have certain characteristics. This article will elaborate the prohibition of article 81 (1) and the exemption of article 81 (3) and as well the abuse of dominant position of article 82 EC Treaty."

"ABSTRAKDalam mewujudkan persaingan usaha yang sehat Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 melarang beberapa kegiatan anti persiangan yang salah satunya adalah persekongkolan tender. Para pelaku usaha yang terbukti bersekongkol akan diberikan hukuman sesuai dengan ketentuan Pasal 47 UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 dimana salah satu sanksinya adalah denda minimum Rp.1.000.000.000,- dan maksimum Rp.25.000.000.000,-. Penelitian ini melakukan studi kasus terhadap dua putusan yaitu Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 118K/PDT.SUS-KPPU/2013 Dan Putusan KPPU Perkara Nomor 03/KPPU-L/2013. Dalam dua putusan tersebut masing-masing pelaku usaha yang telah terbukti bersekongkol diberikan sanksi untuk membayar denda yang jumlahnya kurang dari Rp.1.000.000.000,-. Dengan melakukan studi kasus terhadap dua putusan tersebut, kenyataannya sanksi administratif dalam bentuk denda dengan nominal tersebut sudah tidak relevan dengan keadaan persaingan usaha pada saat ini dengan mempertimbangkan beberapa faktor. Diusulkan dalam penelitian ini, untuk mengubah metode pemberian denda kedalam sebuah bentuk nilai persentase minimum sampai maksimum.

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ABSTRACTIn realizing fair trade competition UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 prohibits some anti-merchant activities which one of them is tender collusion. Business actors proven collusion will be punished in accordance with the provisions of Article 47 of UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 in which one of the sanctions is a minimum fine of Rp.1.000.000.000, - and a maximum of Rp.25.000.000.000, -. This study conducted a case study of two verdicts: Supreme Court verdict Number 118K / PDT.SUS-KPPU / 2013 And KPPU verdict Case Number 03 / KPPU-L / 2013. In the two verdicts each merchant who has been proven conspired to be given a sanction to pay a fine of less than Rp.1.000.000.000, -. By conducting a case study of these two verdict, the fact that administrative sanctions in the form of fines with the nominal value is not relevant to the current state of business competition by considering several factors. It is proposed in this study, to change the method of fine filling into a form of minimum to maximum percentage value"