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"Colon polyp is a term used for abnormality from bulging tissue above surrounding colonic mucosal layer. Adenoma polyp was the commonly found polyp that progress to colorectal cancer. Most of those patients was asymptomatic. Undetected and unmanaged polyp was a risk factors of colorectal cancer even."

"[Asam galat merupakan zat polifenol dengan kemampuan sitotoksik. Studisebelumnya menunjukkan turunan asam galat mampu menghambat pertumbuhansel kanker. Sampai saat ini, belum banyak studi yang mempelajari turunan alkilester galat dan turunan metoksi galat terhadap pertumbuhan kanker kolon. Tujuandari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas sitotoksik turunan alkil estergalat dan metoksi galat pada sel kanker kolon. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengandesain eksperimental secara in vitro. Kemampuan sitotoksik asam galat danturunannya diuji pada sel HCT116 (sel kanker kolon) dengan menggunakan MTS(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2Htetrazolium)assay. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis untuk mendapatkan IC50 setiapsenyawa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan modifikasi asam galat menjadi senyawametil galat, propil galat, butil galat, t-butil galat, amil galat, oktil galat dan ketigaturunan metoksi galat tidak menunjukkan peningkatan aktivitas sitotoksik denganpeningkatan konsentrasi yang diuji. Dari semua senyawa yang memilikikecenderungan menghambat, heptil galat memiliki aktivitas yang paling baik.Disimpulkan, metil galat, propil galat, butil galat, t-butil galat, amil galat, dan oktilgalat merupakan turunan alkil galat yang tidak aktif. Etil galat, isobutil galat,isoamil galat, dan heptil galat merupakan turunan alkil galat yang memiliki aktivitassitotoksik pada sel kanker kolon. Ketiga tur;Gallic acid is a polyphenol with anticancer activity. Previous studies had shown thatthe derivatives of gallic acid had cytotoxic activity in cancer cell. To date, fewstudies evaluated the activity of alkyl ester derivatives of gallic acid and methoxyderivatives of gallic acid in colon cancer cell. The objective of this study was toexamine the cytotoxic activity of alkyl ester derivatives and methoxy derivatives ofgallic acid in colon cancer cell. This study was conducted in in-vitro study inHCT116 colon cancer cell. Cytotoxic activity of gallic acid and its derivatives wereevaluated in HCT116 colon cancer cell using MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay. Data fromthis experiment was analyzed to obtain IC50 of each compound. The result showedthat modification of gallic acid to methyl gallate, propyl gallate, butyl gallat, t-butylgallate, pentyl gallate, octyl gallate and three methoxy derivatives of gallic acid didnot increase cytotoxic activity in all concentrations tested. Among all derivatives ofgallic acid, heptyl gallate has the best cytotoxic activity. In conclusion, methylgallate, propyl gallate, butyl gallate, t-butyl gallate, pentyl gallate, and octyl gallateare alkyl ester derivatives of gallic acid with no cytotoxic activity. Ethyl gallate,isobutyl gallate, isopentyl gallate, and heptyl gallate are active derivatives of gallicacid. All methoxy derivatives of gallic acid do not show any cytotoxic activity incolon cancer cell.;Gallic acid is a polyphenol with anticancer activity. Previous studies had shown thatthe derivatives of gallic acid had cytotoxic activity in cancer cell. To date, fewstudies evaluated the activity of alkyl ester derivatives of gallic acid and methoxyderivatives of gallic acid in colon cancer cell. The objective of this study was toexamine the cytotoxic activity of alkyl ester derivatives and methoxy derivatives ofgallic acid in colon cancer cell. This study was conducted in in-vitro study inHCT116 colon cancer cell. Cytotoxic activity of gallic acid and its derivatives wereevaluated in HCT116 colon cancer cell using MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay. Data fromthis experiment was analyzed to obtain IC50 of each compound. The result showedthat modification of gallic acid to methyl gallate, propyl gallate, butyl gallat, t-butylgallate, pentyl gallate, octyl gallate and three methoxy derivatives of gallic acid didnot increase cytotoxic activity in all concentrations tested. Among all derivatives ofgallic acid, heptyl gallate has the best cytotoxic activity. In conclusion, methylgallate, propyl gallate, butyl gallate, t-butyl gallate, pentyl gallate, and octyl gallateare alkyl ester derivatives of gallic acid with no cytotoxic activity. Ethyl gallate,isobutyl gallate, isopentyl gallate, and heptyl gallate are active derivatives of gallicacid. All methoxy derivatives of gallic acid do not show any cytotoxic activity incolon cancer cell., Gallic acid is a polyphenol with anticancer activity. Previous studies had shown thatthe derivatives of gallic acid had cytotoxic activity in cancer cell. To date, fewstudies evaluated the activity of alkyl ester derivatives of gallic acid and methoxyderivatives of gallic acid in colon cancer cell. The objective of this study was toexamine the cytotoxic activity of alkyl ester derivatives and methoxy derivatives ofgallic acid in colon cancer cell. This study was conducted in in-vitro study inHCT116 colon cancer cell. Cytotoxic activity of gallic acid and its derivatives wereevaluated in HCT116 colon cancer cell using MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay. Data fromthis experiment was analyzed to obtain IC50 of each compound. The result showedthat modification of gallic acid to methyl gallate, propyl gallate, butyl gallat, t-butylgallate, pentyl gallate, octyl gallate and three methoxy derivatives of gallic acid didnot increase cytotoxic activity in all concentrations tested. Among all derivatives ofgallic acid, heptyl gallate has the best cytotoxic activity. In conclusion, methylgallate, propyl gallate, butyl gallate, t-butyl gallate, pentyl gallate, and octyl gallateare alkyl ester derivatives of gallic acid with no cytotoxic activity. Ethyl gallate,isobutyl gallate, isopentyl gallate, and heptyl gallate are active derivatives of gallicacid. All methoxy derivatives of gallic acid do not show any cytotoxic activity incolon cancer cell.]"

"Sistem penghantaran obat tertarget kolon telah dimanfaatkan untuk pengobatan penyakit lokal terkait kolon, penghantaran sistemik untuk protein dan peptida, serta penghantaran obat chronotherapy. Saluran gastrointestinal bagian atas membatasi penghantaran efektif obat-obat tersebut ke kolon sehingga berbagai strategi dibutuhkan untuk secara langsung menargetkan obat ke kolon. Strategi-strategi yang telah digunakan meliputi penggunaan polimer sensitif pH, polimer sensitif enzim/polisakarida terdegradasi bakteri kolon, polimer bergantung waktu, dan sistem partikulat. Namun, kondisi fisiologis saluran gastrointestinal antarindividu yang bervariasi menyebabkan perlunya penggunaan kombinasi dari strategi-strategi tersebut untuk memastikan penghantaran obat ke kolon. Review ini menyajikan dan membahas berbagai strategi yang digunakan dalam merancang dan mengembangkan sistem penghantaran tertarget kolon untuk obat dengan karakteristik khusus.

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Colon targeted drug delivery system has been exploited for treating local diseases related to the colon, systemic delivery of protein and peptide, and delivery of chronotherapeutic drugs. The upper gastrointestinal tract restricts the effective delivery of these drugs, therefore, several strategies are needed to targeted drugs directly to the colon. Strategies that have been utilized include the use of pH-sensitive polymers, enzyme-sensitive polymers/ bacterially degradable polysaccharides, time-dependent polymers, and particulate systems. However, variable physiological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract in individuals cause combinations of these strategies are needed to ensure colonic delivery of the drug. This review presents and discusses several strategies used to design and develop colon targeted drug delivery systems for drugs with special characteristics."

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Sistem penghantaran tertarget kolon dapat meningkatkan efek terapi pada pengobatan penyakit spesifik kolon, seperti Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis (UC) dan irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Selain itu, kolon dapat menjadi lokasi yang sesuai untuk penghantaran obat yang rentan enzim saluran cerna, seperti peptida dan protein terapeutik. Dalam upaya untuk meningkatkan efek terapi, maka dikembangkan sistem penghantaran spesifik kolon menggunakan berbagai strategi dan pendekatan dengan mempertimbangkan kondisi fisiologis saluran cerna dan sifat fisikokimia obat. Review kali ini akan membahas mengenai faktor dan tantangan yang ditemui terkait pembuatan sistem penghantaran, serta strategi dan pendekatan yang dapat dilakukan dalam mengembangkan sistem penghantaran tertarget kolon ini.

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Colon-specific drug delivery system (CDDS) are desirable to improve therapeutic effect for the treatment of local diseases such as Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis (UC) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Colon also can be potential site for the delivery of several fragile molecules towards gastric pH such as peptide and protein therapeutic. In order to improve therapeutic effect, development of colon-targeted delivery system which consider several colon physiology condition and physicochemical drugs is needed. This review highlights several factors and challenges that influence colon-specific drug delivery, approaches and strategy for site specific drug delivery to colon.

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"Kejadian kanker kolon mayoritas terjadi secara sporadik. Berbagai faktor non-inherited yang dipikirkan sebagai penyebab kanker kolon merupakan kombinasi antara faktor diet dan lingkungan. Kedua faktor ini menyebabkan mutasi somatik pada berbagai gen spesifik dalam pembentukan kanker kolon. Di antara berbagai faktor, butirat (dibentuk dalam proses fermentasi fiber) mungkin mempunyai peranan yang penting sebagai zat kemoprotektif terhadap kanker kolon. Sumber butirat dalam makanan sehari-hari berasal dari makanan yang mengandung kulit gandum. Pada tingkat molekuler, butirat menyebabkan asetilasi histon, meningkatkan diferensiasi berbagai sel, menginduksi terjadinya apoptosis dan meregulasi ekspresi dari berbagai onkogen. Faktor-faktor ini yang menjadi alasan butirat mempunyai efek protektif terhadap kanker kolon. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 127-31)

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The majority of colon cancers occur sporadically. They are thougth to be caused by non-inherited factors such as a combination of diet and environmental factors, which result in somatic mutations of specific genes. Among dietary factors butyrate which is derived from fermentable fibers may have important role as chemoprotector against colorectal cancer. The source of butyrate in daily diet mostly come from wheat products especially wheat bran. At molecular level, butyrate causes hystone acetylation, favours differentiation, induces apoptosis and regulates the expressions of various oncogens. These effects suggest that butyrate may be protective against colorectal cancers. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 127-31)"

"Fiber is not digested or absorbed in the small intestine. The main site of action of fiber is in the colon. Inthe colon, fiber will increase stool output and frequency. Increase stool water, dilute the colonic content,reduce the toxins, bile acid, increase colonic fermentation and also stimulate probiotic growth.Some meta-analysis of observational epidemologic and case contro studies have faund a protectiveeffect of dietary fiber against colon cancer that increase with intake. Therefore, the high fiber diet is healthy recommendation to prevent various gastrointestinal disorders."

"Angka kejadian kanker kolorektal sebagai penyakit keganasan menduduki urutan kedua setelah kanker payudara pada wanita dan kanker paru pada pria.Karsinoma pada daerah kolon asenden dan tranversus biasanya menyebabkan perdarahan sedikit demi sedikit dan tidak dapat dideteksi oleh mata serta tidak menyebabkan rasa sakit.Tes kolon albumin merupakan tes imunokimia pertama untuk menentukan adanya albumin yang berasal dari darah pada penyakit kolorektal dan tes ini tidak memerlukan persiapan diit. Sampai saat ini pemeriksaan darah samar dalam tinja masih banyak menggunakan bensidin, o-tolidin, guaiak, tetapi untuk pemeriksaan dengan cara tersebut banyak kendalanya.Dalam penelitian ini dilaporkan hasil penelitian banding kedua pemeriksaan di atas terhadap 18 tinja penderita dengan suspek keganasan kolorektal. Kahan penelitian diambil dari 11 orang laki-laki dan 7 orang perempuan yang berusia antara 21-54 tahun. Dilakukan pula uji diagnostik dengan memakai kontrol pasangan penderita. Dengan tabel kontingensi 2 X 2 diperoleh sensitivitas 100%, spesifisitas 93,7% dan akurasi 96,77%

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Colon Albumin Test as a Screening Test for Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is the second most cancer found preceded by breast cancer in woman and lung cancer in men. Cancer of the ascending and transverse colon usually did not cause profuse bleeding that could be observed macroscopically and did not cause pain.

The colon albumin test is a novel immunochemical test to detect albumin caused by bleeding in the colorectal regions. ND diet restriction is required before performing this test. Although the gold standard tests using benzidine, o-tolidin or guaiac were still commonly used, many obstacles were also reported.

In this study, a comparative examination was done on 18 stool amples were obtained from 18 subjects with suspicious of colorectal cancer. Specimens were taken from 11 males and 7 females, 21 until 54 years old. Diagnostic test was done using matched controls. Using 2 X 2 contingency table it was found a 100%, sensitivity, 93,7% spesificity and 96,7% accuracy."

"Fibrosis merupakan penyakit yang belum banyak diketahui namun perkembangan penyakit ini cukup mengkhawatirkan. Pengobatan untuk fibrosis kolon akan lebih efektif jika obat dilepaskan langsung ke tempat peradangan. Tetrandrine memiliki efek antifibrosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan tetrandrine ke dalam beads kalsium-alginat tersalut Eudragit L100-55 atau L100 sebagai sediaan kolon tertarget. Tetrandrine diformulasikan ke dalam natrium alginat karena memiliki daya mengembang yang baik pada pH kolon dan dapat membentuk sambung silang dengan CaCl2. Pembuatan beads dilakukan dengan metode gelasi ionik. Formula dengan rasio natrium alginat dan CaCl2 2:3 (formula 2) menghasilkan efisiensi penjerapan yang paling optimal sebesar 82,460 ± 2,728%. Setelah penyalutan, formula dengan Eudragit L100 10% (formula c) merupakan formula terbaik karena dapat menahan pelepasan tetrandrine dalam HCl 0,1 N pH 1,2 (2 jam) dan dapar fosfat pH 7,4 (3 jam) dan menghasilkan pelepasan kumulatif dalam dapar fosfat pH 6,8 (3 jam) yang paling optimal, berturut-turut 0,561 ± 0,126%, 8,712 ± 0,119%, dan 28,469 ± 0,214%. Pada uji pentargetan obat, rata-rata jarak tempuh beads tersalut Eudragit L100 10% (formula c) 66,667 ± 1,528 cm dan beads kontrol 62 ± 2,646 cm, dihitung terhadap antrum.

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Fibrosis is rare disease but the development is quite alarming. Treatment for colonic fibrosis will be more effective if the drug is released directly to the area of inflamation. Tetrandrine has antifibrotic effect. This aim of research was to formulate tetrandrine into Ca-alginate beads coated Eudragit L100-55 or Eudragit L100 as colon targeted dosage form. Tetrandrine was formulated into Na-alginate because it has good swelling ability at colonic pH and can crosslink to CaCl2. Beads was prepared by ionic gelation method. Ratio between Na-alginate and CaCl2 2:3 (formula 2) showed the most optimal in efficiency of entrapment about 82.460 ± 2.728%. After coating process, formula with Eudragit L100 10% (formula c) was the best formula because it could resist the release of tetrandrine in HCl 0.1 N pH 1.2 (2 hours), phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (3 hours), and showed the most optimal in the release of cumulative in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 (3 hours), respectively 0.561 ± 0.126%, 8.712 ± 0.119%, and 28.469 ± 0.214%. On targeting test, the mean distance that beads propagated was 66.667 ± 1.528 cm for beads coated Eudragit L100 10% (formula c) and 62 ± 2.646 cm for control, calculated from antrum."