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"Effect of tributylphosphite on antiwear and load carrying properties of mineral base oil containing sulfurized isobutylene has been studied by using a thermodynamically approach and surface analysis data from lubricated surfaces. From this research it is concluded that increasing the concentration of tributylphosphite improves the antiwear properties of mineral base oil with and without sulfurized isobutylene. Increasing concentration of tributylphosphite improves the load carrying properties of base oil, but have no effect on load carrying properties of base oil containing high-sulfurized isobutylene. In the presence of sulfurized isobutylene, in the mild condition tributylphosphite can inhibit adsorption of sulfurized isobutylene. The good combination between these two additives was given by addition about 700 ppm P (from tributylphosphite) to the base oil containing 2000 - 6500 ppm S (from sulfurized isobutylene)."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang Sifat Kerahasiaan sebuah nasihat dan pertimbangan (nastim) yang merupakan produk dari Dewan Pertimbangan Presiden (Wantimpres) yang dikaitkan dengan asas good governance. Tesis ini bermaksud menjawab pertanyaan mengenai sifat kerahasiaan nastim Wantimpres yang timbul dari tugas, fungsi dan kedudukannya apabila dilihat dari good governance, mengetahui sifat kerahasiaan nastim lembaga penasihat di beberapa negara dan bagaimanakah sifat dari nastim yang ideal dengan mengacu pada good governance. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode yuridis normatif dengan mengggunakan data sekunder. Berdasarkan Pasal 6 Ayat (1) UU Wantimpres terkait kerahasiaan, memberi makna bahwa sifat pekerjaan Wantimpres itu selesai setelah memberi pertimbangan dan nasihat kepada Presiden. Dengan kata lain, selesailah kewajiban Wantimpres karena sifatnya yang rahasia. Di sisi lain, Indonesia merupakan negara yang demokratis yang berasaskan good governance, yaitu adanya transparansi, partisipasi masyarakat dan akuntabilitas. Idealnya sebuah nastim Wantimpres sejatinya bersifat rahasia, namun apabila nastim tersebut telah disampaikan kepada Presiden dan telah dilaksanakan menjadi sebuah kebijakan, maka dapat disampaikan kepada publik bahwa lahirnya/adanya kebijakan tersebut berasal dari nastim dari Wantimpres. Perwujudan good governance Wantimpres dapat tercermin dengan adanya pemberitaan berbagai kegiatan Wantimpres di Website Wantimpres dan Sosial Media Wantimpres. Selain itu, adanya mekanisme liputan media pada awal kegiatan seminar. Sebagai lembaga yang merupakan amanah Pasal 16 UUD 1945 yang memiliki tugas dan fungsi memberikan nasihat dan pertimbangan kepada Presiden, maka Presiden dapat lebih memberdayakan Wantimpres dalam pengambilan kebijakan. Sifat kerahasiaan nastim Wantimpres tetap dijaga dengan pembatasan apabila dalam beberapa hal terdapat kesepakatan dengan Presiden maka nastim Wantimpres dapat dibuka kepada publik.

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This thesis discusses the confidential nature of advice and considerations which is the product of the Presidential Advisory Council that is associated with the principle of good governance. This thesis aims to answer questions regarding the confidential nature of the advice and considerations of the Presidential Advisory Council arising from its duties, functions and positions when viewed from a good governance perspective, to find out the confidential nature of the advice and considerations of advisory bodies in several countries and understand the nature of the ideal advice and considerations with reference to good governance. The research method used is a normative juridical method using secondary data. Based on Article 6 Paragraph (1) of the Law on the Presidential Advisory Council regarding confidentiality, it means that the nature of the work of the Presidential Advisory Council is completed after giving consideration and advice to the President. In other words, the obligations of the Presidential Advisory Council have been completed because of their secret nature. On the other hand, Indonesia is a democratic country based on good governance, namely transparency, community participation and accountability. Ideally, the advice and considerations of the Presidential Advisory Council are confidential, however if the advice and considerations have been conveyed to the President and have been implemented into a policy, then it can be conveyed to the public that the existence of the policy comes from the advice and considerations of the Presidential Advisory Council. The realization of good governance of the Presidential Advisory Council can be reflected in the news of various activities of the Presidential Advisory Council on the official Website and social media of the Presidential Advisory Council. In addition, there is a media coverage mechanism at the beginning of the seminar. As an institution that is mandated by Article 16 of the 1945 Constitution which has the task and function of providing advice and considerations to the President, the President can further empower the Presidential Advisory Council in making policy. The confidential nature of the advice and considerations of the Presidential Advisory Council is maintained with restrictions whether in some cases there is an agreement with the President, the advice and considerations of the Presidential Advisory Council may be disclosed to the public."

"Planning a clinical study is much more than determining the basic study design. Who will you be studying? How do you plan to recruit your study subjects? How do you plan to retain them in the study? What data do you plan to collect? How will you obtain this data? How will you minimize bias? All these decisions must be consistent with the ethical considerations of studying people. This book teaches how to choose the best design for your question. Drawing on their many years working in clinical research, Nancy G. Berman and Robert A. Parker guide readers through the essential elements of study planning to help get them started. The authors offer numerous examples to illustrate the key decisions needed, describing what works, what does not work, and why. Written specifically for junior investigators beginning their research careers, this guide will also be useful to senior investigators needing to review specific topics."

"Penelitian ini merupakan evaluasi terhadap pertimbangan-pertimbangan anggota DPR/MPR dalam pemberhentian KH. Abdurrahman Wahid sebagai Presiden RI. Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam Tesis ini diuraikan menjadi tiga pertanyaan penelitian sebagai berikut : (1) Pertimbangan-pertimbangan apa saja dipakai oleh para anggota DPR/MPR untuk memberhentikan KH. Abdurrahman Wahid sebelum masa jabatannya berakhir?. (2) Diantara pertimbangan-pertimbangan tersebut diatas, manakah pertimbangan yang paling menentukan (dominan) dalam menjatuhkan KH. Abdurrahman Wahid ?. (3) Bagaimana dampak pemberhentian KH. Abdurrahman Wahid terhadap Ketahanan Nasional Indonesia pada waktu itu ?.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Deskriptif Kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk memahami fenomena sosial dari perspektif para partisipan melalui penelitian ke dalam kehidupan aktor-aktor yang terlibat, kemudian sebagai justifikasi dari hasil analisis kualitatif diuunakan metode Analitical Hierarchi Process (AHP).Temuan penelitian ini adalah pertimbangan-pertimbangan anggota DPR/MPR RI dalam pemberhentian Presiden KH. Abdurrahman Wahid yang dominan adalah pertimbangan hukum, lebih spesifik tentang "penegakan hukum" proses pemberhentian tersebut mengandung kelemahan konstitusional.

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The research has evaluated of the considerations which Members of DPRIMPR ("Indonesian Parliament/People's Consultative Council") took for discharging Mister KH Abdurrahman Wahid from his chair as President of the Republic of Indonesia. Statement of the problem revealed in this Thesis consists of three questions as follows: (1) What are considerations taken by the Members of DPRIMPR for discharging Mister KH Abdurrahman Wahid prior to the termination of his administrative position?, (2) Which is the dominant among the considerations for discharging his excellency?, (3) Meanwhile, what were the effects of his discharge on the National Stability?

This study, on one hand, applies a Descriptive Qualitative Method for identifying social phenomena viewed from the participants' perspectives by researching into activities of the involved actors while justification for the results of qualitative analysis uses an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, on the other.

Research findings are all considerations which Members of DPRIMPR of the Republic of Indonesia take for discharging President KH Abdurrahman Wahid in which the dominant is legal aspect or "law enforcement". However his termination carries some constitutional violence."

"ABSTRAKKebutuhan hidup manusia yang semakin meningkat nyatanya tidak disertai dengan rasa kepedulian kepada alam. Alam selama ini hanya dianggap sebagai objek, atau sebagai pemenuh kebutuhan manusia. Cara berpikir seperti ini membuat manusia tidak dapat terlepas dari perilaku antroposentrisme dengan menempatkan kepentingan manusia lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kepentingan makhluk hidup lainnya. Tingginya permintaan serta harga jual sirip hiu yang cukup tinggi, membuat praktik perburuan terhadap hiu sangat sulit untuk dihentikan terlebih di laut Indonesia. Padahal pada kenyataannya, hiu memiliki peranan yang penting dalam menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem laut. Prinsip utilitarianisme Peter Singer digunakan sebagai kaca mata dalam memandang alam beserta segala makhluk yang bukan manusia, bahwa alam dan hiu juga memiliki kepentingan. Tolok ukur yang digunakan Singer adalah kemampuan merasakan sakit. Konsep utilitas yang akan dihadirkan dalam kasus ini adalah mencoba menghasilkan kebahagiaan yang plural, dimana semua kehidupan makhluk yang ada di bumi dapat bertahan.

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ABSTRACTThe need of human life is increasingly in fact not accompanied by a sense of care to nature. Nature has been regarded only as an object, or as a fulfillment of human needs. This way of thinking makes human beings inseparable from anthropocentrism behavior by placing human interest higher than other living things. The high demand and high prices of shark fins make the practice of hunting for sharks very difficult to stop in the Indonesian sea. In fact, sharks have an important role in maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems. The principle of utilitarianism Peter Singer used as a spectacle in view of nature and all non human beings, that nature and sharks also have an interest. Singer benchmark uses is the ability to feel pain. The concept of utility to be presented in this case is to try to produce plural happiness, where all the living beings that exist on earth can survive. "

"Perilaku sopan santun menjadi hal mendasar yang dibutuhkan dalam aktivitas sosial masyarakat, termasuk di dalam persidangan. Mengenai pemaknaan kesopanan di persidangan sendiri tidak ada pemaknaan yang sama. Meskipun tidak ada pemaknaan yang sama mengenai definisi dari kesopanan terdakwa di persidangan sebagai pertimbangan keadaan yang meringankan. Namun secara umum, sikap sopan terdakwa di persidangan lebih menekankan pada penghargaan terhadap tata tertib persidangan. Beberapa putusan pengadilan ada yang menggunakan sikap sopan terdakwa sebagai faktor yang meringankan pidana. Meskipun tidak ada ketentuan yang secara khusus menyebutkan bahwa sikap sopan dapat menjadi dasar pertimbangan yang meringankan, beberapa putusan pengadilan telah menganggap sikap sopan terdakwa di persidangan sebagai keadaan yang meringankan pidana. Namun, hal ini masih menjadi perdebatan di kalangan masyarakat, karena ada anggapan bahwa hanya dengan bersikap sopan di persidangan dapat memperingan hukuman, hal tersebut dianggap tidak adil oleh sebagian masyarakat. Peraturan mengenai keharusan untuk bersikap sopan di persidangan diatur oleh Mahkamah Agung melalui protokol persidangan dan keamanan dalam lingkungan pengadilan. Dimana setiap orang yang berada di ruang sidang diwajibkan untuk menunjukkan sikap hormat terhadap peradilan, yang didalamnya termasuk untuk bersikap. Namun, mengenai apakah kesopanan terdakwa di persidangan dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai hal yang akan memperingan hukuman secara khusus tidak ada aturan yang mengatur bahwa sikap sopan terdakwa di persidangan dapat memperingan hukuman. Penentuan mengenai lamanya pidana penjara tidak diatur dengan kalkulasi yang baku, tetapi didalamnya hakim memiliki kebebasan untuk menentukan lamanya penghukuman. Pertimbangan hakim dalam menentukan penghukuman dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, termasuk didalamnya sikap terdakwa di persidangan. Namun, penggunaan sikap sopan terdakwa di persidangan sebagai faktor yang meringankan pidana dapat bervariasi antara putusan yang satu dengan putusan yang lain. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menganalisis penggunaan sikap sopan terdakwa di persidangan sebagai pertimbangan dalam penjatuhan hukuman.

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Polite behavior is a fundamental requirement in social activities within the community, including in the judicial process. However, there is no universal interpretation of courtroom decorum. Although there is no consensus on the precise definition of defendant's courtesy in court as mitigating circumstances, generally the behavior of defendants' courtesies emphasizes respect for courtroom decorum. Several court decisions have used the polite behavior of the defendant as a mitigating factor in sentencing. Even though there is no specific provision stating that politeness can be used as a basis for mitigating sentences, several court decisions considered the polite behavior of the defendant in court as a mitigating measure. However, this remains a matter of debate in society, as some people believe that simply behaving politely in court does not necessarily lead to a reduced sentence, which they consider unfair. The obligation of individuals to show respectful behavior in court is regulated by the Supreme Court through courtroom and security protocols. However, as to whether the modesty of the defendant in court can be specifically considered as a mitigating factor, there is no rule that the courtesy of the defendant in court can reduce the sentence. Determination of the length of imprisonment is not regulated by a fixed calculation, but at the discretion of the judge. The judge's consideration in determining the sentence is influenced by various factors, including the behavior of the accused in court. However, the use of the defendant's polite behavior in court as a mitigating measure may vary between decisions of different courts. In this study, the authors analyze the use of the defendant's polite behavior in court as a consideration in sentencing. Although there are no normative rules governing this, courtroom practice shows that the polite behavior of the accused in court can be considered a mitigating factor in sentencing. However, based on the findings of this study, the researcher concludes that "polite behavior of the accused in court" is not treated as a condition that automatically reduces criminal penalties, considering that behaving politely in court is an obligation for everyone present in the courtroom."