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"Penderita penyakit diabetes mellitus (DM) terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Pada tahun 2001 secara nasional jumlah penderta DM mencapai 2,5 %. Diperlukan peran pelayanan laboratorium klinik yang handal, agar dapat melakukan pemeriksaan dan pemantauan dari penyakit DM. Beberapa parameter penunjang diagnosis DM yang biasa digunakan adalah kadar glukosa darah dan trigliserida.Dalam memberikan pelayanan kesehatan, laboratorium wajib menjaga mutu dari hasil pemeriksaan yang dikeluarkannya. Salah satu upaya dalam menjaga mutu adalah dengan menggunakan bahan kontrol sebagai pembanding hasil pemeriksaan. Penggunaan bahan kontrol komersial relatif mahal untuk digunakan secara rutin. Perlu diupayakan penggunaan bahan kontrol alternatif. Bahan alternatif yang dapat digunakan adalah bahan kontrol dari spesimen pasien dan bahan kontrol rata-rata harian pasien. Pada penelitian ini dibandingkan sisi akurasi (validitas, reliabilitas, presisi) dan biaya yang digunakan dari bahan kontrol alternatif dengan bahan kontrol komersial. Penelitian dilakukan dengan studi potong lintang di Laboratorium Kesehatan Banda Aceh selama bulan Oktober 2002.Untuk kedua parameter (glukosa dan trigliserida darah) bahan kontrol spesimen pasien mempunyai validitas baik (nilai koefisien korelasi 0,5), reliabilitas baik (koefisien Kappa > 0,5), presisi cukup baik (selang kepercayaan 95 % yang sempit). Sedangkan untuk bahan kontrol rata-rata harian validitas kurang baik (nilai koefisien korelasi < 0,5), reliabilitas kurang baik (koefisien Kappa < 0,5), presisi kurang baik (selang kepercayaan 95 % yang lebar) dibandingkan dengan bahan kontrol komersial.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa bahan kontrol spesimen pasien cukup baik digunakan sebagai bahan kontrol alternatif. Berdasarkan hasil analisis biaya diketahui bahwa penggunaan bahan kontrol alternatif tersebut lebih efisien. Kepada praktisi laboratorium disarankan untuk menggunakan bahan kontrol spesimen pasien sebagai bahan kontrol alternatif komersial.Daftar Pustaka 38 (1976 - 2002)

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Quality Test of Control Material as Supporting Examination of Diabetes Mellitus in Provincial Health Laboratory of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam in 2002Data show that diabetes mellitus (DM) patients are mounting year by year, In 2001, the number of DM patients reached the level of 2.5% nationally. Therefore, it is necessary to have a reliable clinical laboratory service in examining and monitoring DM. Several supporting parameters that can be used for DM diagnosis are blood glucose and blood triglicerides.

In providing health service, health laboratory has to control the quality of issued result. One of the efforts to keep the quality is to use material control as a comparison of result examination. The use of commercial control material is relatively expensive for routine purpose. Therefore, it is necessary to strive for alternative control material. In this case, the alternative control materials that can be used are from patient's specimen and the average of daily patients material control. In this research, accuracy, which consists of validity, reliability and precision, and cost, are used in comparison with commercial control material. The research was conducted by using cross sectional design in Health Laboratory of Banda Aceh in October 2002.

The result of the study shows that the validity of patients specimen material control is good with correlation coeffecient value is 0.5, however the average of daily patients material control are worse compared to that of commercial material control. This is shown by correlation coefficient value which is smaller than 0.5. Reliability of material control specimen and the average material control are good. This is shown by Kappa coefficient value, which are more than 0.5 for glucose and trigliserida parameters and Cochran test, which is smaller than 0.05 for each. Precision of patient's specimen material is very good, shown by narrower 95% confidence interval, while the average of daily material control is worse, shown by wider 95% confidence interval than that of commercial control material.

The above results show that patient's specimen control material and the average of daily material can be used as control materials, with condition of the availability of actual value determination. Besides, in terms of cost analysis, it is known that the use of both alternative control materials are more efficient in cost, which is lower than the use of commercial control material. From the result of this research, it is suggested to laboratory practitioners to use patients control material as an alterative of commercial material control.

References 38 (1976 - 2002)"

"Tingginya risiko dan ketidakpastian dalam tahap pelaksanaan manajemen material pada proyek EPC dapat menjadi salah satu penyebab penyimpangan biaya proyek. Salah satu strategi pengendalian untuk meminimalkan terjadinya penyimpangan biaya adalah mendeteksi sedini mungkin risiko risiko yang dapat terjadi pada tahap pelaksanaan manajemen material yang dituangkan kedalam prosedur pengendalian biaya material disetiap tahapan pelaksanaannya.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan alternatif preventive dan corrective action serta merekomendasikan pengembangan prosedur pengendalian biaya material berbasis risiko berdasarkan risiko utama penyebab penyimpangan. Untuk mengetahui besarnya frekwensi dan dampak risiko penyebab penyimpangan biaya material dilakukan penilaian secara kualitatif terhadap salah satu proyek yang mengalami penyimpangan biaya terbesar pada PT.Y, dengan melakukan wawancara pakar dan kuisioner kepada tim inti proyek yang mempunyai pengalaman dalam proyek EPC.Analisa data diolah dengan analisa risiko kualitatif untuk memperoleh risiko utama penyebab penyimpangan, kemudian untuk dapat menentukan preventive dan corrective action serta rekomendasi pengembangan prosedur pengendalian biaya material berbasis risiko digunakan metode delphi.Hasil analisa data ditemukan delapan penyebab utama terjadinya penyimpangan biaya material yaitu: Terjadi kesalahan dalam menentukan spesifikasi material karena kontrak yang kurang jelas; Terjadi kesalahan dalam menentukan spesifikasi material karena kurang lengkap atau akuratnya data informasi mengenai jenis-jenis material yang efektif; Terjadi revisi spesifikasi material akibat kesalahan pada design material (misdesign); Terjadi kesalahan dalam menentukan spesifikasi material karena kesalahan dalam memahami spesifikasi material yang tertera didalam kontrak; Terjadi pembelian ulang material karena kesalahan dalam penentuan spesifikasi material; Meningkatnya biaya pembelian material akibat tingginya harga material dipasaran; Meningkatnya biaya pembelian material akibat fluktuasi harga material dipasaran; Terjadi instalasi ulang material karena kesalahan design spesifikasi material.

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The height of the risk and the uncertainty in the implementation stage of the material management in the EPC project could become one of the causes of project cost deviation. One of the controlling strategies to minimize the occurrence of the cost deviation is detecting the risks earlier that could happen in the implementation stage of the material management which is presented in the material cost controlling procedure in each implementation stage.

This research aimed to determine the alternative preventive and corrective action and also to recommend the development of the material cost controlling procedure based on the risk according to the main risk of the deviation cause. To recognize the frequency value and the impact of the risk as the cause of material cost deviation, it would be carried out by the assessment qualitatively towards one of the projects experienced in the biggest cost deviation to PT.Y, by interviewing experts and spreading questioner to the key person in the core project team that had experiences in the EPC project.

Data analysis would be processed by the qualitative risk analysis to find the main risk of the deviation cause, afterwards to be able in determining preventive and corrective action along with recommendation of the material cost controlling procedure development based on the risk used by the Delphi method.

Data analyzes resulted that eight main causes of material cost deviation were found, there are: Fault in determining material specification because of the unclear contract; Fault in determining the material specification because the data information about effective material kinds is not accurate and incomplete; revision of the material specification as the consequence of faulty in material design; the fault happened in determining the material specification because of the misunderstanding in defining the material specification that stated on contract; material repurchasing because of fault in determining of the material specification; the Increasing of material purchasing cost as consequence of material price increasing on market; the Increasing of material purchasing cost as consequence of material price fluctuation on market; material reinstallation happened because of the faulty design in material specification."