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"Latihan aerobik dapat meningkatkan kebugaran melalui penginduksian adaptasi fisiologis seperti peningkatan kekuatan otot kemampuan penggunaan oksigen peningkatan jumlah sel saraf serta pembuluh kapiler darah otak. Latihan fisik terkait erat dengan penggunaan otot volunter yang diatur oleh korteks motorik primer otak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan fisik aerobik dan detrain terhadap jumlah sel saraf normal korteks motorik primer tikus. Desain penelitian ini adalah eksperimental menggunakan 27 jaringan otak tikus jantan Rattus sp Strain Wistar yang dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok yaitu kelompok tanpa perlakuan kontrol kelompok perlakuan latihan fisik aerobik training dan kelompok perlakuan yang latihan fisik aerobik nya dihentikan detraining. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan cara menghitung jumlah sel saraf otak tikus bagian korteks motorik primer dengan bantuan piranti lunak Image Raster. Hasil menunjukkan jumlah sel saraf normal pada kelompok kontrol adalah 56 kelompok training 66 dan kelompok detraining 42. Hasil uji Post Hoc Mann Whitney menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kontrol dan training p 0 046 kontrol dan detraining p 0 001 serta training dan detraining p 0 001. Hasil dari penelitian ini mendukung teori bahwa latihan aerobik dapat memicu pertumbuhan sel saraf neurogenesis korteks motorik primer sedangkan detraining menyebabkan penurunan jumlah sel saraf normal pada daerah korteks motorik primer otak tikus Kata kunci Detrain jumlah sel saraf normal latihan fisik aerobik korteks motorik primer.

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Aerobic exercise could increase body fitness by raising the physiology adaptation such as increase muscle power oxygen uptake number of neurons and new capillaries in brain structure. In aerobic exercise we use voluntary muscles which are controlled by primary motor cortex in brain.

Purpose of this research was to acknowledge effect of aerobic exercise and detraining on the number of normal neurons in rat's primary motor cortex This experimental research used 27 male rats Rattus sp Wistar strain and divided into three groups control training and detraining. The method is to observe and count the number of neurons in primary motor cortex region of the rat's brain with Hematoxilin Eosin staining using image raster.

The result showed that the percentage of normal neuron from control group was 56 66 in training group and 42 in detraining group Post Hoc Mann Whitney test showed there was significant differences between control and training p 0 046 control and detraining p 0 001 and training and detraining p 0 001.

This result showed that this research support the theory of which the aerobic exercise could induce neurogenesis in primary motoric cortex region and detraining caused decrease number of neurons in rat's primary motoric cortex."

"ABSTRAKRuang Lingkup dan Cara PenelitianManusia sangat peka terhadap kekurangan oksigen terutama mata dan sel otak dengan kepekaan paling tinggi pada kortek dan retina. Indera penglihatan merupakan indera terpenting yang harus dimiliki seorang penerbang, sebab jika fungsi mata terganggu akan berakibat fatal. Dalam keadaan hipoksia mata akan mengalami gangguan fungsinya, salah satunya adalah fungsi sensitivitas kontras. Seorang penerbang harus memiliki kemampuan penglihatan sensitivitas kontras yang prima, sebab pada saat terbang harus melihat atau mendeteksi sesuatu dari jarak yang jauh dengan cepat dan tepat.Tujuan penelitian ini ialah mengidentifikasi pengaruh hipoksia setara dengan ketinggian simulasi 18.000 kaki terhadap kemampuan penglihatan sensitivitas kontras talon penerbang militer TNI AU/PSDP. Disain penelitian adalah kuasi eksperimen pre dan post tes, sedangkan jumlah subyek yang diteliti adalah 94 calon penerbang militer TNI AU/PSDP dalam ruang udara bertekanan rendah (RUBR), yang merupakan total sampel dari calon penerbang militer yang datang di Lakespra Saryanto untuk melakukan indoktrinasi dan latihan aerofisiologi.Hasil Penelitian : ditemukan perbedaan bermakna dengan uji T berpasangan, pada variabel Sa02, nadi dan sensitivitas kontras (SK) pada ground level dan pada FL 180 (p < 0,05). Dengan analisis silang didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna pada kadar Rb dengan sensitivitas kontras (SK) di ground level dan pada FL 180 (p < 0,05). Dengan analisis multivariat tidak didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna (p > 0,05).Kesimpulan : Telah dibuktikan bahwa hipoksia setara dengan ketinggian simulasi 18.000 kaki akan menurunkan kemampuan sensitivitas kontras.

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ABSTRACT

The Influence of Hypoxia on Contrast Sensitivity among Military Pilot Candidates at 18.000 ft in Lakespra Saryanto, Jakarta 1997

Human being is a very sensitive to the lack of oxygen especially eyes cells and brain. Cortex and retina are the most sensitive. Vision has an important role for the pilot because visual malfunction will cause a fatal accident. One mayor aspect which influenced by hypoxia is sensitivity contrast. A Pilot needs good contrast sensibility of his eyes because he must have a capability identifying the target fastly and accurately.

METHODE

The objective of this research was to identify the influence of hypoxia to contrast sensitivity of pilot candidates at 18.000 ft simulated altitude. The design of this study is a quasi experiment, a pre and post test at ground level and at simulated 18.000 ft. The total sample was 94 respondents, are Military Pilot candidates which come to Lakespra Saryanto for aerophysiological training exercise.

RESULT

T pair analysis showed that there were significant differences (p < 0,05) among variables Sa02, pulse rate and contrast sensitivity at ground level and at FL 180. Cross analysis revealed a significant correlation between hemoglobin value with contrast sensitivity at ground level and at simulated altitude 18.000 ft. The multivariate regression analysis showed a significant correlation the level of Sa02 related to the decrease of contrast sensitivity.

CONCLUSION

Hypoxia at simulated 18.000 ft will decrease contract sensitivity, although the deviation was still within normal range."

"Efek antibakteria ekstrak kulit buah delima (Granati fructus cortex) pada Streptococcus mutans in vitro. Granati fructus cortex mengandung senyawa-senyawa antibakteri seperti alkaloid, flavonoid, dan tannin. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi efek antibakteri Granati fructus cortex dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimental laboratoris yang menguji daya hambat antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi agar dengan media MHA. Hasil: Ekstrak kulit buah delima dalam berbagai konsentrasi memiliki efek antibakteri, ekstrak kulit buah delima dengan konsentrasi 30% memiliki rata-rata zona hambat paling besar (15,4mm). Semakin tinggi konsentrasi ekstrak kulit buah delima maka semakin besar zona hambat yang terbentuk. Hasil uji ini juga menunjukkan adanya perbedaan rata-rata zona hambat dalam berbagai konsentrasi ekstrak kulit buah delima. Simpulan: Granati fructus cortex memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans.

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The rind of pomegranate fruit (Granati fructus cortex) composed of antibacterial compounds such as alkaloid, flavonoid and tannin. Objective: To evaluate the bacterial effect of Granati fructus cortex extract against Streptococcus mutans. Methods: To study was laboratory experimental. The inhibition test was performed by agar diffusion method on MHA medium. Results: It showed the bacterial property of Granati fructus cortex on various concentration. The highest extract concentration of 30% extract has the largest of inhibition zones (15.4mm). The result showed a difference in the size of inhibition zones related to different extract concentrations. Coclusion: This study confirmed the antibacteria effect of Granati Fructus cortex on the growth of Streptococcus mutants."

"Chronic stress can impairs the maintence of a novel short term memory i.e.working memory. ...."

"Hipoksia merupakan kondisi inadekuat suplai oksigen menyebabkan peningkatan radikal bebas perusak organ, contohnya otak. Radikal bebas dinetralisir antioksidan endogen dan eksogen. Acalypha indica dan Centella asiatica memiliki efek antioksidan. Pewarnaan AgNOR mengukur derajat kerusakan sel. Penelitian bertujuan membuktikan efek pemberian kombinasi ekstrak etanol akar Acalypha indica dan Centella asiatica pada histopatologi neuron korteks serebrum tikus pascahipoksia pewarnaan AgNOR. Penelitian mendapat sediaan dari 26 ekor tikus Spraque-Dawley, terbagi dalam 6 kelompok: kontrol normal; kontrol negatif (hipoksia+aquades); hipoksia+kombinasi 1; hipoksia+kombinasi 2; hipoksia+tunggal 2; kontrol positif (hipoksia+vit C). Induksi hipoksia selama 7 hari dengan mengalirkan O2 10% dan N2 90% bertekanan 1 atm. Setelah 7 hari, dilakukan Analisis Gas Darah, reoksigenasi 1 jam, dilanjutkan pemberian perlakuan aquades; (AI200+CA150); (AI250+CA100); CA150 dan vitamin C selama 7 hari. Pada akhir studi dilakukan euthanasia, organ otak diambil untuk pemeriksaan histopatologi dengan pewarnaan AgNOR. Hasil: Pemberian esktrak kombinasi 2, tunggal 2, dan kombinasi 1 berbeda bermakna dibandingkan kontrol negatif (p=0,000; p=0,005; p=0,023). Kesimpulan: Kombinasi ekstrak etanol (AI250+CA100) memiliki efek terbaik untuk mengurangi kerusakan neuron korteks serebrum secara histopatologi.

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Hypoxia is inadequate conditions of oxygen causes increasing free radicals destroying organs, e.g. brain. Free radicals neutralized by endogenous and exogenous antioxidants. Acalypha indica and Centella asiatica have antioxidant effects. AgNOR staining measures degree of damaged cell. The aim of this study was to prove the effect of the combination of ethanol extract on the roots of Acalypha indica and Centella asiatica on the histopathology of cortical neurons in cerebrum of rats after hypoxia in AgNOR staining. The study of 26 Spraque-Dawley rats, divided into 6 groups: normal control; negative control (hypoxia + aquades); hypoxia + combination 1; hypoxia + combination 2; hypoxia + single 2; positive control (hypoxia + vit C). Induction of hypoxia for 7 days by flowing 10% O2 and 90% N2 with 1 atm pressure. After 7 days, Blood Gas Analysis, 1 hour re-oxygenation, followed by treatments; distilled water; (AI200 + CA150); (AI250 + CA100); CA150 and vitamin C for 7 days. At the end of study, euthanasia was carried out, brain organs were taken for histopathology examination with AgNOR staining. The combination 2, single 2 and combination 1 extracts were significantly different compared to negative control (p = 0,000; p = 0.005; p = 0.023). The combination of ethanol extract (AI250 + CA100) has the best effect to reduce damage to cerebral cortical neurons histopathologically."

"Meningkatnya jumlah penyakit neurodegeneratif yang sudah terjadi dan diprediksikan. Riset ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kegunaan dari olahraga dan efeknya kepada proteksi terhadap stres oxidatif di otak setelah selesainya suatu perlakuan. Kelompok dari mencit jantan putih, mus musculus, telah dibagi menjadi kelompok berbasiskan umur ; 5 minggu, 8 minggu, 12 minggu dan 15 minggu, yang dimana menjadi kontrol yang dimana mereka hanya akan diletakkan di alat running wheel. Perlakuan yang dilakukan dikelompokan menjadi: Olahraga simpel :AS 5-12 dan Olahraga Kompleks: HR 5-12 , HR 5-15 dan HR 8-15. Olahraga kompleks adalah running wheel dengan halang rintang, dimana simple running wheel adalah olahraga simpel. Mencit diberikan olahraga selama 30 menit, 20 menit olahraga dan 10 menit pemanasan dan pendinginan, dengan kecepatan yang berbeda, 8m/min dan 10m/min. Dekapitasi otak mencit yang dijadikan sample, digunakan untuk penghitungan aktifitas glutation peroksidase dengan metode spektrofotometri, gelombang 340nm.Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada glutation peroksidase di semua kelompok perlakuan, namun ada tendensi lebih baik pada kelompok simpel aerobik sampai 12 minggu dan kelompok olahraga kompleks yang dimulai pada umur 8 minggu.Hasil studi ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat tendensi kenaikan aktifitas antioksidan glutation peroksidase, yang ditentukan oleh jenis olahraga dan usia waktu mulai olahraga.

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Increasing trend of neurodegenerative diseases have been seen and forecasted to come in the future. The research was done to know the effect of exercise to Glutathione Peroxidase GPx , antioxidant that play roles in the brain and helps in the protection from oxidative stress, in the prefrontal cortex area after the treatments are done.Groups of white male mice, mus musculus, was divided upon their age groups 5 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks and 15 weeks, they act as the control group, so they was be placed in the running wheel for sometime at the same duration of treatment. The treatments group was grouped into Simple Exercise AS5 12, and Complex Exercise HR 5 15, HR 5 12 and HR 8 15 .The complex exercise is a hurdle running wheels, in which it differs from the simple running wheels, simple exercise. The mice was given training for about 30 minutes each day, consisting of 20 minutes running and 10 minutes warming up and cooling down, with various speed, 8m min and 10m min. Dissected prefrontal cortex was used to be measured upon the Glutathione Peroxidase Activity with Spectrophotometry method, at 340nm wavelength. There were no significant differences in the glutathione peroxidase in all treatment groups, but there were tendencies of better increase in simple exercise up to 12 weeks and complex exercise, which starts at the 8th week. This study suggests that there are tendencies in the increase of antioxidant activity glutathione peroxidase, based on the type and the starting age of exercise."

"The aim of this book is to provide insight into the principles of operation of the cerebral cortex. These principles are key to understanding how we, as humans, function. There have been few previous attempts to set out some of the important principles of operation of the cortex, and this book is pioneering. The book goes beyond separate connectional neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, neuroimaging, neuropsychiatric, and computational neuroscience approaches, by combining evidence from all these areas to formulate hypotheses about how and what the cerebral cortex computes. As clear hypotheses are needed in this most important area of 21st century science, how our brains work, I have formulated a set of hypotheses about the principles of cortical operation to guide thinking and future research. The book focusses on the principles of operation of the cerebral cortex, because at this time it is possible to propose and describe many principles, and many are likely to stand the test of time, and provide a foundation for further developments, even if some need to be changed. In this context, I have not attempted to produce an overall theory of operation of the cerebral cortex, because at this stage of our understanding, such a theory would be incorrect or incomplete. However, many of the principles described will provide the foundations for more complete theories of the operation of the cerebral cortex. This book is intended to provide a foundation for future understanding, and it is hoped that future work will develop and add to these principles of operation of the cerebral cortex. The book includes Appendices on the operation of many of the neuronal networks described in the book, together with simulation software written in Matlab."

"Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, teknologi mikrokontroller berkembang dengan cepat, dimana saat ini teknologi mikrokontroller menawarkan kecanggihan fungsi serta efisiensi daya yang lebih baik dari sebelumnya. Arsitektur ARM® merupakan arsitektur prosesor 32-bit RISC yang dikembangkan oleh ARM Limited (sekarang ARM Holdings). Dikenal sebagai Advanced RISC Machine dimana sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Acorn RISC Machine. Desain yang sederhana membuat prosesor ARM cocok untuk aplikasi yang membutuhkan daya dan harga yang rendah. Prosesor di keluarga seri Cortex-M telah dikembangkan khusus untuk domain mikrokontroler, dimana permintaan untuk kecepatan, determinasi waktu proses, manajemen interrupt bersama dengan jumlah gate silikon minimum (luas silikon yang minimum menentukan harga akhir prosesor), dan konsumsi daya yang minimum sangat diminati. Contoh aplikasi prosesor Cortex-M adalah mikrokontroller dan sensor cerdas. Dengan potensi kelebihan mikrokontroller ini memberikan peluang untuk dibuat sebuah sistem alat bantu komunikasi dalam hal ini perangkat laboratorium lab bahasa nirkabel yang memiliki kecanggihan namun dengan harga yang rendah. Dalam skripsi ini akan didesain prototipe perangkat laboratorium bahasa nirkabel yang memanfaatkan modulasi FM dengan pengendali menggunakan mikrokontroller STM32F051 yang merupakan mikrokontroller berbasis arsitektur ARM Cortex-M0. Sistem yang dirancang berupa sistem perangkat keras dan perangkat lunak serta integrasi keduanya. Sistem perangkat keras dirancang menggunakan perangkat lunak EAGLE serta board STM32F0 discovery sebagai perangkat kontrolnya. Pengujian dilakukan dalam dua bentuk, bentuk pertama yaitu dengan dengan menggunakan oscilloscope untuk mengetahui bentuk atau nilai keluaran-keluaran yang perlu diinginkan. Bentuk kedua yaitu dengan cara uji coba langsung terhadap fungsi kerja alat apakah sesuai dengan yang diinginkan. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sistem yang dibuat telah bekerja dengan baik sesuai dengan fungsi yang diinginkan.

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In current decades, microcontroller technology has developed rapidly which offers sophisticated function and better power efficiency than before. ARM® architecture is a 32-bit architecture RISC processor developed by ARM Limited (now ARM Holdings). Known as Advanced RISC Machine which was formerly known as the Acorn RISC Machine. Simple design makes the ARM processor suitable for applications that require low power and price. The processor in the Cortex-M family series has been developed specifically for microcontroller domain, where the demand for speed, time determination process, interrupt management together with minimum silicon gate number (minimum silicon area determines the final price of the processor), and minimum power consumption is very desirable. Examples of applications of the Cortex-M processor is as microcontroller and smart sensor. With the potential advantages of this microcontroller, therefore provides an opportunity to develope tools for communication in this case wireless language laboratory devices that is sophisticated and with low price. This final project designed a wireless language laboratory device that utilizes FM modulation using the STM32F051 microcontroller which is a microcontroller based on ARM Cortex-M0 architecture. The design of the wireless language laboratory device consist of hardware and software system as well as the integration of them. The hardware system is designed using the EAGLE software and the STM32F0 Discovery as the control device. Tests carried out in two methods, the first method is by measurement using an oscilloscope to know the form or value of outputs desired. The second method is by directly testing the functionality of the tool using quesionare as expected. The test results show that the system has worked well in accordance with the desired function."

"Proses penuaan adalah proses yang tidak dapat dihindari, dan populasi usia lanjut di negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia akan meningkat. Salah satu efek dari penuaan adalah menurunnya fungsi kognisi otak, sehingga menjadi mudah lupa dan buruk dalam mengambil keputusan. Centella asiatica atau pegagan adalah sebuah tumbuhan liar yang dijadikan makanan, selain itu ekstraknya juga digunakan dalam pengobatan termasuk memperbaiki memori dan memiliki efek antioksidan. Penelitian yang dilakukan diharapkan mampu meningkatkan level antioksidan pada otak, area medial prefrontal cortex mPFC , dengan menilai enzim antioksidan yaitu glutation peroksidase GPx dan kualitatif dengan paired associative cognitive test PACT .Metode: Mencit yang telah dikelompokkan menjadi 3 kelompok diberikan ekstrak herbal berdasarkan umurnya, yaitu CA 5-12, CA 5-15, dan CA8-15. Juga diberikan 4 grup kontrol. Kemudian otak diisolasi dan dijalankan menggunakan spektrofotometri untuk mengecek jumlah GPx. Selain itu, PACT juga dilakukan untuk melihat kemampuan eksekusi mencit.Hasil: Nilai GPx meningkat secara signifikan pada grup CA8-15, dan menurun di grup lain walaupun tidak signifikan. Nilai persentasi PACT lebih baik di Grup CA 5-12 dan 5-15, sedangkan sedikit lebih buruk di CA8-15.Kesimpulan: GPx di mPFC dan nilai PACT dapat ditingkatkan menggunakan ekstrak Centella asiatica dengan potensi yang berbeda tergantung umur.

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Background Aging process is inevitable and the elderly population is increasing in developing countries, such as Indonesia. One of the effect is decreased cognitive function, which includes senility and poor executive function. Centella asiatica or pegagan is an edible wild bush in Indonesia that has been used as ayurvedic medicine to improve memory and as antioxidant. This research purpose is to increase the antioxidant level in the brain, specifically medial prefrontal cortex mPFC , which is assessed by glutathione peroxidase GPx and by qualitative paired associative cognitive test PACT .Method Mice was grouped into 3 groups based on ages, which are CA5 12, CA5 15, and CA8 15 compared to 4 control groups. The brain was then isolated and checked using spectrophotometry to evaluate the GPx level, and the executive function of mice was evaluated using PACTResults The GPx level increased significantly in CA8 15 group but decreased in others insignificantly. The percentage of correct choice in PACT is better in group CA 5 12 and CA 5 15, but lower in CA8 15.Conclusions GPx level in mPFC and PACT score can be improved using oral Centella asiatica extract with different potency depending on the age. "

"Essentials of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders is the first book of its kind written specifically for graduate students and clinicians. It is based on the 4-volume treatise, Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders (Springer, 2013), the definitive reference for scientists and neurologists in the field of cerebellar neurobiology. There have been fundamental advances in the basic science and clinical neurology of the cerebellum and its role in sensorimotor function and cognition. This monograph makes this large and expanding body of knowledge readily accessible to trainees and clinicians alike. The editors are world leaders in the field, and the chapters are authored by an international panel of experts drawn from ataxia clinics and cerebellar laboratories throughout North America, Europe and Asia. Essentials provides a solid grounding in the field of cerebellar research and ataxiology from cerebellar circuity to clinical practice, and it serves as a springboard to a deeper appreciation of both the principles and the complexities of cerebellar neurobiology. Clinicians are expected to have a deep appreciation of cerebellar disorders, not only in specialized ataxia clinics but also in adult and pediatric neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry and neuropsychology practices, and in outpatient and inpatient rehabilitation settings. This book is an indispensable resource for students and practitioners navigating the evolving field of cerebellar motor and cognitive neurology. It also links to the more expansive Handbook for those who need to explore the topics in this monograph in greater depth."