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"[ABSTRAKTumbukan ion berat menghasilkan suatu kondisi dimana jumlah proton dan neutronsama, hal ini disebut symmetric nuclear matter. Pemeriksaan terhadap karakteristikSNM masih dilakukan sampai saat ini. Efek suku non linear dianggapmemberikan kontribusi terhadap karakteristik dari SNM, selain itu pemeriksaanterhadap kestabilan persamaan keadaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metodemedan rerata lanjutan. Pengecekkan lanjutan terhadap kestabilan persamaan energidilakukan dengan mengamati nilai kecepatan suara untuk setiap parameter. Solusidari persamaan densitas skalar, potensial skalar, dan turunan pertama potensialskalar ditunjukkan oleh titik potong ketiga kurva tersebut. Selain itu, pemeriksaanefek non linear terhadap kenaikan energi ikat dan tekanan setiap kenaikan temperaturjuga diperiksa. Parameter G2 yang memiliki konstanta suku cross couplingterbukti memberikan kontribusi menahan laju kenaikan energi pada SNM, hal inidiperlihatkan oleh kurva parameter G2 merupakan kurva paling soft. Kurva parameterNLZ merupakan kurva paling stiff, serta memiliki nilai Cs paling besar saat nilaimassa efektif tinggi. Kestabilan persamaan energi untuk setiap parameter masihdinilai realistik, ditinjau dari nilai C2s C2 < 1, namun setiap parameter memiliki daerahketidakstabilan saat massa efektif rendah karena nilai C2s negatif.

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ABSTRACTHeavy ion collision produces a condition where the total of proton equal with the total of the neutron this condition is named Symmetric Nuclear Matter SNM The investigation of SNM characteristic is still being done nowadays Effects of nonlinear term are considered to contribute to characteristics of SNM in addition to the examination of the stability equation of state were calculated using extended mean field method Advanced checking the stability of the energy equation is done by observing the sound velocity values each parameter The solution of scalar density equation scalar potential and first derivative of scalar potential are showed by crossing point of three curves The investigation of non linear effects to the binding energy increasing and pressure every rise of temperature G2 which has cross coupling term contributes to restrain increasing of SNM energy it is shown by the G2 parameter curve is softest NLZ is stiffest and has biggest Cs value when high effective mass condition The stability of energy equation every Heavy ion collision produces a condition where the total of proton equal withthe total of the neutron, this condition is named Symmetric Nuclear Matter (SNM).The investigation of SNM characteristic is still being done nowadays. Effects ofnonlinear term are considered to contribute to characteristics of SNM, in additionto the examination of the stability equation of state were calculated using extendedmean field method. Advanced checking the stability of the energy equation is doneby observing the sound velocity values each parameter. The solution of scalar densityequation, scalar potential, and first derivative of scalar potential are showed bycrossing point of three curves. The investigation of non linear effects to the bindingenergy increasing and pressure every rise of temperature. G2 which has crosscoupling term contributes to restrain increasing of SNM energy, it is shown by theG2 parameter curve is softest. NLZ is stiffest, and has biggest Cs value when higheffective mass condition. The stability of energy equation every parameter couldbe said mentioned realistic, it is considered from C2sC2 < 1 value, but each parameterhas instability region when low effective mass condition is happened, because thevalues C2s are negative., Heavy ion collision produces a condition where the total of proton equal with the total of the neutron this condition is named Symmetric Nuclear Matter SNM The investigation of SNM characteristic is still being done nowadays Effects of nonlinear term are considered to contribute to characteristics of SNM in addition to the examination of the stability equation of state were calculated using extended mean field method Advanced checking the stability of the energy equation is done by observing the sound velocity values each parameter The solution of scalar density equation scalar potential and first derivative of scalar potential are showed by crossing point of three curves The investigation of non linear effects to the binding energy increasing and pressure every rise of temperature G2 which has cross coupling term contributes to restrain increasing of SNM energy it is shown by the G2 parameter curve is softest NLZ is stiffest and has biggest Cs value when high effective mass condition The stability of energy equation every Heavy ion collision produces a condition where the total of proton equal withthe total of the neutron, this condition is named Symmetric Nuclear Matter (SNM).The investigation of SNM characteristic is still being done nowadays. Effects ofnonlinear term are considered to contribute to characteristics of SNM, in additionto the examination of the stability equation of state were calculated using extendedmean field method. Advanced checking the stability of the energy equation is doneby observing the sound velocity values each parameter. The solution of scalar densityequation, scalar potential, and first derivative of scalar potential are showed bycrossing point of three curves. The investigation of non linear effects to the bindingenergy increasing and pressure every rise of temperature. G2 which has crosscoupling term contributes to restrain increasing of SNM energy, it is shown by theG2 parameter curve is softest. NLZ is stiffest, and has biggest Cs value when higheffective mass condition. The stability of energy equation every parameter couldbe said mentioned realistic, it is considered from C2sC2 < 1 value, but each parameterhas instability region when low effective mass condition is happened, because thevalues C2s are negative.Key words: coupling, soft, stiff.ix]"

"ABSTRAKkompatibiliser jenis baru berbasis poliuretan telah disintesis dan dikarakterisasi. Poliuretan kompatibiliser ini dipersiapkan melalui reaksi dua tahap, yaitu dengan mereaksikan isosianat metilenabis (sikloheksil isosianat) dan poliol polietilena glikol (PEG) berat molekul 4000 g/mol menghasilkan prepolimer, dilanjutkan dengan pencangkokan lignin. Efek dari komposisi lignin dan perbandingan isosianat : poliol terhadap kemampuan kompatibilitas, analisis termal, dan morfologi diinvestigasi melalui pengujian FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy), 1H NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), STA (Simultaneous Thermal Analysis), serta SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Diketahui poliuretan dengan perbandingan isosianat : poliol 1:2 dan 1:4 menghasilkan poliuretan-lignin cangkok, ditandai dari pengujian FT-IR dan NMR. Sifat kompatibilitas bervariasi, dengan nilai segmen hidrofilik : hidrofobik masing-masing 0,2 dan 0,635. Morfologi cenderung kompatibel, dengan sedikit segregasi fasa hidrofobik dan hidrofilik. Sementara Tg dari tiap produk berada di kisaran 60 oC dengan temperatur dekomposisi di kisaran 430 oC. Hasil yang didapat mengkonfirmasi potensi poliuretan tersebut sebagai agen kompatibiliser pada polyblend

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ABSTRAKA new family of compatibilizer agent based on polyurethane (PU) were synthesized and characterized. PU have been prepared by two stages reaction. The polymer was prepared by reacting methylenebis cyclohexyl-isocyanate (HMDI) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with molar mass of 4000 g/mole, then grafting by lignin. The effects of lignin composition and isocyanate/polyol contents on compatible ability, thermal properties, and morphology were investigated by FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy), 1H NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), STA (Simultaneous Thermal Analysis), and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). The results of FT-IR and NMR shown that polyurethane with isocyanate : polyol 1:2 and 1:4 yield polyurethane-grafted-lignin. Variation of compatibility value with ratio of hydrophilic/hydrophobic 0.2 and 0.635 were obtained. The morphology tend to have micro-segregated phase of hydrophilic-hydrophobic content. Meanwhile Tg of each product is on 60 oC with decomposition temperature of 430 oC. The results confirmed the potential of these polyurethanes as a new compatibilizer agent of polymer blends.;"

"Transmisi daya mekanik mengacu pada perpindahan energi mekanikal dari suatu komponen ke komponen lainnya. Terdapat berbagai macam metode untuk mentransmiskan daya secara mekanik, salah satu diantaranya adalah menggunakan coupling. Coupling adalah komponen yang menyatukan kedua poros antara sumber penggerak dan mesin yang digerakkan, terdapat dua macam tipe coupling yaitu flexible coupling dan rigid coupling. Flexible coupling bertujuan untuk memberikan kompensasi terhadap ketidaksejajaran yang terjadi antara kedua poros, dimana ketidaksejajaran dapat menimbulkan getaran yang berlebih pada komponen mesin. Sedangkan rigid coupling dapat mentransmisikan torsi yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan flexible coupling. Salah satu coupling yang memadukan kedua karakteristik dari flexible coupling dan rigid coupling adalah gear coupling. Gear coupling terdiri dari dua komponen penghubung yang memiliki gigi eksternal dan gigi internal, kedua gigi akan saling terhubung dan mentransmisikan daya saat coupling bekerja. Diantara kedua gigi terdapat pelumas berupa gemuk yang menjaga gigi dari gesekan berlebih dan menghindari ke-ausan pada permukaan gigi. Pada industri manufaktur kertas gear coupling digunakan untuk memutar roll pada proses forming hingga proses dewatering kertas. Perubahan pada parameter mesin dapat menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan pada design awal pemilihan coupling. Pada case study berikut dapat dilihat bahwa perubahan parameter mesin dapat mempengaruhi lifetime coupling, bahkan dapat menyebabkan adanya lost time produksi mencapai 587 menit dalam setahun. Design awal dengan tipe coupling SSM 200 SEISA dengan maksimum torsi 6.750 N.M dengan besaran toleransi misalignment sebesar 1.5 mm, dengan memperhitungkan adanya perubahan parameter mesin seperti pertambahan kecepatan mesin dan usia mesin maka dilakukan perubahan tipe gear coupling menjadi HK 304 MOVENTAS dengan maksimal torsi sebesar 12.500 NM dan toleransi misalignment sebesar 1.8 mm. Setelah perubahan dilakukan tidak ada lagi kejadian lost time akibat dari gear coupling sehingga produksi dapat dimaksimalkan.

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Mechanical power transmission refers to the transfer of mechanical energy from one component to another. There are various methods for transmitting power mechanically, one of which is through the use of a coupling. A coupling is a component that unites two shafts between the driving source and the driven machine. There are two types of couplings: flexible coupling and rigid coupling. The purpose of a flexible coupling is to compensate for misalignment that occurs between the two shafts, where misalignment can cause excessive vibration in machine components. On the other hand, a rigid coupling can transmit greater torque compared to a flexible coupling. One coupling that combines the characteristics of both flexible and rigid couplings is the gear coupling. A gear coupling consists of two connecting components that have external and internal teeth. The two teeth will connect and transmit power when the coupling is in operation. Between the two teeth, there is a lubricant in the form of grease that protects the teeth from excessive friction and prevents wear on the tooth surface. In the paper manufacturing industry, gear couplings are used to rotate rolls from the paper forming process to the paper dewatering process. Changes in machine parameters can cause changes in the initial design of the coupling selection. In the following case study, it can be seen that changes in machine parameters can affect the lifetime of the coupling, and can even cause lost production time of up to 587 minutes in a year. The initial design with the SSM 200 SEISA coupling type with a maximum torque of 6,750 N.M and a misalignment tolerance of 1.5 mm, considering changes in machine parameters such as increased machine speed and machine age, a change was made to the gear coupling type to HK 304 MOVENTAS with a maximum torque of 12,500 NM and a misalignment tolerance of 1.8 mm. After the change was made, there were no more lost time events due to the gear coupling, so production could be maximized."

"Kopling antara amplifier permukaan miring dan fiber taper lens-ended diselidiki secara teori. Penelitian teori didasarkan pada model gelombang bidang tiga dimensi yang dihitung melalui pergeseran fasa akibat permukaan iring. Kopling diselidiki berkenaan dengan parameter-parameter berkas dari pandu gelombang amplifier lens-ended, dan juga berkenaan dengan posisi fiber. Terjadinya rugi-rugi kopling karena permukaan miring dan karena variasi dari uji lens yang terbaik, rugi untuk permukaan miring 10° ditemukan lebih kecil dari 0.5 dB dibandingkan amplifier permukaan normal.

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The coupling between angled-facet amplifiers and tapered lens-ended fibers is investigated theoretically. The theoretical investigation is based on a three-dimensional plane wave model which accounts for the phase differences introduced by the angled facets. The coupling is investigated with respect to the beam parameters of the amplifier wave guids and the tapered lens-ended fiber, and also with respect to the fiber position. For optimized lens radii the excess loss for 0l0° facet angle is found to be less than 0.5 dB compared to a normal facet amplifier."

"ABSTRAKRecently, the distributed index microlenses have been introduced as the novel elements for coupling device in microoptic circuitry. A potential advantage of such microlenses as microoptic components is the possibility of gaining a Large nemerical aperture so that incoming Light can be effectively guided, for example in optical coupler, branching circuits, wavelength multiplexer / demultiplexer and so on. The coupling property of microlenses is the basic application of microlenses in optical communication system. this study, a coupling circuit using paired microlenses with distributed index of refraction has been developed. The variation of coupling efficiency due to Lateral offset, angular misalignment and end separation of two coupled microlenses has been experimentally measured. Evaluation on the result was carried out by computer simulation based on phase space representation of ray tracing. It is concluded that the coupling property of distributed index microlenses is affected by the index profile of respective microlenses as predicted by phase space analysis. Furthermore the phase space representation has also been utilized to analyze the coupling efficiency of microoptical coupler."

"Paving block merupakan komposisi bahan bangunan yang dibuat dari campuran semen portland atau bahan perekat hidrolis sejenisnya, air dan agregat yang digunakan sebagai bahan perkerasan jalan. Beberapa studi telah melakukan usaha untuk menggunakan plastik sebagai agregat pada paving block sebagai salah satu bentuk usaha daur ulang plastik. Lignin yang merupakan limbah dalam industri kertas merupakan polimer bipolar yang memiliki dua muka sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai coupling agent dalam pencampuran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari sifat pencampuran antara plastik, lignin, dan agregat pada paving block. Eksperimen ini menggunakan plastik tipe polipropena dengan penambahan variasi konsentrasi lignin sebesar 0; 0,1; 0,3; dan 0,5 wt%. Pengujian sudut kontak dilakukan untuk mengetahui tegangan permukaan yang dimiliki oleh masing-masing komponen. Pengujian FT-IR dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi gugus fungsi yang dimiliki oleh campuran. Pengujian SEM dilakukan untuk mengamati morfologi yang terbentuk dari campuran yang dihasilkan. Hasil pengujian sudut kontak menunjukan polipropena dan lignin yang kompatibel karena persamaan sifat hidrofobisitas yang dimiliki. Ikatan gugus fungsi yang dihasilkan dengan variasi konsentrasi lignin menunjukan tidak terdapat ikatan baru yang dihasilkan setelah komponen-komponen dicampurkan. Morfologi yang dihasilkan menunjukan terdapat celah antara polipropena dengan campuran yang mengindikasikan lignin tidak menjembatani plastik dan agregat secara baik.

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Paving block is a composition of building materials made from a mixture of Portland cement or similar hydraulic adhesives, water and aggregates used as road pavement materials. Several studies have made an effort to use plastic as aggregate replacements in paving blocks as a form of plastic recycling. Lignin which is a waste in the paper industry is a bipolar polymer that has two faces so that it can be used as a coupling agent in the mixture. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mixing properties of plastics, lignin, and aggregates in paving blocks. This experiment uses polypropylene with mixing proportions of 0; 0.1; 0.3; and 0.5 wt% lignin. Contact angle testing were carried out to determine the surface tension of each component. FT-IR were carried out to identify the functional of the mixture. SEM were carried out to observe the morphology formed from the resulting mixture. The contact angle test results show that polypropylene and lignin are compatible because of the similarity in their hydrophobicity properties. The functional groups of resulting mixture showed there is no new bonds were formed after the components were mixed. The resulting morphology shows that there is a gap between polypropylene and the mixture which indicates that lignin does not bridge the plastic and aggregate properly."