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"This study analyzes the impact of air pollution on the city in which customers are located on the trade credit strategy of their suppliers. Following the framework of environmental stress theory, we hypothesize that suppliers change their trade credit strategy to grant less trade credit to their customers located in cities with severe air pollution. Our findings are consistent with our hypothesis. We find that the adverse effects of air pollution occur through financial constraints, operating risk, and customers' default risk, corroborating the underlying logic of our proposed hypothesis. Additional analyses suggest that changes in a supplier's trade credit are more pronounced when a customer is in a polluting industry, has low total factor productivity, receives fewer government subsidies, has fewer bank loans, is far from its suppliers, and has poor inventory management."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor internal dan faktor eksternal terhadap tingkat efisiensi bank di Asia-Pasifik. Faktor internal yang diteliti adalah komposisi Board of Directors (BOD) dan strategi penyaluran kredit bank, sementara faktor eksternal yang diteliti adalah pertumbuhan ekonomi dan sistem hukum negara. Tingkat efisiensi diukur menggunakan metode Data Envelopment Analysis dengan orientasi input dan pendekatan Contant Return to Scale (CRS). Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan regresi data panel menggunakan sampel perusahaan yang terdaftar di pasar modal negara-negara yang diteliti. Data penelitian ini berjumlah 838 observasi (firm-year) Bank Konvensional dari 11 negara pada periode 2008-2012. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semakin tinggi tingkat independensi BOD akan meningkatkan efisiensi bank secara marjinal, sementara banyaknya anggota BOD dan proporsi dewan wanita tidak berpengaruh pada tingkat efisiensi bank. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa bank dengan strategi penyaluran fokus memiliki tingkat efisiensi yang lebih tinggi. Selain itu, negara dengan sistem hukum common law menunjukkan tingkat efisiensi bank yang lebih baik daripada sistem hukum lainnya. Sementara pertumbuhan GDP yang semakin tinggi terbukti menurunkan tingkat efisiensi bank.

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The purpose of this research is to find out the effect of bank?s internal and external factors on bank efficiency in Asia-Pacific. The internal factors tested are composition of Board of Directors (BOD) and bank?s credit strategy, whereas the external factors tested are economic growth and country?s law system. The efficiency scores are measured using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with input orientation and Constant Return to Scale (CRS) approach. Hypothesis testing is performed using data panel regression with banks listed in each country?s stock exchange as the sample. This research is using 838 firm-year samples of conventional banks collected from 11 countries for the period of 2008-2012.

The result of this research shows that higher proportion of independent BOD will increase bank efficiency marginally, while the size of BOD and the proportion of female member hold no effect on bank efficiency. This research also shows that banks with focus credit strategy have higher efficiency than banks with other strategies. Countries implementing common law system have higher efficiency than countries with other law system. Meanwhile, GDP growth proves to have negative effect on bank efficiency."