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"Mathemathical simulations on dam break or failure using BOSS DAMBRK hydrodynamic flood routing dam break model were carried out to determine the extent of flooding downstream,flood travel times flood water velocities and impacts on downstream affected residences, properties and environmental sensitive areas due to floodwaters released by failure or them dam structure...."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap tiga variasi bentuk bunga Hibiscus rosa¬sinensis L. (single, crested dan double) di kampus UI depok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketiganya berbeda dalam jumlah petal, stamen dan pistillum. Bunga single memiliki 5 petal, stamen 46--101 (x=78,68). Bunga crested memiliki petal tambahan berupa staminodium petaloid (7--28, x=19,01), intermediet stamen-petal (1--21, x=9,2), dan stamen (0--44, x=12). Bunga double memiliki staminodium petaloid (5--36, x=18,6), intermediet stamen-petal (0--14, x=5,32), dan stamen (3--88, x= 38). Jumlah petal tambahan berkorelasi negatif dengan jumlah stamen. Bunga single memiliki ovarium normal, bunga crested dan double dapat memiliki ovarium yang tereduksi dan bermodifikasi menjadi sepalodi. Seluruh variasi bunga H. rosa-sinensis memiliki morfologi polen yang seragam yaitu polen soliter, berbentuk globose, prolat sferoidal hingga oblat sferoidal, apertur polypantoporate, ornamentasi eksin berupa ekinet dengan ujung tumpul, membulat, bercabang dua, dan berlekuk. Ukuran polen berbanding lurus dengan ukuran bunga. Bunga single kecil memiliki polen terkecil (dv= 152,156 µm, dh= 178,312 µm), dan single besar memiliki polen terbesar (dv=174,985 µm, dh=206,023 µm). Gen AGAMOUS terekspresi pada bunga single, crested, dan double.

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The single-, crested-, double-flowers type of Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. that grown at University of Indonesia, Depok have been studied. The three varieties of flower differ in terms of additional petal, stamen number, and pistillum. Single-flowers have 5 petals, 46--101 (x = 78,68) stamens. Crested-flowers have additional petal such as staminodium petaloid 7--28 (x = 19,01), and intermediate stamen-petal 1--21 (x = 9,2), and 0--44 (x = 12) stamens. Double-flowers have 5--36 (x = 6,18) staminodium petaloid, 0--14 (x=5,32) intermediate stamen-petal, and 3--88 (x = 38) stamens. Number of additional petal negatively correlated with the number of stamenS.Si.ngle-flowers have normal ovaries. Crested-and double-flowers can have a reduced ovaries and modified into sepalodi. All of the H. rosa sinensis varieties have similarity in pollen morphology, that is solitary, globose -, spheroid prolate-, dan spheroid oblate-shaped, with polypantoporate aperture, echinate (spine) with blunt, rounded, bifurcated, and grooved apex. Pollen size has positive correlation with the size of flowers. Small single-flowers have the smallest pollen (dv = 152,156 µm, dh = 178,312 µm), and large single-flowers have the largest pollen (dv = 174,985 µm, dh = 206,023 µm). AGAMOUS gene expressed in single-, crested-, and double-flowers. "

"Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui variasi bunga Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. bentuk crested di alam, serta hubungannya dengan ekspresi gen MADS-box. Sebanyak 200 sampel bunga crested diamati secara morfologi melalui pengukuran panjang staminal column, perhitungan perhiasan bunga, dan pengamatan visual permukaan luar ovarium. Sebanyak 137 sampel bunga crested diamati secara anatomi melalui pengamatan visual struktur internal ovarium. Hasil pengamatan morfologi dan anatomi menunjukkan tingginya variasi bunga H. rosa-sinensis bentuk crested. Salah satu karakter yang menentukan tingginya variasi bunga crested di alam adalah keberadaan petal tambahan yang diduga tumbuh di lokasi keberadaan stamen dan petal akibat gejala homeosis. Homeosis pada bunga crested diduga karena tidak terekspresikannya gen C yang merupakan salah satu kelas dari gen MADS-box. Untuk membuktikan dugaan tersebut, dilakukan pengamatan molekular melalui analisis gen MADS-box yang berperan dalam proses pembungaan. Dari kelima kelas gen MADS-box yang diamati, hanya gen C yang berhasil diamplifikasi. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa gen C terekspresi di semua bagian bunga crested. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, homeosis pada bunga crested bukan disebabkan karena tidak terekpresikannya gen C. Dibutuhkan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui tingkat ekspresi tiap kelas gen MADS-box terhadap variasi bunga crested di alam.

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The aim of this study is to know the variation of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. crested flower in nature, and to know its correlation against MADS-box gene expression. The study was conducted through morphological, anatomical, and molecular observation. Morphological sections were carried out on 200 samples of flowers by measuring the length of staminal column, counting the number of perianthium, and observing the external structure of ovaries. Anatomical sections were carried out on 137 samples of flowers by observing the internal structure of ovaries. The results showed that H. rosa-sinensis crested flower has a high variety in the shape of flower. Two main parts of crested flower that effecting its variety in nature are staminodium petaloid and stamen-petal intermediate that lied in the position of stamen and petal. This phenomenon is assumed as homeotic due to the absence of C gene expression that belong to MADS-box gene family. Based on molecular observation, AGAMOUS gene (MADS-box class C) expressed in all of crested flower parts, including staminodium petaloid and stamen-petal intermediate. This results is on contradiction with the assumption that homeosis in H. rosa-sinensis caused by the absence of gene C. Further research is needed to know the expression of others MADS-box class genes expression, including their level of expression in each parts of crested flower."