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Abstrak :
Experiments were performed in a piping system to examine the effects of flow rates and Cu2+, a common metal ion in wastewater, on the kinetics of gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) scale formation. The scaling was monitored by measuring the decrease in Ca2+ concentrations, [Ca2+], of the scaling solution. AAS analysis shows that [Ca2+] reduces progressively after a certain induction time, during which time the concentration remains steady. Thus, the gypsum precipitation which leads to scaling in pipes does not occur spontaneously. Higher impurity concentrations (0 to 10 ppm Cu2+) result in longer induction time (26 to 42 min), which indicate that Cu2+ could inhibit the scale formation. Impurity concentrations and the scale mass generated are negatively correlated. Reduction in scale mass was as high as 61% depending on impurity concentrations and flow rates. Data of [Ca2+] versus time were used to calculate the reaction rate of the gypsum precipitation which led to scaling. It was found that the reaction follows a first order kinetics with respect to [Ca2+], with rate constants ranging between 5.28 and 7.37 per hour, which agree with most published values for mineral scale formation.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Studi sifat kemagnetan dan analisis kinetika alloy magnetic berbasis Nd-(Fe,Co)-B telah dilakukan. Ingot dan pita-pita alloy magnetic Nd10(Fel-xCox)14B6 (at %) dengan komposisi x = 0 ; 0.1; 0.2 ; dan 0.5 dibuat masing-masing dengan arc melting furnace dan Teknik melt spinning dengan kecepatan substrat 30 m s pita-pita sampel kemudial dianil dengan temperature 700 C selama 2 sampai 120 menit untuk meningkatkan derajat kristalisasi fasa yang terbentuk adalah Nd2(Fe,Co)14B sebagai fasa utama, dan fasa minar alpha-Fe serta Co. studi XD menunjukkan bahwa volume sel satuan fasa utama berkurang dengan peningkatan subsitusi Co. ukuran butir rata-rata fasa utama dievaluasi dengan menggunakan formula Scherrer dan ditemukan bahwa semua butiran berukuran dalam skala nanometer. Pengukuran sifat kemagnetan menggunakan VSM untuk alloy yang dipelajari diketahui bahwa nilai koersivitas masimum 499 kAm diperoleh untuk alloy dengan komposisi x = 0,1 setelah aniling pada temperature at 700 C selama 2 menit Remanen dari semua pita-pita alloy berkisar antara 0.80-1.10 T Peningkatan nilai remanen disebabkan oleh exchange coupling annatar fasa Nd2(Fe,Co)14B dan partikel alpha-Fe yang berukuran ultra halus (nanometer) di dalam alloy Nd-Fe-B dengan kandungan Nd rendah. Produk energi maksimum dari pita alloy yang telah dianil berkisar antara 28-115 kJ m3. Pengukuran temperature Curie, Tc dengan menggunakan differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) dari pita-pita kristalin menunjukkan bahwa terjadi kenaikan nilai Tc dari 304 C untuk alloy x = 0 sampai 650 C untuk alloy x = 0.5. kinetika kristalisasi dari fasa amorf alloy Nd10(Fe1-xCox)84B6 juga telah dianalisis dengan menggunakan DSC. Energi aktivasi Ec dan konstanta Avrami, n untuk kristalisasi alloy dengan komposisis X = 0 dan x = 01 dihitung dengan menggunakan metode Kissinger yang telah dimodifikasi. Hasil-hasil analisis kinetika menunjukkan bahwa transformasi fasa dikontrol oleh proses difusi dengan laju pertumbuhan dan nukleasi konstan.

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ABTRACT Magnetic studies and kinetic analysis on melt spun ribbon of Nd-(Fe,Co)-B based permanent magnets have been done. Ingot and ribbon samples of Nd10(Fel-xCox)14B6 (at %) with x = 0 ; 0.1; 0.2 ; and 0.5 compositions were prepared by arc melting furnace and melt spinning with substrate velocity of 30 mis respectively. The ribbon samples were subsequently annealed at 700 C for 2-120 minutes to promote crystallization. The phases present in the samples are Nd2(Fe,Co)14B type as main phase, alpha-Fe, and Co as the addition. X-ray diffraction studies indicate that the volume of unit cell of main phase tends to decrease by Co substitution. The mean grain size of main phase was also evaluated by line broadening analysis, using the Scherrer formula and found that all the grains were in nanometer scale. From magnetic measurements by VSM for the alloys under studied, it is found that the maximum coercivity of 499 kA per m was observed in the ribbon alloy of x = 0.1 composition after annealing at 700 C for 2 minutes. Remanence of all as-spun and heat treated ribbons are in the range of 0.80 to 1.10 T (above the theoretical value based on Stoner-Wohlfarth theory.L12; Js = saturation magnetization). The enhancement of remanence raised due to exchange coupling between nanosized Nd2(Fe,Co)14B and cc -Fe particles in the Nd-Fe-B alloys with lower Nd content. Maximum energy products of the annealed ribbon are in the range of 28 to 115 kJ per m3. The Curie temperature, T, measurement of crystallized melt spun ribbon by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) show an increase the value of L from - 304 C for alloy x = 0 to -650 C for alloy x = 0.5. The kinetic of crystallization process of amorphous Nd1o(Fe1-x Cox)14B6 alloy have also been analyzed by DSC employed modified Kissinger method from which activation energy, Ec and Avrami constant, n for the crystallization were determined for alloys with composition x = 0 and x = 0.1. Results of kinetic analysis show that the phase transformation is a diffusion-controlled transformation with initial growth of particles nucleated at a constant rate.

Abstrak :
Computational materials science provides the theoretical basis necessary for understanding atomic surface phenomena and processes of phase transitions, especially crystallization, is given. The most important information concerning computer simulation by different methods and simulation techniques for modeling of physical systems is also presented. A number of results are discussed regarding modern studies of surface processes during crystallization. There is sufficiently full information on experiments, theory, and simulations concerning the surface roughening transition, kinetic roughening, nucleation kinetics, stability of crystal shapes, thin film formation, imperfect structure of small crystals, size dependent growth velocity, distribution coefficient at growth from alloy melts, superstructure ordering in the intermetallic compound. Computational experiments described in the last chapter allow visualization of the course of many processes and better understanding of many key problems in materials science. There is a set of practical steps concerning computational procedures presented. Open access to executable files in the book make it possible for everyone to understand better phenomena and processes described.

Abstrak :
Polipropilena (PP) adalah polimer termoplastik yang digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi. Proses kristalisasi adalah proses yang memiliki peranan penting dalam produksi PP. Penambahan nucleating agent yang berfungsi mempersingkat waktu induksi kristalisasi polimer tertentu, termasuk PP. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh penambahan microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) dan microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) sebagai aditif nucleating agent pada proses kristalisasi PP dan memperoleh persentase optimum yang dibandingkan terhadap Hyperform HPN-20E (HPN) sebagai nucleating agent komersial dan PP murni. MFC dibuat dengan alkalisasi, bleaching dan hidrolisis. MFC dan MCC dikarakterisasi dengan SEM dan XRD. Masing-masing dari MFC, MCC dan HPN dilakukan internal mixing dengan PP pwd dengan konsentrasi 0,10; 0,20; 0,40; 1,00 dan 2,00 phr untuk selanjutnya diwakili dengan penomoran 1, 2, 3, 4 dan 5 dan PP pwd untuk blangko. Sampel masterbatch MFC, MCC, HPN dan PP dilakukan karakterisasi dengan uji FTIR, XRD, DSC dan Tarik. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa MCC dan MFC dapat meningkat derajat kristalinitas, suhu leleh, suhu kristalisasi dan kekuatan tarik polimer PP walaupun belum menyamai kinerja dari HPN. Persentase optimum masterbatch PP+MFC5 dan PP+MCC4 dengan peningkatan derajat kristalinitas masing-masing sebesar 19,96% dan 18,24% terhadap PP murni. Namun, belum dapat menyamai kinerja HPN pada kondisi optimum masterbatch PP+HPN5 dengan peningkatan derajat kristalinitas sebesar 54,80%. Persentase optimum masterbatch PP+MFC5 dan PP+MCC5 pada peningkatan suhu leleh masing-masing sebesar 2,8°C dan 3,3°C terhadap PP murni. Namun, belum dapat menyamai kinerja HPN pada kondisi optimum masterbatch PP+HPN2 dan masterbatch PP+HPN3 dengan peningkatan suhu leleh yang sama yaitu sebesar 4,4°C. Persentase optimum masterbatch PP+MFC4, PP+MFC5 dan PP+MCC5 pada peningkatan suhu kristalisasi masing-masing sebesar 5,0°C, 5,0°C dan 5,7°C terhadap PP murni. Namun, belum dapat menyamai kinerja HPN pada kondisi optimum masterbatch PP+HPN5 dengan peningkatan suhu kristalisasi sebesar 19,0°C. ......Polypropylene (PP) is a thermoplastic polymer used in a variety of applications. Crystallization process is a process that has an important role in PP production. The addition of a nucleating agent that serves to shorten the crystallization induction time of certain polymers, including PP. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of adding microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) as nucleating agent additives to the PP crystallization process and to obtain the optimum percentage compared to Hyperform HPN-20E (HPN) as commercial nucleating agent and Pure PP. MFC is made by alkalization, bleaching and hydrolysis. MFC and MCC were characterized by SEM and XRD. Each of the MFC, MCC and HPN were internally mixed with PP pwd with a concentration of 0.10; 0.20; 0.40; 1.00 and 2.00 phr are then represented by numbering 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and PP pwd for blanks. The MFC, MCC, HPN and PP masterbatch samples were characterized by FTIR, XRD, DSC and Tensile tests. The results show that MCC and MFC can increase the degree of crystallinity, melting temperature, crystallization temperature and tensile strength of PP polymer although they cannot match the performance of HPN. The optimum percentages of PP+MFC5 and PP+MCC4 masterbatches with increasing degree of crystallinity were 19.96% and 18.24%, respectively, compared to pure PP. However, it has not been able to match the performance of HPN under the optimum conditions of the PP+HPN5 masterbatch with an increase in the degree of crystallinity of 54.80%. The optimum percentages of PP+MFC5 and PP+MCC5 masterbatches at increasing melting temperatures were 2.8°C and 3.3°C, respectively, for pure PP. However, it has not been able to match the performance of HPN under the optimum conditions of the PP+HPN2 masterbatch and PP+HPN3 masterbatch with the same increase in melting temperature of 4.4°C. The optimum percentages of PP+MFC4, PP+MFC5 and PP+MCC5 masterbatches at increasing crystallization temperature were 5.0°C, 5.0°C and 5.7°C for pure PP, respectively. However, it has not been able to match the performance of HPN under the optimum conditions of the PP+HPN5 masterbatch with an increase in crystallization temperature of 19.0°C.

Abstrak :
Salah satu pilihan proses daur ulang baterai Li-ion adalah dengan proses ekstraksi pelarut kobalt (Co) dan nikel (Ni) dan kristalisasi menjadi CoSO4.7H2O dan NiSO4.6H2O, meskipun laporan ini hanya akan fokus pada kobalt. Proses ekstraksi pelarut dibagi menjadi tiga tahap, ekstraksi, scrubbing, dan stripping, masing-masing dilakukan dalam 4 tahap mixer-settler menggunakan 20% v/v Cyanex272 dalam kerosene. Kristalisasi dilakukan dengan penguapan air dalam multi-effect evaporative crystallization (MEEC) pada suhu 70˚C dan tekanan 0,2 bar hingga mencapai saturasi di atas 670 kg/m3. Kristal tersuspensi dalam larutan induk meninggalkan kristal akan disaring dalam filter pelat-dan-bingkai. Prediksi jumlah kristal kobalt sulfat heptahidrat yang terbentuk adalah 1.262,20 ton/tahun dari pakan 25.151,15 ton/tahun dari area pabrik-300. Pengukuran pendahuluan menunjukkan volume berikut untuk peralatan kritis: alat pencampur ekstraksi (10,5 m3), alat pencampur ekstraksi (5,11 m3), pemukim penggosok (9 m3), pencampur penggosok (4,24 m3), pemukim pengupasan (6,75 m3), pengaduk pengupasan (3,14 m3 ), pengkristal (0,7 m3). Proses tersebut diperkirakan memiliki biaya modal sebesar AUD 44.463.405 dengan biaya operasional tahunan sebesar AUD 34.510.857,37 dan AUD 112.078.760,88 dari penjualan tahunan. Emisi lingkungan meliputi air limbah 12.074,52 ton/tahun, emisi karbon dioksida dari penggunaan listrik 227.014,40 kgCO2/tahun dan larutan induk asam tinggi 1.264,39 ton/tahun yang perlu penanganan lebih lanjut. ......One of the process options of Li-ion battery recycling is by solvent extraction process of cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) and crystallization to CoSO4.7H2O and NiSO4.6H2O, though this report will only focus on cobalt with nickel being out-of-scope. The solvent extraction process is divided into three stages, extraction, scrubbing, and stripping, each done in a 4-stage mixer-settlers using 20% v/v Cyanex272 in kerosene. Crystallization is done by evaporation of moisture in a multi-effect evaporative crystallization (MEEC) at a temperature of 70˚C and a pressure of 0.2 bar to achieve a supersaturation above 670 kg/m3 . Crystals suspended in mother liquor leaving the crystallized will be filtered in a plate-and-frame filter. The predicted amount of cobalt sulphate heptahydrate crystals formed is 1,262.20 tons/year from a 25,151.15 tonnes/year feed from plant area-300. Preliminary sizing shows the following volumes for critical equipment: extraction settler (10.5 m3), extraction mixer (5.11 m3), scrubbing settler (9 m3), scrubbing mixer (4.24 m3), stripping settler (6.75 m3), stripping mixer (3.14 m3), crystallizer (0.7 m3). The processes is estimated to have a capital cost of AUD 44,463,405 with an annual operating cost of AUD 34,510,857.37 and AUD 112,078,760.88 of annual sales. The environmental emission includes 12,074.52 ton/year waste water, carbon dioxide emission from electrical usage 227,014.40 kgCO2/year and 1,264.39 ton/year high acidic mother liquor that needs further treatment.

Abstrak :
Di tengah wabah Tuberkulosis TB, penelitian tentang obat tuberkulosis baru yang dapat memberikan resolusi penyembuhan lebih cepat sangatlah penting. Penemuan baru tersebut berperan penting dalam menurunankan jumlah pasien yang terjangkit wabah TB di seluruh dunia. Efektivitas rifapentin telah dinilai dan telah terbukti menjadi antibiotik yang paling efektif untuk menyembuhkan TB. Penggunaan rifapentin yang sering dengan dosis yang tinggi dapat menghasilkan resolusi penyembuhan yang lebih cepat. Namun, berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu, tingkat penggunaan yang sering tidak dapat dicapai secara oral melainkan dalam bentuk aerosol sehingga langsung menuju ke paru-paru yang terinfeksi. Oleh karena itu, dengan meningkatnya minat terhadap efektivitas rifapentin, penelitian ini mengintegrasikan bentuk hirup dari kristal rifapentin yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode kristalisasi dengan penambahan anti-pelarut dalam sistem batch dengan menggunakan aseton sebagai pelarut dan air suling sebagai anti-pelarut. Selain itu, penelitian ini menyelidiki mengenai pengaruh jumlah benih seed , rasio supersaturasi, dan waktu pengkristalan terhadap karakterisasi produk kristal yang dihasilkan agar dapat diperoleh ukuran yang sesuai. Berdasarkan penelitian terhadap masing-masing pengaruh, diperoleh hasil optimal pada penelitian tanpa menggunakan benih unseeded dengan rasio supersaturasi = 1.26. ......In the midst of Tuberculosis pandemic, a research about new tuberculosis drug that results in more rapid resolution of tubercular infection is important. It will play a crucial role in accelerating the reductions in tuberculosis incidence that is occurring worldwide. The effectiveness of rifapentine has been assessed and it has been proven to be the most effective antibiotics for Tuberculosis. A frequent administration and dose of rifapentine resulted in more rapid resolution of tubercular infection. However, based on former research, high exposure levels for treatment shortening may be unachievable with oral administration and might instead be achieved by direct aerosol delivery of rifapentine to the pulmonary site of infection. Therefore, with the growing interest toward the effectiveness of rifapentine in frequent administration and dose, this research integrates an inhalable form of crystalline rifapentine prepared using anti solvent batch crystallization method with acetone as a solvent and distilled water as an anti solvent. Moreover, this research investigates the effect of seed loading, supersaturation ratio, and residence time on the characterization of crystalline rifapentine in order to form a crystalline rifapentine in an inhalable size. Based on the assessment of each effect, optimum result was obtained at unseeded experiment with supersaturation ratio 1.26.

Abstrak :
Zeolit merupakan material aluminosilikat kristalin yang memiliki berbagai jenis struktur unik yang umumnya terdiri dari senyawa utama SiO2 dan Al2O3. Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (ZSM-5) merupakan salah satu jenis zeolit dengan struktur MFI yang banyak digunakan sebagai katalis di dunia industri. Telah dilakukan literature review tentang pengaruh berbagai parameter dalam sintesis ZSM-5 terhadap kristalinitas produk ZSM-5 yang dihasilkan. Beberapa parameter sintesis yang dipelajari dalam penelitian ini diantaranya adalah pengaruh waktu kristalisasi, pengaruh rasio molar H2O/SiO2, dan pengaruh rasio molar SiO2/Al2O3. Waktu kristalisasi berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan kristal ZSM-5. Rasio molar H2O/SiO2 mempengaruhi kelarutan dan tingkat kebasaan larutan prekursor. Rasio molar SiO2/Al2O3 mempengaruhi fasa produk akhir yang terbentuk. Ketiga parameter sintesis ini sangat menentukan kristalinitas ZSM-5 yang dihasilkan. Formulasi dilakukan dari hasil literature review yang telah dilakukan untuk menentukan parameter-parameter terbaik dalam sintesis ZSM-5 dengan bahan dasar kaolin yang berasal dari Badau, Belitung, Indonesia. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi, parameter terbaik untuk sintesis tersebut yaitu dengan aging selama 4 jam pada temperatur 80 0C, kristalisasi selama 24 jam pada temperatur 180 0C, rasio molar 0,1Na2O: 1SiO2: 0,025Al2O3: 10H2O, dan penggunaan ZSM-5 seed sebagai Surface Directing Agent (SDA). ......Zeolite is crystalline aluminosilicate material which has many kinds of unique structures, generally with SiO2 and Al2O3 as the main compounds. Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (ZSM-5) is one species of zeolite which has MFI structure and used widely as catalyst in industry. Literature review about the effects of ZSM-5 synthesis parameters on crystallinity of ZSM-5 product has been conducted. Several parameters being studied on this research are the effects of crystallization temperatures, H2O/SiO2 molar ratio, and SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio. Crystallization time affected the crystal growth of ZSM-5. Molar ratio of H2O/SiO2 affected the solubility and alkalinity of the precursor solutions. Molar ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 affected the phases of the final product. These three synthesis parameters have a really important role on the crystallinity of ZSM-5 synthesized. Formulation is conducted from the results of the literature review to decide the best parameters on ZSM-5 synthesis from kaolin Badau Belitung, Indonesia. From evaluated results, the best parameters for synthesis processes are aging time 4 hours at 80 0C, crystallization time 24 hours at 180 0C, molar ratio of 0,1Na2O: 1SiO2: 0,025Al2O3: 10H2O, and the usage of ZSM-5 seed as Surface Directing Agent (SDA).

Abstrak :
Efek penambahan serat ijuk (Arenga Pinata) terhadap perilaku kristalisasi Polipropilena Kopolimer Impak (IPC) ditelaah menggunakan model kinetika Nakamura untuk solidifikasi non-isotermal. Model tersebut merupakan pengembangan dari model isotermal Avrami. Hasil permodelan kemudian dibandingkan dengan data DSC dari hasil eksperimen IPC yang ditambahkan 1%, dan 5% serat ijuk dengan temperatur pencampuran masing-masing 160 ^oC dan 165 o^C. Serat ijuk yang digunakan pada penilitian, sebelumnya telah diberi perlakuan alkalinisasi dengan larutan NaOH 6% selama 8 jam. Penambahan serat ijuk dapat menggeser nilai indeks Avrami (n) spesimen IPC yang pada kondisi murni memiliki nilai n=3. Penambahan serat ijuk sebesar 1% dan 5% fraksi masss pada suhu 160 ^oC dapat menurunkan nilai indeks Avrami masing-masing sampel menjadi 2.9268 dan 2.506. Nilai n yang mendekati 2 ini  menunjukan bahwa sampel cenderung mengalami pertumbuhan secara 1-dimensi dan menghasilkan struktur yang lebih kristalin Sedangkan penambahan serat ijuk sebesar 1% dan 5% pada suhu 160 ^oC menaikkan nilai indeks Avrami masing-masing menjadi 3.2726 dan 3.2489. Nilai n yang lebih besar dari 3 menunjukan arah pertumbuhan 2 dimensi dan menghasilkan struktur yang kurang kristalin.

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We use Nakamura kinetic model for non-isothermal solidification to investigate the effect on the addition of Arenga Pinata fiber to the crystallization behavior of impact polypropylene copolymer (IPC). We compared the model predictions with the DSC non-isothermal crystallinity results of IPC with additions of 1%, and 5% Arenga Pinata fiber each mixed  at 160 ^oC and 165 ^oC. The fiber used in this experiment was previously pre-treated with 6% NaOH for 8 hours. The addition of Arenga Pinata fiber shift the Avrami index of pure IPC from the original value of 3. The addition of 1% and 5% of fiber at 160 ^oC mixing temperature decrease the Avrami Index to 2.9268 dan 2.506 respectively. It is indicating that the crystallization process was experiencing a 1-dimensional growth and result in a more crystalline structure. However, the addition of fiber at 165 ^oC mixing temperature increase the Avrami Index to 3.2726 dan 3.2489 respectively. It is indicating that the crystallization process was experiencing a 2-dimensional growth and result in a less crystalline structure.

Abstrak :
Fenomena kristalisasi dari material polipropilena kopolimer impak IPC dimodelkan secara non-isotermal dengan model kinetika Nakamura yang merupakan perluasan dari model kinetika isotermal Avrami. Teori Hoffman-Lauritzen digunakan di dalam kinetika Nakamura untuk menggambarkan kecepatan kristalisasi rata-rata sebagai fungsi dari temperatur. Beberapa parameter pada persamaan Hoffman-Lauritzen seperti konstanta nukleasi dan pre-exponential factor harus dikalibrasi terlebih dahulu dengan mengacu pada data differential scanning calorimetry DSC dari IPC murni. Hasil permodelan kemudian dibandingkan dengan data DSC dari hasil eksperimen IPC yang ditambahkan 5, 15, dan 25 serat kenaf dengan temperatur pencampuran 170oC dan waktu pencampuran 15 menit. Serat kenaf yang digunakan diberi perlakuan alkalinisasi dengan larutan NaOH 6 selama 8 jam. Penambahan konsentrasi serat kenaf memicu penurunan indeks Avrami n sampel dari n=3 menuju n=2. Indeks Avrami n=2 menunjukkan bahwa sampel mengalami kristalisasi dengan pertumbuhan secara 1-dimensi. Tetapi, terdapat beberapa perbedaan dari kurva kristalisasi antara hasil simulasi dan data eksperimen yang didapatkan. Perbedaan ini dapat disebabkan karena terjadinya fenomena secondary nucleation dan kurangnya masukan kalor yang diberikan pada saat proses pencampuran IPC dengan serat kenaf.

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The non isothermal crystallization phenomenon of impact polypropylene copolymer IPC has been modeled using the Nakamura equation model which is an extension of the Avrami equation. The theory of Hoffman Lauritzen is used inside the Nakamura kinetic model to describe the average crystallization rate as a function of temperature. Some parameters of Hoffman Lauritzen need to be calibrated first by considering the differential scanning calorimetry DSC data of pure IPC. We compared the model predictions with the DSC non isothermal crystallinity results of IPC with additions of 5, 15, and 25 kenaf fiber. The mixing temperature and mixing time in this experiments were 170oC and 15 minutes, respectively. The kenaf fiber was pre treated with 6 NaOH for 8 hours. The addition of kenaf fiber showed a decrease in Avrami index of the sample from n 3 to n 2. Indicating that the crystallization process was experiencing a 1 dimensional growth. However, there were several discrepancies between the model predictions and experimental results. The phenomenon of secondary nucleation and the lack of heat input in IPC mixing process with the kenaf fiber could cause these differences.