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Abstrak :
Indonesia termasuk ke dalam kriteria negara 'high-burden' dengan insidensi TB yang masih tinggi. Indonesia masuk kedalam kriteria ini karena tingginya data epidemiologis kasus TB-HIV dan TB-MDR. Spesimen klinis terbanyak yang diolah untuk kultur TB adalah sputum, yang mengandung banyak kontaminan dari flora normal tenggorok. Salah satu metode kultur TB yang ideal adalah dengan mengembangkan larutan yang mudah didapat serta efektif tanpa banyak membunuh basil TB. Bleach adalah larutan yang murah dan diketahui secara luas sebagai disinfektan yang baik sehingga dapat dijadikan alternatif. Penelitian dilaksanakan di laboratorium TB LMK FK UI RSCM menggunakan 35 sampel dengan BTA positif. Setiap sampel dibagi dalam 4 kelompok dengan metode dekontaminasi yang berbeda. Keempat metode tersebut menggunakan 4 NaOH, 2 NALC-NaOH, 5 asam oksalat dan 1 bleach. Larutan 1 bleach disiapkan dari larutan pemutih komersial yang ada di pasaran. Setiap kelompok perlakuan dihitung proprsi kontaminasi dan kultur positif. Kultur positif divalidasi menggunakan MPT 64. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan subyek dengan BTA 1 sebanyak 46, BTA 2 37 dan BTA 3 sebanyak 17. Bleach merupakan kelompok dengan proporsi kontaminasi terbaik sebesar 2.8 dibanding 4 NaOH sebesar 5.7, dengan perbedaan proporsi kontaminasi yang signifikan p=0.000. Terdapat perbedaan signifikan antar kelompok dalam proporsi kultur positif p=0.006, tetapi pada uji post hoc tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara 1 bleach, 4 NaOH dan 2 NALC-NaOH. Kesimpulan penelitian ini, 1 bleach dapat digunakan untuk dekontaminan pada kultur TB dengan harga yang lebih murah, terutama pada sampel BTA 2 keatas serta terkontaminasi berat. ...... Indonesia remains one of 22 high burden countries with highly tuberculosis TB incidence according to WHO. There are a lot of numbers of TB HIV and TB ndash MDR in Indonesia. As most processed clinical specimen for TB culture, sputum is contaminated by normal flora from oropharyngeal tract. The best method to establish appropriate culture from sputum is establishing a safe solution for the laboratory worker without kills numerous TB bacilli, preferred economic and easy prepared solution. Bleach is well known as cheap and good disinfectant that could use as an alternative. The research was aimed to compare the capability as bleach as decontaminat solution to other solution. The study was conducted at TB laboratory of FMUI, by using 35 samples sputum with positive AFS, 3 5 ml. Each sample was divided into 4 groups which was decontaminated by different methods. The methods are 4 NaOH, 2 NALC NaOH, 5 oxalic acid and 1 bleach. 1 Bleach was prepared from commercially bleach. Each group was assessed for contamination and culture positive rate. The positive culture was validated using MPT 64. The number of positive AFS were 1 46, 2 37 and 3 17. Bleach had the best contamination rate which was 2.8 compared to 4 NaOH 5.7, and significant difference among 4 groups p 0.000. There was also significant difference among 4 groups in positive culture proportion p 0.006, but there wasn rsquo t signficant different between 1 bleach, 4 NaOH and 2 NALC NaOH. Conclusion of this study is, 1 bleach can be used as an alternative solution for decontamination of TB culture from highly contaminated sputum with AFB higher than 2.

Abstrak :
The microbial contamination in the rhizomes of medicinal plants including Curcuma amada rhizomes is generally high. This due to the fact that rhizomes are the bottom parts that grow in the soil. Based on the Regulation of Head of the Indonesian National Agency of Drug and Food Control Number HK.00.06.1.52.4011, the limits of microbial contamination in herbal/medicinal plants are 106 cfu/g for the total microbial and 2×104 cfu/g for the total yeast and mold. Gamma irradiation is one of the methods to reduce microbial contamination in medicinal plants. In this research, the effectiveness of gamma irradiation in microbial reduction and its effects to curcuminoid contents was determined by irradiating Curcuma amada rhizomes at doses of 5 and 10 kGy. The initial contamination in this rhizome was 8.78×107 cfu/g and 5×101 cfu/g for the total microbial and for the total yeast and mould, respectively. The result indicates that at 5 kGy, the microbial contamination and the mould and yeast contamination were reduced from 8.78×107 cfu/g and 5×101 cfu/g to 1.39×104 cfu/g and under 1×101 cfu/g, respectively. Meanwhile the comparison of curcuminoids between the irradiated and non irradiated samples was performed by HPLC method and was found to actually increase from 0.26% to 0.36% after the 5-kGy irradiation. It can be concluded that an irradiation dose of 5 kGy is effective to reduce the content of microorganisms without lowering curcuminoids. Gamma radiation could be used as decontamination method in medicinal plants.

Abstrak :
This book is a selection of reviewed manuscripts issuing from the NATO Advanced Research Workshop Plasma for bio-decontamination, medicine and food security held in Jasná, Slovakia, on 15-18 March 2011. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge and research activities focused at the plasma applications in areas such as bio-decontamination, water chemistry, effects on cells; biofilm inactivation, UV sterilization, and medicine, especially tissue treatment and wound healing, as well as dentistry and food security.