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"This book addresses the social experiences of juvenile offenders in the correctional machinery and the career effects these experiences have on offenders. It follows offenders from apprehension through detention, court appearance, probation and institutionalization, showing how the organizations operate, the role definitions of the people who man them, and the views of the correctional organizations held by members of the public. It is a valuable supplement to courses in deviance, criminology, social problems and organizational analysis. The book begins with the delinquent population and endeavours to identify the major characteristics of juvenile lawbreaking. It separates youths who most often remain as "hidden" delinquents from those who are observed and apprehended. The text then moves through the major parts of the correctional machinery in much the same way as offenders are processed through it. Information on each topic is marshalled in accordance with five dimensions; the nature of the organization; the perspectives of the consumer (the public); the perspective of the employees; the perspectives of the offenders; and the impact of the agency upon offenders. Thus, a major focus of the book is an organizational analysis, a basic feature of the current sociological perspective. This work, on first publication in 1970, was one of the first to tackle the growing skepticism as to the beneficial aspects correctional institutions may have on the young offenders, and the analysis of those benefits. The readings attempt to show something of the impact of correctional experiences on juvenile delinquents, and suggest that the overall effect is to drive deviants further into deviant activities rather than attaining the desired goal of rehabilitation."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan faktor-faktor apa saja yang signifikan mempengaruhi efektivitas dan efisiensi administrasi perpajakan terhadap tunggakan pajak di wilayah DJP Jakarta Barat. Model analisis regresi linier berganda digunakan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi efektifitas dan efisiensi administrasi perpajakan terhadap tunggakan pajak dan melakukan analisis rasio untuk menetapkan efektifitas dan efisiensinya.Hasil penelitian pada lima model regresi linier berganda membuktikan bahwa ada dua faktor (independen variabel) yang selalu konstan mempengaruhi tunggakan pajak dari tahun 2005 s.d. 2007, yaitu Hasil Pemeriksaan dan Hasil SK Pembetulan/SK Keberatan/Putusan Banding yang selalu memberikan hasil uji t0 yang signifikan (di bawah 5%). Secara keseluruhan dari tahun 2005 s.d. 2007 diketahui bahwa rata-rata pencapaian target adalah sebesar 81%. Hal ini berarti target tidak 100% tercapai sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa administrasi perpajakan terhadap tunggakan pajak dilaksanakan dengan efektifitas 81%. Efisiensi administrasi perpajakan terhadap tunggakan pajak dikatakan dari tahun 2005 hingga 2007 masih dibawah 1% sehingga dapat dikatakan masih efisien.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, perbaikan kualitas audit pajak dan etika yang baik sebaiknya ditingkatkan dengan diklat/pendidikan secara berkala. Pada penagihan pajak, strategi pencairan tunggakan pajak harus lebih dicermati, misalnya dengan menekankan pada pencairan tunggakan pajak Wajib Pajak yang memiliki tunggakan besar dan relatif masih baru.

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The objective of this research is to identify some significant factors influencing tax administration effectiveness and efficiency toward delinquent tax in west Jakarta DGT region. Double linier regression analysis model used to find out factors influencing tax administration effectiveness and efficiency toward tax delinquent and analysis ratio to set its effectiveness and efficiency.The results of five double linier regression models prove two factors (independent variable) that always constantly influence delinquent tax from year 2005 to 2007, such as audit result and decree for revision /decree for objection/appeal that always give significant result (below 5%) of t0 test. Overall from year 2005 to 2007 show that the average of target achievement is 81%. It means that the target can not be achieved 100% so the tax administration toward delinquent tax can be said the effectiveness is 81%. The efficiency of tax administration toward delinquent tax from year 2005 to 2007 still below 1%, so it can be said efficient.Based on the results of the research, the improvement of tax audit quality and ethic should be increase with course/education continually. In tax collection, the strategy of delinquent tax should be prepared carefully. For example, focus on the payment that has large amount delinquent tax and still relatively new."

"Komunitas Speedfrog sebagai penggiat balap motor memiliki kebutuhan dalam upaya merealisasikan minatnya di bidang balap motor. Namun dalam upaya pemenuhannya, komunitas Speedfrog mengalami keterbatasan-keterbatasan sehingga mereka menggunakan cara pemenuhan alternatif yakni dengan melakukan kegiatan balap motor di jalan raya. Bermula dari memilih upaya alternatif ini, komunitas Speedfrog kemudian membentuk delinquent subculture, di mana dalam subkultur terdapat nilai-nilai dan upaya pemenuhannya yang tidakbisa disediakan olehmasyarakat. Namun kegiatan mereka dianggap tidak konformis oleh masyarakat, dan menghasilkan reaksi-reaksi tertentu. Sebagaikerangka analisa, peneliti menggunakan social construction of reality di manapencarian upaya alternatif menjadi bentuk eksternalisasi yang dilakukan, hingga akhirnya delinquent subculture bisa terbentuk dan terinternalisasi. Salah satu unsur dalam delinquent subculture adalah identitas, yang juga merupakan hasil dari proses pembentukan yang terjadi melalui social construction of reality.

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Speedfrog is a community, based on mutual interest on motorcycle racing. To fulfill their goals, Speedfrog have list of needs, but the society have failed to provide the legitimate means to achieve those needs. As result, Speedfrog use the alternative means to achieve it, by doing motorcycle racing on the street. By doing this illegitimate means to achieve their goals, Speedfrog construct a form of delinquent subculture, which offer value and norms that society had failed to provide. But then this subculture and activities inside it defined as non-conformity by the larger society. Using the social construction of reality as the main analysis frame, this research explain how this delinquent subculture is created. Started from externalization phase where Speedfrog use the illegitimate means to achieve their goals, then this delinquent subculture is created on the next two phases until every values inside this delinquent subculture is internalized. One of these values is identity, which also socially constructed by the same process as the delinquent subculture itself."

"Fenomena geng klitih merupakan suatu sebutan masyarakat Yogyakarta terhadap kasus kejahatan jalanan (street crime) yang dilakukan oleh sekumpulan geng remaja/pelajar. Motif kejahatannya beragam dan di luar orientasi materi, seperti balas dendam antarkelompok, menunjukkan solidaritas kelompok, pemberontakan terhadap sistem, hingga ajang unjuk eksistensi diri. Sementara itu, latar belakang lingkungan keluarga, pergaulan di sekolah, dan lemahnya social bond memiliki peran vital dalam pembentukan faktor kriminogen individu yang terlibat. Tesis ini membahas fenomena geng klitih dengan pendekatan kriminologi budaya yang berhubungan dengan subkebudayaan delinkuen, pengaruh dinamika kota dan penduduk, serta peranan agen kontrol sosial baik lembaga pemerintahan hingga masyarakat. Hasil penelitian ini berupa suatu gagasan pengendalian sosial kejahatan di luar peradilan pidana yang berbasis pada pelibatan agen masyarakat sesuai dengan konteks pandangan kriminologi budaya.

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A phenomenon of Klitih gang is a term mentioned by the people of Yogyakarta toward street crime conducted by a group of youth/student geng. The motive of the crimes are vary and beyond money orientation, such as revenge among groups, to expressed groups solidarity, rebellion against the system, and to show self exsistence. Meanwhile, family background, school‘s association, and weak social bond have a vital role in forming a criminogenic factor of the person involved. This thesis discusses the phenomenon of the Klitih gang with a cultural criminology approach that is related to delinquent subcultures, the impact of city and population dynamics, and the role of social control agents in both the government agency and society. The result of this thesis is in a form of a notion of social crime control throughout criminal justice based on the involvement of the community in accordance to the context of the cultural criminology views."

"This two-volume set is designed to serve as a reference source for anyone interested in the roots of contemporary criminological theory. Drawing together a team of international scholars, it examines the global landscape of all the key theories and the theorists behind them, presenting them in a context needed to understand their strengths and weaknesses. The work provides essays on cutting-edge research as well as concise, to-the-point definitions of key concepts, ideas, schools, and figures. Topics include contexts and concepts in criminological theory, the social construction of crime, policy implications of theory, diversity and intercultural contexts, conflict theory, rational choice theories, conservative criminology, feminist theory, and more.Key ThemesThe Classical School of CriminologyThe Positivist School of CriminologyEarly American Theories of CrimeBiological and Biosocial Theories of CrimePsychological Theories of CrimeThe Chicago School of CriminologyCultural and Learning Theories of CrimeAnomie and Strain Theories of Crime and DevianceControl Theories of CrimeLabeling and Interactionist Theories of CrimeTheories of the Criminal SanctionConflict, Radical, and Critical Theories of CrimeFeminist and Gender-Specific Theories of CrimeChoice and Opportunity Theories of CrimeMacro-Level/ Community Theories of CrimeLife-Course and Developmental Theories of CrimeIntegrated Theories of CrimeTheories of White-Collar and Corporate CrimeContemporary Gang TheoriesTheories of Prison Behavior and InsurgencyTheories of Fear and Concern About Crime"