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"Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease characterised by elevated levels of blood glucose known ashyperglycaemia. Diabetes is due to impaired insulin action in the metabolism of glucose and can result in impairedwound healing. Excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, an increased number of macrophages andneutrophils, and decreased levels of transforming growth factor ? beta 1 (TGF-β1) serum can be characteristic ofimpaired wound healing. This study aims to determine the effects of squid extract on certain wound parameters such aslevels of tumour necrosis factor ? alpha (TNF-α), and TGF-β1 serum and the number of macrophages and neutrophils.Methods: This was a post-test only, randomized controlled group study that was conducted on male Wistar rats.Experimental animals were divided into 6 groups; (1) normal wound with standard diet, (2) diabetic wound withstandard diet, (3) diabetic wound with chitosan supplement, (4) diabetic wound given squid extract orally once a day,(5) diabetic wound given squid extract orally twice a day, and (6) diabetic wound given squid extract orally once everytwo days. Levels of TNF-α and TGF-β1 serum were observed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.Haematocylin and eosin staining was used to observed macrophage and neutrophil counts. All data was analysedstatistically by one-way analysis of variance. Results: TNF-α serum levels showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) insubjects that received squid extract orally once every two days. The mean levels of TGF-β1 showed no significantdifferences. The mean number of macrophage cells showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups.The mean number of neutrophil cells also showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups. Conclusions:Squid extract is effective in lowering the TNF-α serum levels and the number of macrophages and neutrophils cells inWistar rats. However, there were insignificant findings on increasing levels of TGF-β1 serum. This data suggests thatsquid extract is most effective during the inflammatory phase of wound healing which takes places about 2-4 days afterwound creation."

"Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease characterised by elevated levels of blood glucose known as hyperglycaemia. Diabetes is due to impaired insulin action in the metabolism of glucose and can result in impaired wound healing. Excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, an increased number of macrophages and neutrophils, and decreased levels of transforming growth factor ? beta 1 (TGF-β1) serum can be characteristic of impaired wound healing. This study aims to determine the effects of squid extract on certain wound parameters such as levels of tumour necrosis factor ? alpha (TNF-α), and TGF-β1 serum and the number of macrophages and neutrophils.Methods: This was a post-test only, randomized controlled group study that was conducted on male Wistar rats. Experimental animals were divided into 6 groups; (1) normal wound with standard diet, (2) diabetic wound with standard diet, (3) diabetic wound with chitosan supplement, (4) diabetic wound given squid extract orally once a day, (5) diabetic wound given squid extract orally twice a day, and (6) diabetic wound given squid extract orally once every two days. Levels of TNF-α and TGF-β1 serum were observed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Haematocylin and eosin staining was used to observed macrophage and neutrophil counts. All data was analysedstatistically by one-way analysis of variance.Results: TNF-α serum levels showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in subjects that received squid extract orally once every two days. The mean levels of TGF-β1 showed no significant differences. The mean number of macrophage cells showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups. The mean number of neutrophil cells also showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups.Conclusions: Squid extract is effective in lowering the TNF-α serum levels and the number of macrophages and neutrophils cells in Wistar rats. However, there were insignificant findings on increasing levels of TGF-β1 serum. This data suggests that squid extract is most effective during the inflammatory phase of wound healing which takes places about 2-4 days after wound creation.Keywords: diabetic wound, squid, TNF"

"Latar BelakangPrevalensi diabetes diprediksi meningkat selama beberapa tahun ke depan di mana luka diabetes itu sendiri dapat menyebabkan kecacatan seumur hidup bahkan kematian. Bonggol nanas (Ananas comosus L.) memiliki senyawa aktif yaitu bromelain yang berperan dalam penyembuhan luka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat aktivitas penyembuhan luka dari pemberian ekstrak bonggol nanas.MetodePenelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental in-vivo dengan melibatkan 54 tikus putih jantan Webster berusia 8-10 minggu dengan berat badan 150-200 gram yang dibagi acak menjadi 18 kelompok: kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, serta tiga kelompok dengan dosis ekstrak bonggol nanas berbeda dengan durasi 1, 2 dan 3 minggu. Sebanyak 45 tikus diinduksi diabetes dengan larutan streptozotocin dalam larutan buffer sitrat sedangkan 9 tikus lainnya dijadikan sebagai kontrol sehat. Semua tikus dicukur, dianastesi dan luka dibuat di bagian dorsal. Tikus kemudian diberikan zat yang sesuai dengan kelompok percobaan. Kelompok kontrol positif akan diberikan metformin, kontrol negatif tidak diberikan apapun, dosis 1 diberikan ekstrak 0,25 g/KgBB, dosis 2 yaitu 0,5 g/KgBB, dan dosis 3 yaitu 1 g/KgBB. Pengukuran luas luka dengan mengukur area pada plastik transparan yang sudah ditandai sesuai lukanya. Data dianalisis menggunakan perangkat lunak SPSS 29.0 dengan p < 0,05 dianggap bermakna.HasilData persentase penyembuhan luka tidak terdistribusi normal. Kelompok metformin menunjukkan persentase tertinggi pada minggu 1 dan 2. Hasil uji Kruskal-Wallis persentase penyembuhan luka menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antarkelompok (p = 0,959).KesimpulanPemberian ekstrak bonggol nanas (Ananas comosus L.) tidak berpengaruh terhadap penyembuhan luka diabetes pada tikus putih Jantan (Webster).

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Introduction

The prevalence of diabetes is predicted to increase over the next few years, where diabetic wounds themselves can cause lifelong disability and even death. Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) has an active compound, bromelain, which plays a role in wound healing. This study aims to look at the wound healing activity of pineapple core extract.

Method

This study was an in-vivo experimental study involving 54 male Webster white rats aged 8-10 weeks with a body weight of 150-200 grams randomly divided into 18 groups: negative control, positive control, and three groups with different doses of pineapple stem extract with a duration of 1, 2 and 3 weeks. A total of 45 rats were induced diabetes with streptozotocin solution in citrate buffer solution while the other 9 rats served as healthy controls. All rats were shaved, anesthetized and a wound was made on the dorsal side. The rats were then administered substances corresponding to the experimental groups. The positive control group will be given metformin, the negative control is given nothing, dose 1 is given 0.25 g/KgBB extract, dose 2 is 0.5 g/KgBB, and dose 3 is 1 g/KgBB. Measurement of wound area by measuring the area on transparent plastic that has been marked according to the wound. Data were analyzed using SPSS 29.0 software with p < 0.05 considered significant.

Results

The wound healing percentage data was not normally distributed. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test on the percentage of wound healing showed that there was no significant difference between groups (p = 0.959).

Conclusion

The administration of pineapple core extract (Ananas comosus L.) did not show a significant relationship to diabetic wound healing in male white rats (Webster)."