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"Gunung Kapur merupakan bukit karbonat yang bersifat soliter berumur Miosen yang masuk ke dalam Anggota Batugamping Formasi Bojongmanik dengan litologi penyusun berupa batugamping. Gunung Kapur berlokasi di Kecamatan Ciampea, Kabupaten Bogor. Studi diagenesis dilakukan di lokasi ini dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui rezim diagenesis dan proses-proses diagenesis yang bekerja pada batuan beserta korelasinya terhadap porositas batuan. Hal yang akan dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah pemetaan geologi, pengambilan sampel batugamping, analisis megaskopis batuan, dan analisis petrografi. Pada hasil kegiatan lapangan didapatkan 10 sampel yang dianalisis lebih lanjut menggunakan metode petrografi. Proses-proses diagenesis di daerah penelitian yang menambah porositas adalah disolusi, alterasi biogenik, dan kompaksi sedangkan yang mengurangi nilai porositas adalah sementasi, kompaksi, dan neomorfisme. Tipe-tipe porositas yang terbentuk adalah burrow, intrapartikel, interpartikel, interkristalin, fracture, channel, vuggy, dan moldic. Adapun nilai porositas yang didapatkan dari sampel adalah 1,71% hingga 18,38% berdasarkan perhitungan point counting sehingga disimpulkan bahwa kualitas porositas di daerah penelitian yaitu negligible sampai good. Berdasarkan bukti proses diagenesis yang ditemukan, rezim diagenesis di daerah penelitian adalah rezim laut, rezim bawah permukaan, dan rezim meteorik freatik.

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Gunung Kapur is a solitary carbonate hill of Miocene age which included in the Anggota Batugamping Formasi Bojongmanik with the lithology consisting of limestone. Gunung Kapur located in Ciampea District, Bogor Regency. Diagenesis studies were carried out at this location to know the diagenesis regime and the diagenesis process's impact on rocks and their correlation to rock porosity. Research activities that will be used in this research are geological mapping, limestone sampling, rock megascopic analysis, and petrographic analysis. The results from field activities, 10 samples were obtained which were further analyzed using the petrographic method. Diagenesis processes in the research area that increase porosity are dissolution, biogenic alteration, and compaction, while those that reduce porosity are cementation, compaction, and neomorphism. The types of porosity formed are burrow, intraparticle, interparticle, intercrystalline, fracture, channel, vuggy, and moldic. The porosity values obtained from the samples are 1.71% to 18.38% based on point counting calculations so it can be concluded that the porosity quality in the research area is negligible to good. Based on diagenesis processes evidence, the diagenesis regime in study area are marine regime, burial regime, and meteoric phreatic regim"

"Gunung Jambu merupakan bukit karbonat yang bersifat soliter berumur Miosen Tengah yang masuk ke dalam Formasi Bojongmanik dengan litologi penyusun berupa batugamping. Gunung Jambu berlokasi di Kecamatan Leuwisadeng, Kabupaten Bogor. Studi diagenesis dilakukan di lokasi ini dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui rezim diagenesis dan proses-proses diagenesis yang terjadi pada batuan beserta korelasinya terhadap porositas batuan. Rangkuman kegiatan yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah pemetaan geologi, pengambilan sampel batugamping, analisis megaskopis batuan, dan analisis petrografi. Pada hasil kegiatan lapangan didapatkan 12 sampel yang dianalisis lebih lanjut menggunakan metode petrografi. Karakteristik proses-proses diagenesis di daerah penelitian yang menambah porositas adalah disolusi, alterasi biogenik, dan kompaksi sedangkan yang mengurangi nilai porositas adalah sementasi, kompaksi, dan neomorfisme. Tipe-tipe porositas yang terbentuk adalah fracture, channel, vuggy, dan moldic. Berdasarkan bukti proses diagenesis yang ditemukan, rezim diagenesis di daerah penelitian adalah rezim laut, rezim bawah permukaan, dan rezim meteorik freatik.

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Mount Jambu is a solitary carbonate hill of Middle Miocene age that belongs to the Bojongmanik Formation with the constituent lithology of limestone. Mount Jambu is located in Leuwisadeng District, Bogor Regency. Diagenesis studies were carried out at this location with the aim of knowing the diagenesis regime and diagenetic processes that occur in rocks and their correlation with rock porosity. The series of activity consist of geological mapping, limestone sampling, megascopic analysis of rocks, and petrographic analysis. As a result of field activities, 12 samples were obtained which were further analyzed using petrographic methods. Diagenetic processes in the research area that increase porosity are dissolution, biogenic alteration, and compaction, while those that reduce porosity values are cementation, compaction, and neomorphism. The types of porosity formed are fracture, channel, vuggy, and moldic. Based on the evidence of diagenetic processes found, the diagenetic regimes in the study area are marine regime, subsurface regime, and phreatic meteoric regime."

"Penelitian ini merupakan langkah awal yang terbilang baru di Formasi Jatiluhur, Sungai Cibeet untuk menganalisis proses diagenesis, mengidentifikasi fitur diagenesis dan sejarahnya. Daerah penelitian tersusun oleh batuan silisiklastik berupa batupasir, batulanau, batulempung, terdapat pula batuan bersifat karbonatan. Sebanyak sepuluh sampel dilakukan analisis petrografi untuk menentukan karakterisasi tekstur dan mineralogi batuan. Selain analisis petrografi, analisis SEM dan XRD sebanyak masing-masing tiga sampel dapat digunakan untuk studi diagenesis. Beberapa proses diagenesis seperti kompaksi, sementasi, disolusi, dan penggantian mineral dapat memengaruhi keterbentukan batuan Formasi Jatiluhur. Proses kompaksi menghasilkan kontak antarbutir berupa point, long, concavo-convex, dan sutured serta semen yang ditemukan berupa semen kalsit dan mineral lempung seperti albit, ilit, kaolinit, dan smektit. Mineral kuarsa, mika, dan feldspar mengalami penggantian. Proses-proses diagenesis tersebut mengakibatkan perubahan porositas dari batuan. Tipe-tipe porositas didominasi oleh tipe intergranular dan intrapartikel dengan persentase antara 5-30%. Sejarah diagenesis pada daerah penelitian diawali oleh tahap eogenesis, mesogenesis, dan telogenesis. Dengan adanya pelaksanakan studi diagenesis, maka kualitas reservoar (misalnya) dapat ditentukan. Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa proses diagenesis mengakibatkan adanya heterogenitas batuan Formasi Jatiluhur di sekitar aliran Sungai Cibeet.

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This research is a relatively new to conduct in the Jatiluhur Formation, especially Cibeet River that aimed to analyse the diagenesis process and identify diagenesis features and its history. The research area is composed of siliciclastic rocks in the form of sandstone, siltstone, and claystone but there are also carbonate rocks. A total of ten samples were subjected to petrographic analysis to determine the characterisation of rock textures and mineralogy. In addition to petrographic analysis, SEM and XRD analysis of three samples each are used for diagenesis studies. Several diagenesis processes such as compaction, cementation, dissolution, and mineral replacement affected the rock formation of the Jatiluhur Formation. The compaction process produced contact between grains in the form of point, long, concavo-convex, and sutured contacts as well as cement found in the form of calcite cement and clay minerals such as albite, illite, kaolinite, and smectite. Quartz, mica, and feldspar minerals underwent mineral replacement. These diagenesis processes resulted in changes in the rock porosity. The types of porosity are dominated by intergranular and intraparticle types with the percentage between 5-30%. The history of diagenesis in the research area began with the stages of eogenesis, mesogenesis, and telogenesis. With the implementation of a diagenesis study, the quality of the reservoir (for example) can be defined. This study shows that the diagenesis process resulted in the heterogeneity of the Jatiluhur Formation rocks around the Cibeet River streams."

"Batupasir Formasi Jatiluhur merupakan lapisan yang merupakan analogi singkapan yang baik dari salah satu lapangan migas di Cekungan Jawa Barat Utara. Aktivitas tektonik sejak Miosen Tengah telah menyebabkan lapisan ini pecah, terlipat, dan terpapar ke permukaan, yang menyebabkan lapisan ini mengalami proses diagenesis secara bertahap. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui tahapan dan proses diagenesis yang terjadi serta pengaruhnya terhadap porositas batuan. Data dalam penelitian ini berasal dari pengukuran potongan stratigrafi yang kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam laboratorium petrografi dan SEM. Hasil analisis petrografi menunjukkan bahwa batupasir Formasi Jatiluhur telah mengalami proses diagenesis berupa pemadatan, pelarutan, dan sementasi. Pemadatan meliputi penataan kembali butiran sedimen dan rekahan dalam sampel batuan. Sementasi terlihat pada analisis SEM yang menunjukkan bahwa semen pada batupasir adalah kalsit, ilit, smektit, dan pirit mineral autigenik. Pelarutan sampel batuan membentuk porositas sekunder, sehingga meningkatkan bilangan porositas. Porositas berkisar antara 1-20%. Variasi nilai porositas ini disebabkan oleh proses sementasi dan pelarutan yang intensif. Dari hasil integrasi analisis petrografi dan SEM, disimpulkan bahwa batupasir Formasi Jatiluhur telah mengalami regim mesogenesis diagenesis.

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The Jatiluhur Formation Sandstone is a layer which is an analogy of a good outcrop from one of the oil and gas fields in the North West Java Basin. Tectonic activity since the Middle Miocene has caused this layer to break, fold, and be exposed to the surface, which causes this layer to undergo a gradual diagenetic process. This research was conducted to determine the stages and processes of diagenesis that occur and their effect on rock porosity. The data in this study came from measurements of stratigraphic pieces which were then entered into the petrographic laboratory and SEM. The results of petrographic analysis show that the sandstones of the Jatiluhur Formation have undergone diagenetic processes in the form of compaction, dissolving, and cementation. Compaction includes the rearrangement of sediment grains and fractures in rock samples. Sementation can be seen in SEM analysis which shows that the cement in the sandstones is calcite, illite, smectite, and autigenic mineral pyrite. The dissolving of rock samples forms secondary porosity, thereby increasing the porosity number. The porosity ranges from 1-20%. This variation in the porosity value is caused by the intensive cementation and dissolving processes. From the results of the integration of petrographic and SEM analysis, it is concluded that the sandstones of the Jatiluhur Formation have undergone a mesogenesis diagenesis regime.

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"ABSTRAKPada kebutuhan industri, terutama di bidang eksplorasi migas dan hidrogeologi, nilai porositas pada batuan dianggap sangat penting. Porositas pada umumnya terdapat di batuan sedimen, khususnya batupasir yang terdapat Formasi Cipacar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik batupasir, nilai porositas, proses diagenesis, dan hubungan antar porositas dan diagenesis. Data penelitian ini didapat dari singkapan permukaan dan dilakukan analisis petrografi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa batupasir Formasi Cipacar memiliki nilai porositas antara 8-14% dan telah mengalami proses diagenesis berupa kompaksi, sementasi, dan pelarutan yang termasuk dalam rezim mesogenesis.

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ABSTRACTOn industrial needs, especially in oil & gas and hydrogeology exploration porosity in rock isconsidered valuable. Porosity in rock basically available in sedimentary rock, particulary sandstone in Cipacar Formation. The aims of this research are to examine sandstone characteristic, porosity value, diagenesis process, and implication between porosity and diagenesis. The data of this study were obtained from surface outcrops and petrographic analysis. Results of this research show that sandstones in Cipacar Formation have porosity value between 8-14%, and have undergone diagenesis process such as compaction, cementation, and dissolution which classified in mesogenesis regime."

"ABSTRAKBatugamping Formasi Kais merupakan reservoar utama penghasil hidrokarbondilapangan Asmorom yang berumur Miosen Tengah. Lapangan ini berada diCekungan Bintuni Papua Barat dan merupakan bekas peninggalan Belanda.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan detail fasies pengendapan dan prosesdiagenesis serta rock typing diharapkan dapat memberikan hasil yang lebih baikuntuk melihat karakteristik reservoar karbonat dan potensinya. Batugamping Kaisdiidentifikasi menjadi tiga unit yaitu lapisan Kais Atas, Kais Tengah, dan Kais Bawah yang berasosiasi menjadi lima fasies yaitu fasies shelf, front reef, interreef, back reef, dan core reef. Asosiasi fasies ini diinterpretasikan sebagai fasieskarbonat platform. Kualitas reservoar ini direview dari asosiasi fasies, analisispetrografi dan biostratigrafi, memperlihatkan bahwa lapisan atas dan bawahdikontol oleh proses diagenesis kompaksi dan porositas rekahan sedangkanlapisan bawah dikontrol oleh proses diagenesis dolomitisasi, pelarutan, danporositas rekahan.

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ABSTRACTKais Formation limestone is the main reservoar that produce hydrocarbon inAsmorom field in Middle Miocene. This field is located at Bintuni Basin WestPapua and used to run by Ducth company. The researchs proposed to do detaildepositional facies and diagenesis process with rock typing to characterize thepotential of carbonate reservoir. Kais Limestone can be identified in to threemembers namely Upper Kais, Middle Kais, and Lower Kais which are associatedin five different faciesnamely shelf, front reef, inter reef, back reef, and core reeffacies. The facies associations are interpreted as reefal platform carbonate. Thereservoir quality, which is reviewed from facies association, petrography andbiostratigraphy analysis shows that the Upper and Middle kais are controlled bycompaction diagenesis and fractures porosity, in another hand the Lower Kais iscontrolled by dolomitization diagenesis, dissolution, and fractures porosity."

"Formasi Bojongmanik adalah endapan yang termasuk bagian Blok Banten, memiliki rentang umur Miosen Tengah hingga awal Pliosen yang perselingan batupasir, napal, batulempung menyerpih dan batugamping (Sudana dan Santosa, 1992). Anggota batugamping Formasi Bojongmanik merupakan batugamping mengandung moluska dengan umur setara Miosen Tengah (Efendi, 1998). Tujuan daripada penelitian ini untuk mengetahui penamaan mikroskopis, proses diagenesis yang bekerja pada batugamping di Formasi Bojongmanik, mengetahui tahapan diagenesis dan hubungan proses diagenesis dengan porositas batugamping. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisa petrografi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dari 15 sampel sayatan tipis Formasi Bojongmanik terdapat 3 jenis batugamping yakni, batugamping packstone, batugamping floatstone, dan batugamping wakckestone yang mengalami proses diagenesis sementasi, pelarutan, neomorfisme, mikritisasi mikrobial dan kompaksi. Lingkungan pengendapan diagenesis batugamping Formasi Bojongmanik berada pada lingkungan marine phreatic, burial, meteoric phreatic dan meteoric vadose. Porositas yang dominan ditemukan yakni tipe vuggy dan intraparticle. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi proses diagenesis adalah keterbentukan porositas sekunder pada batugamping. Semakin rendah nilai porositas menandakan hanya sedikit efek pelarutan, semakin tinggi nilai porositas menunjukan berada di zona phreatic banyak terjadinya pelarutan.

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The Bojongmanik Formation is a deposit that belongs to the Banten Block, has an age range from Middle Miocene to early Pliocene which is interspersed with sandstone, marl, shale claystone, and limestone (Sudana and Santosa, 1992). The limestone members of the Bojongmanik Formation are limestones containing mollusks with an age equivalent to the Middle Miocene (Efendi, 1998). This research aims to know the microscopic labeling, the diagenetic process that works on the limestone in the Bojongmanik Formation, the stages of diagenesis, and the relationship between the diagenetic process and the porosity of the limestone. The method used in this research is petrographic analysis. Based on the research results from 15 samples of thin incisions of the Bojongmanik Formation, there are 3 types of limestone namely, packstone limestone, floatstone limestone, and wackestone limestone which undergo the process of diagenetic cementation, dissolution, neomorphism, microbial micritization, and compaction. The depositional environment of the diagenetic limestones of the Bojongmanik Formation is in marine phreatic, burial, meteoric phreatic and meteoric vadose environments. The dominant porosity was found to be vuggy and intraparticle types. One factor that influences the process of diagenesis is the formation of secondary porosity in limestone. The lower the porosity value indicates that there is a little dissolving effect, the higher the porosity value indicates that there is a lot of dissolving in the phreatic zone."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai pengaruh fasies dan diagenesis terhadap kualitas batugamping untuk bahan baku semen portland. Fasies dan diagenesis batugamping diketahui dengan analisis petrografi berdasarkan komposisi batugamping. Penentuan kualitas batugamping diketahui dengan analisis XRF (X-ray Fluorescence) untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa CaO. Korelasi dilakukan setelah fasies dan diagenesis serta kualitas batugamping diketahui. Fasies batugamping kristalin memiliki kadar CaO lebih tinggi karena tersusun dari mineral kalsit dan minim pengotor. Lalu fasies wackestone yang memiliki kandungan CaO lebih rendah diakibatkan oleh dominasi mud supported pada fasies ini. Diagenesis batugamping berada pada Zona Marine Phreatic, Zona Burial, dan Zona Meteoric Phreatic. Hal ini diketahui dari tipe diagenesis yang ditemukan berupa sementasi, dll. Tipe diagenesis disolusi dan neomorfisme diduga mempengaruhi kualitas dari batugamping untuk bahan baku semen portland. Menggunakan acuan kualitas batugamping dari PT. Semen Padang bahwa kualitas batugamping daerah penelitian sudah memenuhi kriteria karena kandungan senyawa CaO rata-rata yaitu 52%.

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This thesis discusses the effect of facies and diagenesis on the quality of limestone as raw material for portland cement. Limestone facies and diagenesis are known by petrographic analysis based on limestone composition. Determination of the quality of limestone is known by XRF (X-ray Fluorescence) analysis to determine the content of CaO compounds. Correlation was carried out after the facies and diagenesis as well as the quality of the limestone were known. The crystalline limestone facies has a higher CaO content because it is composed of the mineral calcite and has minimal impurities. Then the wackestone facies which has a lower CaO content is caused by the dominance of mud supported in this facies. Limestone diagenesis is in the Marine Phreatic Zone, Burial Zone, and Meteoric Phreatic Zone. This is known from the type of diagenesis found in the form of cementation, etc. The type of dissolution diagenesis and neomorphism is thought to affect the quality of limestone as raw material for portland cement. Using limestone quality reference from PT. Semen Padang that the quality of the limestone in the study area met the criteria because the average content of the CaO compound was 52%."

"Penelitian dilakukan pada Batugamping Formasi Cibodas yang memiliki potensi sumber daya geologi, akan tetapi belum ada penelitian terkait karakteristik litologinya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui mikrofasies, lingkungan pengendapan, proses diagenesis, tahapan diagenesis, lingkungan diagenesis, dan hubungan proses diagenesis terhadap evolusi porositas batugamping Formasi Cibodas. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan makroskopis melalui observasi lapangan dan mikroskopis melalui analisis petrografi. Pada daerah penelitian terdapat tiga fasies, yaitu fasies barnacle rudstone, skeletal rudstone, dan skeletal grainstone. Dari tiga fasies tersebut dikelompokkan menjadi dua tipe standar mikrofasies (SMF), yaitu SMF 12-Shell dan SMF 18-Foraminifera. Berdasarkan karakteristik tipe SMF, analisis tekstur, komponen penyusun, dan karakteristik secara makroskopisnya, lingkungan pengendapan batugamping tersebut adalah Open Marine-Interior Platform (FZ-7). Proses diagenesis yang terjadi pada batugamping tersebut terdiri dari mikritisasi, sementasi, pelarutan, kompaksi, dan neomorfisme. Berdasarkan fitur diagenesis yang ditemukan, diketahui bahwa batugamping ini melalui tiga tahapan, yaitu eogenesis, mesogenesis, dan telogenesis. Lingkungan diagenesis dari batugamping ini secara berurutan terdiri dari marine phreatic zone, burial zone, meteoric phreatic zone, dan meteoric vadose zone. Proses diagenesis juga dapat mempengaruhi evolusi porositas. Proses sementasi, kompaksi, dan mikritisasi dapat menurunkan porositas, sedangkan proses pelarutan dan neomorfisme dapat meningkatkan porositas.

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The object of the research is limestone of the Cibodas Formation which has potential geological resources but there has been no research related to its lithological characteristics. The purpose of the research is to determine the microfacies, depositional environment, diagenesis process, stages of diagenesis, diagenesis environment, and the relationship of diagenesis processes to the evolution of limestone porosity of the Cibodas Formation. The research is using macroscopic and microscopic methods, through the field trip observations and petrographic analysis. In the study area, there are three facies, namely the barnacle rudstone, skeletal rudstone, and skeletal grainstone facies. They are grouped into two standard microfacies types (SMF), namely SMF 12-Shell and SMF 18-Foraminifera. The depositional environment of this limestone is on Facies Zone (FZ-7) or on open marine-Interior platform. Diagenesis processes that occur in the limestone consist of micritization, cementation, dissolution, compaction, and neomorphism. The limestone through three stages diagenesis, namely eogenesis, mesogenesis, and telogenesis. Sequentially, the diagenesis environment of the limestone consists of marine phreatic, burial, meteoric phreatic, and meteoric vadose zone. The diagenesis processes can influence the evolution porosity. The cementation, compaction, and micritization process can reduce the porosity, meanwhile the dissolution and neomorphism process can increase the porosity."

"Penelitian dilakukan pada Formasi Paciran yang berada di daerah Lamongan, Jawa Timur. Formasi Paciran ini tersusun atas batu gamping yang merupakan salah satu bahan baku dalam pembuatan semen. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini yaitu menjelaskan mikrofasies, zona lingkungan pengendapan batugamping, tahapan, proses dan lingkungan diagenesis yang terjadi pada batugamping pada Formasi Paciran, Jawa Timur. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu dengan pengamatan lapangan melalui pemetaan dan pembutan log stratigrafi (makroskopis) dan pengamatan laboratorium melalui analisis petrografi (mikroskopis). Dari hasil pengamatan secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis ditemukan sebanyak enam jenis fasies, yaitu Coral Framestone, Foraminifera Grainstone, Bivalvia Rudstone, Larger Foraminifera Rudstone, Larger Foraminifera Floatstone, dan Coral Floatstone. Fasies-fasies tersebut diendapkan pada lingkungan Platform Margin Reefs. Kemudian, untuk proses diagenesis yang berlangsung yaitu mikritisasi, sementasi, kompaksi, pelarutan, dan penggantian. Proses diagenesis ini terjadi dalam tiga tahapan diagenesis, yaitu eogenesis, mesogenesis, dan telogenesis . Kemudian, melalui proses dan tahapan tersebut menghasilkan fitur diagenesis yang dapat menentukan lingkungan diagenesis batugamping daerah penelitian yaitu zona marine phreatic, zona mixing, zona burial, zona meteoric phreatic dan zona meteoric vadose. Selain itu, berdasarkan fitur diagenesis batugamping di daerah penelitian, terdapat beberapa titik berpotensi sebagai akuifer, yaitu S1.5, S3.2, S5.1, S10, S12, S13, S16, S17, S20, S21, S22, dan S23.

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Research was carried out on the Paciran Formation in the Lamongan area, East Java. The Paciran Formation is composed of limestone which is one of the raw materials for making cement. The aim of this research is to explain the microfacies, environmental zones of limestone deposition, stages, processes and diagenetic environments that occur in limestone in the Paciran Formation, East Java. The research methods used are field observations through mapping and making stratigraphic logs (macroscopic) and laboratory observations through petrographic analysis (microscopic). From the results of macroscopic and microscopic observations, six types of facies were found, namely Coral Framestone, Foraminifera Grainstone, Bivalvia Rudstone, Larger Foraminifera Rudstone, Larger Foraminifera Floatstone, and Coral Floatstone. These facies are deposited in the Platform Margin Reefs environment. Then, the diagenesis processes that take place are micritization, cementation, compaction, dissolution and replacement. This diagenesis process occurs in three stages of diagenesis, namely eogenesis, mesogenesis, and telogenesis. Then, through these processes and stages, diagenetic features are produced that can determine the limestone diagenetic environment in the research area, namely the marine phreatic zone, mixing zone, burial zone, meteoric phreatic and meteoric vadose. In addition, based on the diagenesis features of limestone in the research area, there are several points that have the potential to be aquifers, namely S1.5, S3.2, S5.1, S10, S12, S13, S16, S17, S20, S21, S22, and S23."