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"Periodontal diseases are frequently suffered in patient of all ages. This condition consist of several signs and symptoms, etiology, pathogenesis, and response to treatment which seems almost similar. The classification of those diseases have been adjusted, lately in 1999, the major cause of these diseases is bacterial. Microorganisms acts to result in infection due to the influence of host response, genetic, local and systemic factors. Gingivitis condition has an irreversible status and periodontitis has to be overcome immediately to prevent from further destruction. Some steps of initial treatment and supporting treatment should be given to the patient, which is able to be done by all dentists."

"Latar belakang: Pterygium adalah penyakit pada mata yang sering dijumpai di daerah khatulistiwa terutama oleh pajanan ultraviolet, penyebab pterygium antara lain macam-macam zat iritan, faktor genetik, alergi, kekeringan pada mata, faktor angiogenik, dan infeksi papilomavirus. Pada perusahaan X banyak ditemukan kasus pterygium 5.3% pada observasi awal oleh Dinas Kesehatan.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode potong lintang. Sampel diambil secara purposive berdasarkan ruangan dengan pajanan debu tertinggi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara langsung pada pekerja dan pemeriksaan pada mata.Hasil: Prevalensi pterygium akibat pajanan zat iritan debu kertas 68.2% dari 85 pekerja di rewinder enam dan sekitarnya. Riwayat merokok merupakan faktor yang bermakna (p-0.01).Kesimpulan: Debu kertas belum dapat dibuktikan signifikansinya secara statistik dengan kejadian pterygium, sementara perbandingan dengan studi-studi yang relevan menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi pterygium dengan pajanan debu kertas lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pajanan UV.

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Background: Pterygium is an abnormal process in which the conjunctiva (a membrane that covers the white of the eye) grows into the cornea and most commonly found at the equator, due to prolong exposure to ultraviolet and infrared radiation from sunlight. Other environmental irritants identified were genetic factor, allergy, dry eyes, angiogenic factor, and papilloma virus infection. In the factory "X" Karawang, 5.3% pterygium cases were found as reported by the government reevaluation visit.

Method: The study was a cross-sectional. Sample collected using purposive method and had been exposed to high paper dust. Conducting interview, filling out questionnaires and eye examination, collected data.

Results: The Prevalence of identified pterygium was 68.2% from 85 workers at rewinder 6. Meanwhile smoking habit was the significant factor (r 0.O1).

Conclusion: Paper dust has not yet proven to be significant related to pterygium while descriptive comparison among several studies reported that the prevalence of pterygium was much higher related to paper dust (68.2%) compared to UV."

"ABSTRACTAtrial septal defect is one of the most common forms of congenital heart disease. Although various M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic characteristics of atrial septal defect have been described, these criteria lack sensitivity and specificity. By allowing visualization of blood flow, the demonstration of right-toleft or left-to-right shunting is possible with contrast echocardiography(11-16). The purpose of the first part of this study was to verify the utility of this technique for evaluating patients with atrial septal defect.We observed that contrast echocardiographic shunts may persist long after closure of an atrial septal defect. The aim of the second part of' this study was to determine whether this indicates unsuccessful repair or a hemodynamically important residual shunt.Peripheral venous injection of echocardiographic contrast allows the visualization of blood flow through the right sided cardiac cavities. The purpose of the third part of the study was to determine whether the technique may aid to the diagnosis of some right heart abnormalities by the demonstration of specific blood flow patterns.The patterns of echo contrast appearance in the inferior vena cava after upper extremity injection may be related to right heart hemodynamics(17,18). The purpose of the fourth part of the study was to determine the utility of contrast echocardiography of the inferior vena cava for the assessment of right heart hemodynamics. Since the technique can be used to detect tricuspid regurgitation( 9-21), we also studied whether estimation of its severity is possible,. because this would have important therapeutic and prognostic implications.An intriguing potential .future application of contrast echocardiography is the study of myocardial perfusion. The technique would offer many advantages over the other imaging modalities such as radionuclide techniques, contrast-enhanced computerized transmission tomography, positron emission tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance. Contrast echocardiographic. myocardial perfusion imaging would have a good spatial and temporal resolution and allows direct and simultaneous assessment of both the perfusion and function of the myocardium. It is also much less expensive. However, a good and safe echocardiographic contrast agent for such application in humans is not yet available. "

"Filariasis adalah penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oieh cacing filaria pad pembuluh dan kelenjar limfe, dan ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk. Gejala klinik akut berupa demam beruiang, peradangan saluran atau kelenjar limfe, oedema dan gejala kronis berupa elefantiasis. Penyakit ini menyerang kelompok masyarakat yang aktif bekerja di daerah pedesaan sehingga dapat menurunkan produktivitas ekonomi suatu komunitas.Di Indonesia lebiii dari 20 juta penduduk tinggal di daerah endemis filariasis dan kira-kira 3-4 juta dari jumlah tersebut terinfeksi filariasis (Partono & Bintari, 1989). Dan ke-3 spesies cacing filaria yang menginfeksi manusia, Brugia malayi mempunyai penyebaran yang paling luas di Indonesia.Program pengendalian filariasis telah dilakukan pemerintah sejak tahun 1970, melalui pemberian DEC secara massal pads penduduk yang tinggal di daerah endemis. Ada beberapa kendala dalam memantau keberhasilan program tersebut, yaitu: (I) Keengganan penduduk diambil darah malam berulang-ulang (2) Mahalnya biaya operasional pengambilan darah malam, dan (3) Pemeriksaan entomologis konvensional melalui pembedahan nyamuk langsung di bawah mikroskop di lapangan tidak dapat membedakan spesies larva parasit, terutama di daerah B. malayi terdapat bersamaan dengan parasit filaria hewan B. pahangi.Dengan menggunakan bioteknologi telah dikembangkan pelacak DNA yang ditandai molekul radioaktif untuk parasit B. malayi (Piessens dkk., 1987), tetapi pelacak DNA radioaktif tersebut mahal, waktu parch pendek, perlu latihan khusus untuk pemakaiannya, perlu pembuangan khusus dan berbahaya bagi pemakainya.Akhir-akhir ini telah dikembangkan pelacak DNA yang ditandai molekul nonradioaktif, tetapi pelacak DNA non-radioaktif ini kurang sensitif dibandingkan dengan pelacak DNA radioaktif. Oleh karena itu tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan pelacak DNA B. malayi non-radioaktif yang spesifik dan sensitif pada tes dot blot dan dapat digunakan sebagai alat pemantau secara entomologis pada program pengendalian filariasis B. malayi di daerah-daerah endemis di Indonesia. Ada 7 persyaratan yang harus dipenuhi sebelum pelacak DNA digunakan sebagai alat pemantau, yaitu: (1) Harus dapat dihasilkan dalam jumlah yang tidak terbatas dengan waktu yang relatif singkat di Indonesia, (2) Harus stabil dalam kurun waktu lama, (3) Harus spesifik dan sensitif untuk parasit B. malayi, (4) Harus dapat bereaksi dengan B. malayi di Indonesia, (5) Harus sensitif untuk mendeteksi I larva infektif B. malayi dalam nyamuk, (6) Tes dot blot harus dapat diulang, dan (7) Tes dot blot harus mudah dilakukan.Sikuensing DNA berulang B. malayi dari beberapa daerah di Indonesia telah dilakukan sebelum menentukan sikuen pelacak DNA B. malayi barn. Tiga strain B. malayi dari Indonesia, yaitu B. malayi strain Kendari (zoofilik subperiodik), B. malayi strain Bengkulu (zoofilik subperiodik), dan B. malayi strain Buton (antrofilik) telah dianalisis hasil sikuen DNA berulangnya dengan komputer untuk mendapatkan suatu konsensus sikuen DNA berulang B. malayi Indonesia.

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Filariasis is a disease resulting from an infection with a nematode parasite in lymph vessels and lymph nodes, and is transmitted by mosquito bites. The acute clinical manisfestations of lymphatic filariasis are characterized by fever, lymphadenitis, retrograde lymphangitis, oedema and the chronic clinical manisfestation is characterized by elephantiasis. The disease is predominantly affecting the young and the active working people in rural and slum areas, therefore it will decrease the economic productivity of the community significantly.More than 20 million people live in endemic areas and approximately 3-4 million are currently infected. From the three species of parasites infecting man, drug malayi is the major and is widely distributed throughout the Indonesian islands.Filariasis control program has been launched by the government since 1970, however, it met the following constraints in monitoring the progress of control program, (I) Poor participation in night blood collection from the people, (2) High costs of surveillance, and (3) Inappropriate technology in conventional entomological assessment to distinguish the infective larvae in vector mosquitoes.In the last few years, new techniques for entomological assessment were explored using biotechnology. A radioactive B. malayi DNA probe was developed (Piessens et al., 1987) The radioactive labelled DNA probes are not suitable for field use because they are expensive, they have a short shelf life, and special training for handling the probes is imperative. Besides, laboratories arrangements for safe disposal are necessary.Recently, non-radioactive labelled DNA probes have been developed but these probes were less sensitive compared to the radioactive labelled probes. Therefore, the objective of this experiment is to develop a new non-radioactive B. malayi DNA probe, which has more advantages than the conventional radiolabelled DNA probe, is specific and sensitive in a dot blot assay as a tool in entomological assessment for monitoring the progress of the filar ias i s control program in B. malayi infected areas of Indonesia. There are 7 requirements to be fulfilled before the probe can be widely used, such as:1. The probe should be produced in a sufficient quantity in a relatively short period in Indonesia.2. The probe should be stable.3. The probe should he specific and sensitive for B. malayi parasite.4. The probe should be able to hybridize with the Indonesian B. malayi strains.5. The probe should be sensitive enough to detect 1 L3 in mosquitoes.6. The dot blot assay should be reproducible.7. The dot blot assay should be simple.A new 25-mer (25 nucleotides) B. malayi DNA probe was designed by-comparing the consensus sequences of B. malayi to B. pahangi. In order to produce the probe in Indonesia, it needs to be cloned in the plasmid DNA (plasmid bluescript). However, it was found that the probe is too small to be an effective probe in a vector DNA."