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"[ABSTRAKLPG merupakan salah satu bahan bakar yang digunakan untuk memasakoleh rumah tangga di Indonesia. Pemerintah menetapkan harga jual eceran LPGadalah sebesar Rp 4.250/kg atau Rp 12.750/tabung di penyalur, sementara hargajual di tingkat sub penyalur ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah Daerah melalui penetapanHET (harga eceran tertinggi), yang mungkin berbeda dari satu daerah ke daerahlain, dan untuk pengecer belum diatur. Tujuan kajian ini yaitu untuk mendapatkangambaran harga eceran LPG yang wajar ditinjau dari biaya distribusi LPG daripenyalur ? sub penyalur - pengecer. Metodologi yang digunakan yaitupenghitungan biaya distribusi LPG (biaya investasi, transportasi, dan logistik)kemudian melakukan analisa keeekonomian. Untuk mencari harga jual yangwajar, ditetapkan IRR terlebih dahulu, kemudian dilakukan trial hinggadidapatkan harga jual sesuai IRR yang ditetapkan yang besarnya 16,5%. Darianalisa keekonomian, untuk penyalur, sub penyalur yang tidak mengantarkanLPG 3 kg, dan pengecer telah ekonomis, sementara untuk sub penyalur yangmengantarkan LPG 3 kg belum ekonomis. dari penghitungan harga jual, hargajual yang wajar di penyalur sebesar Rp 14.254/tabung, di sub penyalur yangmengantar LPG 3 kg sebesar Rp 17.420/tabung, sub penyalur yang tidakmengantar sebesar Rp 15.645, dan pengecer sebesar Rp 16.423/tabung

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ABSTRACTLPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) is one of fuels used for cooking by households inIndonesia. The government sets the retail price of LPG is Rp 4,250 / kg or Rp12,750 / cylinder at distributor level, while the selling prices at the level of subdistributorsis set by the local government through the establishment of HET(highest retail price), whic may be different from one region to another region andfor retailers have not been set yet. The absence of government control for settingthe price at causing an unexpected costumer cost, because sub-distributors andretailers can take an unfair margin (profit) . The purpose of this study is to obtaina reasonable retail price of LPG, perspectively distributor, sub distributor, andretailer levels. Calculations used data of LPG distribution costs (investment cost,transportation cost, and logistic cost), from which economic analysis was carriedout. To find a reasonable selling price, the IRR is set first, and then conducting atrial to obtain selling price corresponding IRR already set (IRR 16,5%). From theeconomic analysis, it is shown that the business of distributors, retailers, and subdistributorswithout delivering LPG is economical, while for sub-distributors whodeliver LPG is not economical. The selling price calculation found that thereasonable price at distributor level is Rp 14,254/cyinder, at sub-distributor levelis Rp17,420/cylinder, and without delivering lpg sub-distributor level isRp 15, 645/cylinder, and at retailer level is Rp 16, 423 / cylinder;LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) is one of fuels used for cooking by households inIndonesia. The government sets the retail price of LPG is Rp 4,250 / kg or Rp12,750 / cylinder at distributor level, while the selling prices at the level of subdistributorsis set by the local government through the establishment of HET(highest retail price), whic may be different from one region to another region andfor retailers have not been set yet. The absence of government control for settingthe price at causing an unexpected costumer cost, because sub-distributors andretailers can take an unfair margin (profit) . The purpose of this study is to obtaina reasonable retail price of LPG, perspectively distributor, sub distributor, andretailer levels. Calculations used data of LPG distribution costs (investment cost,transportation cost, and logistic cost), from which economic analysis was carriedout. To find a reasonable selling price, the IRR is set first, and then conducting atrial to obtain selling price corresponding IRR already set (IRR 16,5%). From theeconomic analysis, it is shown that the business of distributors, retailers, and subdistributorswithout delivering LPG is economical, while for sub-distributors whodeliver LPG is not economical. The selling price calculation found that thereasonable price at distributor level is Rp 14,254/cyinder, at sub-distributor levelis Rp17,420/cylinder, and without delivering lpg sub-distributor level isRp 15, 645/cylinder, and at retailer level is Rp 16, 423 / cylinder, LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) is one of fuels used for cooking by households inIndonesia. The government sets the retail price of LPG is Rp 4,250 / kg or Rp12,750 / cylinder at distributor level, while the selling prices at the level of subdistributorsis set by the local government through the establishment of HET(highest retail price), whic may be different from one region to another region andfor retailers have not been set yet. The absence of government control for settingthe price at causing an unexpected costumer cost, because sub-distributors andretailers can take an unfair margin (profit) . The purpose of this study is to obtaina reasonable retail price of LPG, perspectively distributor, sub distributor, andretailer levels. Calculations used data of LPG distribution costs (investment cost,transportation cost, and logistic cost), from which economic analysis was carriedout. To find a reasonable selling price, the IRR is set first, and then conducting atrial to obtain selling price corresponding IRR already set (IRR 16,5%). From theeconomic analysis, it is shown that the business of distributors, retailers, and subdistributorswithout delivering LPG is economical, while for sub-distributors whodeliver LPG is not economical. The selling price calculation found that thereasonable price at distributor level is Rp 14,254/cyinder, at sub-distributor levelis Rp17,420/cylinder, and without delivering lpg sub-distributor level isRp 15, 645/cylinder, and at retailer level is Rp 16, 423 / cylinder]"

"Konsumsi susu sapi di Indonesia diproyeksikan akan meningkat hingga 1146,2 ton di tahun 2023 atau meningkat sekitar 3% persen tiap tahunnya. Meningkatnya permintaan atau konsumsi susu sapi di Indonesia tersebut tidak diiringi oleh meningkatnya produksi susu segar dalam negeri. Rasio produksi atas konsumsi di Indonesia yang hanya 22% mencerminkan bahwa hanya sebagian kecil dari ketersediaan susu di Indonesia yang merupakan produksi dalam negeri, 80% sisanya diimpor dari luar. Masalah yang dihadapi perusahaan produk olahan susu dalam negeri tidak hanya belum memenuhi kebutuhan susu dalam negeri, namun juga dari segi distribusi ke pelanggan. PT. X sebagai salah satu perusahaan produksi olahan susu di DKI Jakarta, masih menggunakan sistem pengiriman langsung yang dilakukan secara manual atau belum menggunakan model optimasi. Selain itu, PT. X juga mengalami kendala seperti terbatasnya kendaraan, waktu pendistribusian yang terbatas, serta lokasi pelanggan yang berjauhan. Pada studi kasus ini, peneliti menggunakan pendekatan Vehicle Routing Problem – Time Windows (VRP-TW) dengan tujuan menghasilkan rute yang memiliki total jarak dan waktu perjalanan terpendek dalam memenuhi permintaan pelanggan serta menggunakan kendaraan yang seminimal mungkin, sehingga dapat meminimalkan biaya distribusi. Perubahan yang dihasilkan dari perhitungan optimasi dapat menurunkan jarak tempuh kendaraan hingga 18% dan menghasilkan total penghematan hingga Rp. 67.212.566 pada ketiga skenario yang telah ditentukan.

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Consumption of cow's milk in Indonesia is projected to increase to 1146.2 tons in 2023 or an increase of about 3% percent annually. The increasing demand or consumption of cow's milk in Indonesia is not accompanied by increased domestic fresh milk production. The production-to-consumption ratio in Indonesia which is only 22% reflects that only a small portion of the availability of milk in Indonesia is domestic production, the remaining 80% is imported. The problems faced by domestic dairy products companies have not only not met the needs of domestic milk, but also in terms of distribution to customers. PT. X as one of the dairy production companies in DKI Jakarta still uses a direct shipping system that is done manually or has not used the optimization model. In addition, PT. X also experienced obstacles such as limited vehicles, limited distribution time, and the location of customers which are far from each other. In this case study, researchers used the Vehicle Routing Problem–Time Windows (VRP-TW) approach with the goal of generating routes that have the shortest total distance and travel time in meeting customer demand and using vehicles to a minimum, thus minimizing distribution costs. Changes resulting from optimization calculations can reduce vehicle mileage by up to 18% and result in total savings of up to Rp. 67,212,566 in all three predetermined scenarios."