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"Tujuan : Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian NED terhadap status protein penderita luka bakar derajat II, 20-60% dari luas permukaan tubuh (LPT) dan/atau derajat III ≥ 10% LPT usia 18-60 tahun.Tempat : Unit Luka Bakar RSUPNCMBahan dan Cara : Penelitian ini merupakan suatu uji klinik dengan randomisasi yang telah disetujui oleh panitia tetap penilai etik penelitian Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Duapuluh subyek yang memenuhi kriteria penerimaan dan penolakan dibagi 2 kelompok secara randomisasi blok. Sepuluh subyek perlakuan diberi NED mulai ≤ 8 jam pasca luka bakar, sedangkan 10 subyek kontrol diberi nutrisi enteral/oral 24 jam pasca luka bakar. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 12 hari. Status protein ditetapkan dengan pemeriksaan albumin dan prealbumin serum serta nitrogen urea urin (NUU). Sampel darah untuk pemeriksaan albumin dan prealbumin diambil hari ke-l, 7, dan 12. Urin tampung 24 jam untuk pemeriksaan NUU diambil hari ke-3, 7 dan 12. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah uji t untuk data berdistribusi normal dan uji Mann Whitney U untuk data berdistribusi tidak normal, batas kemaknaan yang digunakan sebesar 5%.Hasil : Penelitian ini menunjukkan pemberian NED tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna terhadap status protein antara kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol, tetapi pada kelompok perlakuan didapatkan peningkatan kadar prealbumin dan gambaran penurunan kadar NUU yang lebih tajam.Kesimpulan : NED mempunyai kecenderungan dapat memperbaiki status protein walaupun belum dapat dibuktikan secara statistik.

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The Effect of Early Enteral Nutrition (EEN) on Protein Status in Burn Patients at Burn Unit Dr. Cipto Mangun Kusumo Hospital 1999-2000Objective: To know the effect of EEN on protein status in burn patients with 20-60% total body surface area (TBSA) of second degree burned, and/or ≥ 10% TBSA of third degree burned, age 18-60 years old subjects.

Place: Burn Unit Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Material and Methods

The study was a randomized clinical trial, which already certify by the ethical clearance research committee of the Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia. Twenty subjects were selected by inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects were divided into two groups by block randomization. Ten subjects were given enteral nutrition started ≤ 8 hours post burn, while 10 control subjects were given enteral / oral nutrition 24 hours post burn. Observation was done for 12 days. Protein status was determined by the laboratory result of albumin and prealbumin serum and the level of urinary urea nitrogen (UUN). Blood samples for albumin and prealbumin serum were taken on the day 1st, 7th and 12th. Twenty four hours collected urines for UUN examination were taken on the day 3rd, 7th and 12th . Statistical analysis was performed with t-test for data with normal distribution and Mann Whitney U test for data which do not conform to a normal distribution. The level of significance was 5%.

Results: The results showed no significant difference between the two groups, except on day 12th the prealbumin level tends to increase and the UUN level tend to decrease in the study group.

Conclusion : The EEN tend to be able to increase the protein status although has not statistically proven yet."

"Malnutrisi pada anak sakit kritis dalam perawatan intensif menjadi masalah dalam beberapa dekade terakhir dan berhubungan erat dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas. Hingga kini, Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) belum memiliki panduan baku mengenai dukungan nutrisi anak sakit kritis. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil pemberian nutrisi enteral (NE) dan waktu pencapaian resting energy expenditure (REE) di Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) RSCM dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi. Penelitian dilakukan secara retrospektif dengan menggunakan data rekam medis anak sakit kritis yang dirawat di PICU RSCM pada tahun 2017-2018. Waktu inisiasi pemberian NE dan pencapaian REE serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi pemberian tersebut dicatat dan dilakukan analisis multivariat untuk mencari faktor risiko yang bermakna. Terdapat 203 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Terdapat 120 subyek berjenis kelamin lelaki (59,1%), dengan median usia adalah 35 bulan (rentang usia 1-209 bulan). Kasus bedah terdapat pada 125 subyek (61,6%) dan status gizi normal terdapat pada 87 subyek (42,9%). Prevalensi pemberian NE dini adalah 63,1%, dan pencapaian kalori REE ≤72 jam adalah 67,5%, dengan median 48 jam. Faktor risiko yang menghambat pemberian NE dini adalah pasca-bedah abdomen, penggunaan inotropik, penggunaan ventilator, gejala gastrointestinal sebelum inisiasi, dan status gizi tidak normal dengan odds ratio (OR) 10,89 (IK 95% 4,31-27,50; p=0,009), 4,60 (IK 95% 1,78-11,90; p=0,002), 4,18 (IK 95% 1,56-11,17; p=0,004), 3,40 (IK 95% 1,59-7,29; p=0,002), 2,49 (IK 95% 1,09-5,72; p=0,031). Faktor risiko yang menghambat pencapaian kalori REE ≤72 jam adalah pemberian NE lambat, intoleransi pemberian enteral berupa gejala gastrointestinal dan skor PELOD-2 ≥7 dengan OR 20,62 (IK 95% 6,48-65,65; p=0,000), 14,77 (IK 95% 4,40-49,60; p=0,000), 3,98 (IK 95% 1,01-15,66; p=0,048). Prevalensi pemberian NE dini pada anak sakit kritis di PICU RSCM cukup baik dengan waktu pencapaian REE sesuai dengan target. Faktor terbanyak penghambat pemberian NE dini adalah kondisi pasca-bedah abdomen, sedangkan faktor penghambat pencapaian REE ≤ 72 jam terbanyak adalah pemberian NE lambat.

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Malnutrition of critically ill children remains a major problem that is closely related to high morbidity and mortality in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) during the last decades. The protocol of nutritional support for critically ill children in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (CMH) has not yet been developed. The study is aimed to evaluate the enteral nutrition (EN) profile, the duration to achieve resting energy expenditure (REE) and number of influencing factors associated with the late EN administration and late REE achievement. The data were collected retrospectively from medical records during the year 2017 to 2018 in PICU CMH. We assessed the timing of EN given and the duration of REE achieved from EN. We performed multivariate analysis to determined significant factors associated with late EN and late REE achievement. Two hundred three subjects were included. One hundred twenty subjects (59%) were boys, with median age of 35 (1-209) months old. One hundred twenty five subjects (61.6%) were post-surgical period and 87 subjects (42.9%) were in good nutritional status. The prevalence of early EN was 63.1%, and REE ≤72 hours was achieved in 67.5% subjects, with the median time was 48 hours. Significant factors inhibit early EN administration were post-abdominal surgery, ventilator use, inotropic use, gastrointestinal symptoms before initiation, and abnormal nutritional status; with OR 10.89 (95% CI 4.31 to 27.50; p=0.009), 4.60 (95% CI 1.78 to 11.90; p=0.002), 4.18 (95% CI 1.56 to 11.17; p=0.004), 3.40 (95% CI 1.59 to 7.29; p=0.002), 2.49, 95% CI 1.09 to 5.72; p=0.031), respectively. While factors inhibit the achievement of REE ≤72 hours were the late EN initiation, enteral intolerance, and PELOD-2 score ≥7 with OR 20.62 (95% CI 6.48 to 65.65; p=0.000), 14.77 (95% CI 4.40 to 49.60; p=0.000), 3.98 (95% CI 1.01 to 15.66; p=0.048), respectively. The prevalence of early EN administration with the duration to achieve REE among critically ill children in the PICU CMH was quite satisfying. The most influencing factor inhibit early EN administration was post-abdominal surgery, while the most significant factor inhibit the achievement of REE ≤72 hours was the late NE administration."

"Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian nutrisi enteral dini (NED) terhadap stres metabolisme pada penderita luka bakar, dalam rangka mencari alternafif penatalaksanaan nutrisi pada penderita luka bakar. Tempat: Unit Luka Bakar RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. Bahan dan cara: Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinik pada penderita luka bakar berusia 18 - 60 tahun dengan luka bakar derajat dua seluas 20 - 60% luas permukaan tubuh (LPT). Sepuluh subyek perlakuan diberi Nutrisi Enteral Dini/NED mulai ≤8 jam pasca trauma, sedangkan 10 subyek kontrol diberi nutsisi enteral/oral 24 jam pasca trauma. Stres metabolisme dideteksi dengan pemeriksaan kadar hormon kortisol serum, glukosa darah dan nitrogen urea urin (NUU). Sampel darah untuk pemeriksaan kortisol dan glukosa diambil pada hari ke 1, 7 dan 12. Urin untuk pemeriksaan NUU di kumpulkan selama 24 jam pada hari ke 3, 7 dan 12. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah uji Mann Whitney U untuk kadar kortisol, NUU dan glukosa darah. Batas kemaknaan yang digunakan 0,05. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kadar kotisol dan NUU, namun demikian pada hari ke 12 tampak penurunan kadar NUU lebih tajam pada kelompok perlakuan. Pada kelompok kontrol justru meningkat Kadar glukosa darah pada hari 12 menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna (p = 0, 04). Kesimpulan: Pemberian NED berhasil menekan stres metabolisme yang terjadi pada penderita luka bakar derajat dua berdasarkan parameter glukosa darah.

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Objective: To investigate the effect of early enteral nutrition (EEN) on the metabolic stress in burned patients, in respect to looking for the alternative of nutrition management in burned patients.

Place: Burn Unit RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo.

Materials and methods: This study was randomized clinical trial was conducted on 18 - 60 years subjects with 20 - 60% total body surface area (FBSA) of second degree burned. Ten subjects were given enteral nutrition started g 8 hours post burn, while 10 control subjects were given enteral/oral nutrition 24 hours post burn. Metabolic stress was detected by measuring of serum cortisol, blood glucose level, and urinary urea nitrogen (UUN) level. Blood samples for cortisol and glucose level were taken on day 1, 7 and 12 Twenty four hours collected urine for UUN level were taken on day 3, 7 and 12. Statistical analysis was performed with Mann Whitney U test for cortisol level, NUU and glucose level. The level of significance was 0, 05.

Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups based on serum cortisol and UUN levels, however, the level o UUN of the day 12 decreased in the study group, while it increased in the control group. A significant difference was found of blood glucose between these two groups (p = 0, 04) on day 12.

Conclusion: The administration of EEN reduced the metabolic stress of second degree burned patients express by blood glucose parameter."

"Pembedahan obstetri dan ginekologi dapat disertai komplikasi berupa perdarahan yang mengakibatkan instabilitas hemodinamik serta menurunnya aliran oksigen dan perfusi jaringan. Penurunan perfusi juga terjadi pada saluran cerna, mengakibatkan perubahan struktur sawar mukosa, sehingga meningkatkan permeabilitas terhadap endotoksin bakteri. Proses tersebut akan meningkatkan risiko sepsis dan multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Pemberian nutrisi enteral, termasuk nutrisi enteral dini, dapat memicu proliferasi enterosit, sehingga dapat menjaga integritas mukosa suluran cerna, mengurangi translokasi bakteri dan risiko infeksi, serta menurunkan morbiditas dan mortalitas pascabedah. Pada serial kasus ini dilakukan pemantauan terhadap empat pasien pascabedah obstetri dan ginekologi y~ng disertai komplikasi perdarahan dan relaparotomi. Semua pasien mcnunjukkun tanda hipoperfusi splanknik. Terapi medik gizi berdasarkan rekomendasi European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), yaitu pemberian nutrisi enteral dini <48 jam pada pasien sakit kritis target 20- 25 kkal/kg BB pada fase akut dan protein minimal 1,2 glkg BB/hari. Tiga pasien yang mendapatkan nutrisi enteral dini memiliki rentang penggunaan ventilator lebih singkat, lama rawat di Intensive Care Unit lebih pendek, dan skor Sequential Organ Failure Assessment lebih rendah. Terapi medik gizi dengan pelaksanaan nutrisi enteral dini memberikan efek menguntungkan pada pasien pascabedah obstetri dan ginekologi dengan komplikasi perdarahan.

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Obstetrics and gynaecology surgery can be accompanied by haemorrhage complications that result in hemodynamic instability, decreased oxygen flow and tissue perfusion. Hypoperfusion also occurs in the gastrointestinal tract and changing mucosal barrier structure, thereby increasing permeability to bacterial endotoxins. These process will increase the risk of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes. Providing early enteral nutrition, can induce the enterocyte proliferation by maintaining the integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa, then reducing bacterial translocation and risk of infection, hence reducing postoperative morbidity and mortality. Four obstetric and gynaecologic post-operative patients who had been relaparotomy because haemorrhage have shown signs of splanchnic hypoperfusion. Medical nutrition therapy based on European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) recommendations, early enteral nuhition <48 hours, energy target of 20-25 kcal/kg in the acute phase and minimum protein 1.2 glkg BW/day, have given. Three patients who received early enteral nutrition had shorter durations of ventilators use, shorter Intensive Care Unit length of stay, and lower Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores. Medical nutrition therapy by giving early enteral nutrition has beneficial effects on obstetric and gynaecological post-operative patients with bleeding complications."