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"Shakespeare and language is an area of study that here includes style, speech, sound and sex. As the foremost Shakespeare publication, Shakespeare Survey has been well placed to reflect trends and developments in academic approaches to Shakespeare and to language and this collection of essays considers the characteristics, excitement andunique qualities of Shakespeare’s language, the relationship between language and event, and the social, theatrical and literary functionof language. A new introduction, by Jonathan Hope, explicates the differences between Shakespeare’s language and our own, provides a theoretical and contextual framework for the pieces that follow, and makes transparent an aspect of Shakespeare’s craft (and the critical response to it) that has frequently been opaque."

"Artikel ini berisikan hasil penelitian ciri-ciri leksikal, morfologis, dan sintaktis surat-surat yang terkandung dalam surat-surat yang terkandung dalam PCEEC (Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence) yang ditujukan pada dua raja Inggris, yakni Henry VIII dan James I. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menjabarkan variasi dalam ciri-ciri yang disebutkan diatas baik secara intra-korpus maupun ekstra-korpus, dan mengetahui sejauh mana ciri-ciri tersebut dipengaruhi oleh latar belakang sosiolinguistik para pengirim, dengan menggunakan nilai-nilai kuantitatif (frekuensi dan rasio). Sarana yang digunakan antara lain daftar frekuensi kata, daftar konkordasi, dan koefisien korelasi point-biserial (PBC atau r). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan dari segi leksikal dan morfologis antara surat yang ditujukan pada Henry VIII dan James I. Meskipun terdapat ciri-ciri tertentu yang lebih mencolok pada individu dan kelompok sosiolinguistik pengirim tertentu, pengaruh parameter sosiolinguistik, yakni gender, status sosial, dan hubungan kekerabatan dengan kedua raja, dalam memengaruhi ciri bahasa dalam surat-surat yang bersangkutan tidak sekuat pengaruh dari penerima (Henry VIII atau James I). Parameter-parameter lainnya yang tidak diperhitungkan dalam studi ini (usia, konten/genre, variasi topolektal, dll.) mungkin bisa dimuat dalam obyek penelitian yang mendatang.

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The paper investigates certain lexical, morphological, and syntactical features of letters within the PCEEC (Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence) addressed to two Kings of England: Henry VIII and James I. It aims to ascertain differences in the aforementioned features within and outside the corpus (employing the whole PCEEC as comparand), and the extent to which these features are influenced by the sociolinguistic backgrounds of the letter's senders by the use of quantifiable measures (frequencies and ratios). Tools employed include word- frequency lists, concordance lists and the Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficient (PBC or r), an objective measure of correlation. Findings reveal differences in both lexical and morphological features within letters sent to Henry VIII and James I. Although certain isolated features are more prevalent among some senders and sociolinguistic categories within the corpus, sociolinguistic parameters, in particular gender, social status, and familial relations with the Kings (or absence thereof), play a less decisive role in shaping the language of the letters. Future studies might be able to take into account other parameters not accounted for in this study (age, content/genre, topolectal variation, etc.)"

"AbstrakThis paper aims to clarify the early contact between Japan and Vietnam both Tonkin and Cochinchina during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries by investigating letters sent from Vietnam to Japan. In order to better understand the letters and their background, a paleographical approach is adopted. The oldest letter was sent from Tonkin by Nguyen Canh Doan, a high ranking military officer residing in Nghệ An Province. The addressee, King of Japan, is a fictitious person, which indicates that Vietnamese officials did not understand contemporary Japan. Two entrepreneurs took advantage of this gap in knowledge to deceive NguyEn Canh Đoan into sending the letter to a nonexistent King. The second and third letters were sent from Nguyen Hoang to Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Terasawa Masanari (a chief officer of Nagasaki), not to Tokugawa Ieyasu.From investigations of the format and terminology of these three as well as other letters, it is clear that both the Trịnh King and Nguyen lords aimed to relativize the authority of the Le emperor and to promote their status by arrogating the title of An Nam Quoc vương (King of Annam). The Tokugawa Shogun also utilized the exchange of letters with a foreign monarch to enhance his authority."