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Abstrak :
This book presents the concept of fractional dimensional space applied to the use of electromagnetic fields and waves. It provides demonstrates the advantages in studying the behavior of electromagnetic fields and waves in fractal media. The book presents novel fractional space generalization of the differential electromagnetic equations is provided as well as a new form of vector differential operators is formulated in fractional space. Using these modified vector differential operators, the classical Maxwell's electromagnetic equations are worked out. The Laplace's, Poisson's and Helmholtz's equations in fractional space are derived by using modified vector differential operators.;

Abstrak :
Sea Clutter: Scattering, the K Distribution and Radar Performance gives an authoritative account of our current understanding of radar sea clutter. The authors pay particular attention to the compound K distribution model, which they have developed over the past 20 years. Evidence supporting this model, including a detailed review of the calculation of EM scattering by the sea surface, its statistical formulation, and practical application to the specification, design and evaluation of radar systems are all discussed. The calculation of the performance of practical radar systems is presented in sufficient detail for the reader to be able to tackle related problems with confidence. This book should be invaluable to specialist radar engineers and academic researchers, and of considerable interest to the wider applied physics and mathematics communities.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Suatu teknik yang relatip baru untuk mensimulasikan open boundary telah diterapkan pada penyelesaian persoalan elektromagnet tiga dimensi dengan menggunakan metode elemen hingga berbasis elemen tetrahedral vektor. Teknik ini disebut juga teknik PML karena menggunakan material PML atau Perfectly Matched Layer. Material PML ini mempunyai sifat anisotropis pada arah diagonal. Material PML bersifat loss-y, sehingga gelombang elektromagnet yang berasal dari udara babas akan diteruskan dan diredam secara eksponensial. Secara teoritis, koefisien refleksi pada perbatasan antara medium udara dengan medium PML adalah nol. Karakteristik medium PML dinyatakan dalam parameter α dan β. Konstanta α menentukan panjang gelombang pada medium PML, sedangkan menentukan laju peredarnan gelombang elektromagnet yang diteruskan. Teknik PML ini diterapkan pada open waveguide persegi ernpat. Pemodelan open boundary dilakukan dengan menggunakan kode program EMAP, yang merupakan kode pemodelan elemen hingga tiga dimensi. Kode program pemodelan open boundary ini dibuat dalam bahasa C. Konfrgurasi masukan yang diberikan ke kode program berupa file berbentuk teks atau numerik, dan menghasilkan keluaran dengan format yang sama dengan masukan. Keluaran dari kode program merupakan sekumpulan data numerik berupa titik-titik koordinat di seluruh domain komputasi dan distribusi medan listriknya. Perangkat lunak Jandel Sigma Plot 3.0 digunakan untuk memvisualisasikan data numerik Sedangkan, paket program pengolah data Microsoft Excell digunakan agar formal keluaran yang dihasilkan oleh kode program sesuai dengan format perangkat lunak Sigma Plot 3.0. Eksperimen numerik dilakukan untuk mengetahul distribusi medan listrik di dalam waveguide persegi empat pada berbagai ketebalan lapisan PML. Selanjutnya hasil eksperimen tersebut tersebut dibandingkan dengan penyelesalan secara analitis. Mode eksitasi yang digunakan adalah mode dominan TE10 dan TE20. Hasil perhitungan numerik tersebut menunjukan bahwa nilai koefisien refleksi berbanding terbalik dengan ketebalan lapisan PML. Semakin tebal lapisan PML maka nilai koefsien refleksi pada perbatasan antara medium udara dengan medium PML akan semakin kecil. Pada ketebalan lapisan antara 4 s/d 16 PML diperoleh rugi-rugi antara 4.00 db s/d 33.73 db. Ketebalan lapisan PML dinyatakan dalam jumlah elemen. Eksperimen numerik lalnnya dilakukan untuk menghilung pengaruh konstanta α dan β dari medium PML terhadap distribusi medan listrik pada domain komputasi.

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ABSTRACT A newly used technique offree space simulation has been implemented for solving unbounded electromagnetics problems with the finite element method based on tetrahedral edge or vector element. This technique uses a layer of diagonally anisotropic material referred to as a PML. The PML layers are lossy, so the outgoing waves from the computation domain will be absorbed, and exponentially atenuated. The PML itself can be characterized by a and ,B, where adetermines the wave length in the anisotropic absorber and /7 determines the rate of decay of the transmitted wave. Eventhough, the material properties can be chosen such that the interface between the absorbing material and free space is reflection-less, but a numerical reflection error must be taken into account. An open rectangular waveguide is used as a model to investigate the PML technique. The modelling is carried out using EMAP, which is a three dimensional finite element modelling code that can be used to simulate open region, and written in the C programming language. The code reads the input configuration in as an ASCII text file, and provides output in the same form. Output from the code consist of a listing of the node coordinates and the electric field strength at each node. These numerical data are not easily understood, so a post processing is needed to manipulate them into a graphical output. To do this, the data are rearranged by the spreadsheet Microsoft Excel , and then plotted by dandel Sigma Plot 3.0 for a visualization. A number of experiments is carried out to investigate the electric field distribution in the computation domain. The results show that after a few layers the electromagnetic wave is exponentially attenuated through the PML material. Then, the numerical results are compared to the analytical solution. These numerical results may be important in determining the number of PML layers needed to obtain a given accuracy. It can be seen that the reflection is reciprocal of the number of layers. The reflection coefficient is decreased by increasing the layer thickness. A thickness of 4 to 16 PML layers have loss in the range of 4.00 db to 33.73 dh. The layer thicknes itse f is represented in term of a number of elements. Another experiment is also done to investigate the electric field distribution in the computation domain with varied in ca and A It is concluded that the PMLs work well to model an open rectangular waveguide.