"Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap (PLTU) batubara merupakan penyumbang utama emisi karbon dioksida (CO₂) di sektor energi. Untuk mendukung upaya mitigasi dan pelaporan inventarisasi gas rumah kaca (GRK), penelitian ini bertujuan menghitung dan membandingkan nilai faktor emisi CO₂ dari 27-unit PLTU di Indonesia menggunakan tiga metode perhitungan berbeda: (1) berbasis kandungan karbon bahan bakar (t CO₂/TJ), (2) berbasis intensitas output energi listrik (t CO₂/MWh), dan (3) berbasis massa batubara (kg CO₂/kg). Penelitian ini juga menganalisis pengaruh tujuh variabel spesifikasi teknis unit pembangkit terhadap variasi nilai faktor emisi, meliputi: jenis boiler, kapasitas, usia operasional, jenis kalori batubara, sistem pengendali emisi (APC), tekanan-temperatur kerja, dan efisiensi termal. Analisis statistik dilakukan menggunakan uji normalitas Shapiro-Wilk, korelasi Spearman, Kruskal-Wallis, serta validasi Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test dan MAE-MAPE terhadap nilai referensi IPCC (2006) dan nasional (KESDM, 2018). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa metode perhitungan berbasis output energi (t CO₂/MWh) menghasilkan estimasi paling representatif, dengan nilai rata-rata 1,18 t CO₂/MWh (±0,19). PLTU dengan efisiensi termal tinggi (>38%) dan teknologi boiler supercritical menunjukkan nilai faktor emisi 10–20% lebih rendah dibanding unit subcritical. Analisis korelasi menunjukkan hubungan signifikan antara faktor emisi dan efisiensi termal (ρ = -0,71), kapasitas unit (ρ = -0,53), serta usia operasional (ρ = 0,47). Perbandingan dengan penelitian sebelumnya (IEA, Li et al., 2022; Gao et al., 2022) menunjukkan bahwa hasil studi ini memiliki selisih 5–12% lebih rendah dari nilai default IPCC, memperkuat urgensi penggunaan faktor emisi spesifik (Tier 3). Penelitian ini merekomendasikan adopsi metode Tier 3 berbasis data aktual untuk pelaporan emisi GRK PLTU, serta mendorong integrasi hasil kajian ini dalam revisi kebijakan batas emisi nasional dan persiapan implementasi pasar karbon di Indonesia.
Coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) are among the major contributors to carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in the energy sector. To support mitigation efforts and improve the accuracy of greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, this study aims to calculate and compare CO₂ emission factors from 27 CFPP units in Indonesia using three distinct calculation methods: (1) based on fuel carbon content (t CO₂/TJ), (2) based on energy output intensity (t CO₂/MWh), and (3) based on fuel mass (kg CO₂/kg). The study further examines the influence of seven technical specification variables of power units on the variability of emission factors, including boiler type, installed capacity, operational age, coal calorific value, air pollution control systems (APC), pressure-temperature classification, and thermal efficiency. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality, Spearman correlation, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, along with MAE and MAPE for comparison with reference values from IPCC (2006) and Indonesia's national guidelines (KESDM, 2018). Results indicate that the energy outputbased method (t CO₂/MWh) yields the most representative estimate, with an average of 1.18 t CO₂/MWh (±0.19). CFPPs with higher thermal efficiency (>38%) and supercritical boiler technology exhibit 10–20% lower emission factors compared to subcritical units. Significant correlations were found between CO₂ emission factors and thermal efficiency (ρ = -0.71), unit capacity (ρ = -0.53), and operational age (ρ = 0.47). When compared to previous studies (IEA, Li et al., 2022; Gao et al., 2022), the results of this research show 5–12% lower emissions than the IPCC default values, reinforcing the importance of applying specific (Tier 3) emission factors. This study recommends the adoption of Tier 3 methods based on actual operational data for national GHG reporting, and proposes the integration of these findings into emission cap policies and carbon market readiness in Indonesia."