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Abstrak :

ABSTRACT
The paper presents the performance of energy development programs during the 2015-2019 RPJMN period, evaluates them, and proposes some recommendations for that of the next 2020-2024 RPJMN. Energy development programs in the 2015-2019 RPJMN performed quite well, however some indicators such as coal production and the share of new-new and renewable energy in the countrys energy mix were not encouraging. While most of energy infrastructure program was not delivered well, the oil and gas production declining trends, in addition to excessive exports of coal reminds that Indonesias energy security is not safe. In 2020-2024 RPJMN exploration efforts must be increased, aiming at achieving reserves replacement ratio more than 1. Meanwhile, the share of new and renewable has to be increased, by emphasizing the development of biofuels in particular. In addition, energy conservation efforts have to be continued.

Abstrak :
This series of books are the output of the research project called "Sustainable Development in Asia (SDA)", which was initiated by the Association of Academies of Sciences in Asia (AASA). Four thematic reports on natural resources, energy, the environment and climate change, and culture from particular perspectives of agriculture. They aim to : 1) investigate common sustainability issues faced by all Asian countries, including population increase, poverty alleviation, pollution control, ecological restoration, as well as regional problems, such as water shortage in West and Central Asia, energy security in Northeast Asia, development model & transformation in East Asia, 2) analyze and summarize of best practices towards sustainable development in Asia; 3) bring forward suggestions and policy options for promoting green transition, system innovation and sustainable development of Asia.

Abstrak :
Perubahan struktur ekonomi di Indonesia dari pertanian ke industri serta meningkatnya aktivitas ekonomi diberbagai sektor sangat mempengaruhi laju peningkatan konsumsi energi di sektor industri dan transportas, termasuk sektor rumah tangga. Selama ini, 90% kebutuhan energi dipenuhi melalui eksploitasi sumber daya energi yang tidak terbarukan, dan setengahnya berasal dari minyak bumi. Peningkatan konsumsi energi yang semakin tinggi, mendorong bangsa Indonesia untuk tetap menjaga keseimbangan antara pasokan dan cadangan energi nasional dengan laju permintaan terhadap energi itu sendiri. Apabila terjadi kelidakseimbangan antara cadangan dan laju permintaan, cadangan energi akan terkuras habis dengan cepat. Dalam upaya pemenuhan kebutuhan energi Nasional, peranan atau kegiatan diversifikasi energi menjadi sangat penting. Diversifikasi energi diarahkan untuk penganekaragaman pemanfaatan energi, baik yang terbarukan maupun yang tidak terbarukan, dalam rangka optimasi penyediaan energi nasional yang paling ekonomis dan untuk mengurangi laju pengurasan sumber daya hidrokarbon untuk secara nasional mendapatkan manfaat yang sebesar-besarnya (maximum net benefit) sehingga pembangunan berkelanjutan dapat terlaksana. Indonesia masih memiliki potensi/sumber daya yang belum banyak dikembangkan untuk menghasilkan energi (energi surya, tenaga air, tenaga angina, panas bumi, biomassa, hingga berbagai bentuk energi samudra). Sumber energi ini disebut sumber Energi Terbarukan (ET) karena sifat persediaannya yang tidak terbatas atau tidak habis. ET dari segi lingkungan sangat ramah. Hampir semua ET tidak menghasilkan gas rumah kaca (GRK) bila dikonversikan ke bentuk energi lain, kalau ada yang menghasilkan kadarnya jauh lebih kecil dibanding energi fosil. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) Untuk melihat kondisi kebijakan ET serta implementasi di lapangan: (2) Untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang menjadi pertimbangan dalam keberhasilan pengembangan dan pemanfaatan ET: serta (3) Untuk mencari masukan atau strategi yang dapat digunakan untuk optimasi pengembangan dan pemanfaatan ET. Penelitian ini dipandu dengan hipotesis kerja bahwa: Kepemimpinan yang berpihak pada ET serta aturan ET yang jelas mempunyai pengaruh yang kuat terhadap keberhasilan pengembangan dan pemanfaatan ET di lapangan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif, melalui survey, dengan pengambilan sampel purposif berdasarkan pada keahlian (expert), keterlibatan (involvement), pengalaman (experience) serta dapat dipercaya (accountable), dimana peneliti melibatkan 30 orang termasuk 11 ahli dibidang energi, sebagai responden / nara sumber yang mewakili golongan: DPR, LSM, Investor, Pemerintah, Masyarakat / Assossiasi. dan Akademisi. Penentuan responden dilakukan di wilayah DKI Jakarta dan sekitarnya (Depok. Tangerang, Bogor dan Bandung). Penelilian ini menggunakan teknik kuesioner secara terstruktur dan tertutup, untuk melihat kondisi kebijakan dan implemenlasi ET di lapangan. Penelitian ini juga dilakukan melalui wawancara terbuka untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang faktor-faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi keberhasilan upaya pengembangan dan pemanfaatan E disamping tetap mcngacu pada studi pustaka, untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang strategi kebijakan yang dianggap paling efektif untuk optimasi pengembangan dan peralatan ET, kuesioner tersusun berdasarkan metode AHP yang terdiri dari 3 (tiga) hirarki, yaitu manfaat, sasaran, serta alternatif kebijakan ET. Untuk melihat kondisi kebijakan dan implementasi ET, penulis menggunakan teknik analisis kuantitatif kualitatif, sedangkan untuk mencari strategi optimasi dalam pengembangan dan pemanfaatan ET, penulis menggunakan teknik analisis data melalui pendekatan Proses Analisis Hirarki (Analytical Hierarchs Process / AHP) dengan bantuan perangkat lunak Expert Choice Versi 9, Hasil dari penelitian menyimpulkan sebagai berikut: 1. Kondisi Kebijakan dan implementasi ET saat ini adalah: (a) Secara keseluruhan baik kebijakan maupun implementasi energi angin "tidak memuaskan": (b) Kebijakan energi dan implementasi surya secara umum "tidak memuaskan"; (c) Beberapa kebijakan dan implementasi energi air mempunyai kategori tertinggi "cukup": (d) Untuk semua kebijakan dan implementasi energi biomass mempunyai kategori tertinggi "tidak memuaskan": (e) Kebijakan energi panas bumi mempunyai kategori yang bervariasi, walaupun masih didominasi oleh kategori ?tidak memuaskan?. sedangkan implementasi secara keseluruhan "cukup" kecuali untuk keterlibatan masyarakat "tidak memuaskan". Dalam hal kinerja institusi 54% responden menyatakan "tidak memuaskan" dan 3% menyatakan "memuaskan". Koordinasi antar instansi terkait, 50% responden menyatakan koordinasi tersebut "tidak memuaskan" dan 3% menyatakan "sangat memuaskan". Untuk level kebijakan, 53% responden menyatakan bahwa ET seharusnya diatur dalam bentuk UU. 30% melalui PP, masing-masing 7% melalui Kepmen dan Keppres: serta 3% melalui ketentuan lain. 2. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan pengembangan dan pemanfaatan ET adalah: regulasi/peraturan, harga energi, implementasi, financial, pajak / fiscal, insentif, serta kerjasama antar stakeholder. 3, Optimasi Pengembangan dan Pemanfaatan Energi terbarukan a. Analisis Hasil Simulasi AHP: berdasarkan pada manfaat maka, manfaat ekonomi memiliki nilai tertinggi (53%): manfaat ekologi (33%); serta manfaat sosial (14%). Untuk manfaat Ekonomi, strategi yang paling relevan untuk dilaksanakan adalah pemanfaatan ET di lokasi setempat (energi lokal) dengan nilai 56%: konservasi energi (32%); dan program langit biru (12%). Untuk Manfaat Ekologi, strategi yang dapat diharapkan adalah pemerataan energi (67%: investasi (23%): dan eksternalitas (10%). Sedangkan manfaat social strategi yang perlu diperhatikan adalah kepemimpinan (65%): manajemen (23%); serta kelembagaan (12%). b. Rekomendasi Kebijakan: secara keseluruhan alternatif kebijakan yang diharapkan dapat mendukung upaya optimasi pengembangun dan pemanfaatan ET, adalah: (1) Kebijakan Harga Energi: (2) Pengembangan Kapasitas: (3) Standarisasi dan Sertifikasi.

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Energy Policy within the Framework of Renewable Energy Development and Utilization Transformation of Indonesia's economic structure from agriculture to industry and improvement of economic activities al the various sectors has the consequence to the increasing of energy consumption at the industry, transportation and household sectors. All this time, 90% of energy demands have been complied with exploitation of non renewable energy resources and hailer it comes from petroleum. The intensity of energy consumption enormously needs to serious action to keep harmonizing between stock & supply of- the national energy and demand or energy. If any unbalancing between stock and speed of demand. it will lead to energy resources depletion promptly. Therefore, the role of energy diversification activities to meet national energy demand will be important things. Energy diversification is aimed to diversify and expand energy utilization both renewable and non renewable, in the framework of optimizing the national energy supply economically and to reduce hydrocarbon depletion for national maximum net benefit, hence the sustainable development will be performed. Indonesia has potentially resources that have not developed yet to generate the energy, i.e. solar, Hydro, wind, geothermal, biomass and ocean (thermal and wave). They are identified as renewable energy (RE) resources, because or their characteristics are unlimited and environmental friendly. All of RE resource almost not produce green house gas (GHG) if converted to other type of energy (if any the content of GHG is lower than fossil fuel). The objectives of research are: (1) to look into the description between polio: and implementation of RE, (2) to find out the elements which being consideration and success factors for development and utilization of RE: and (3) to find out inputs or strategy for optimizing development and utilization of RE. This research is guided by hypothesis: strong commitment of the Government of Indonesia (GOI) and well-defined of rule of RE have the strong influence to he success factors in the implementation of RE. Method of this research is descriptive by survey, with purposive sampling bused on expertise, involvement, experience and accountability. This research engaged 30 respondents as resource persons including 11 experts in energy issues and represents of: House of Representative, Non Governmental Organization, Investor, Government, Community/Association, and Academic. This research was held on around of Jakarta (DKI Jakarta- Depok- Tangerang. Bogor clan Bandung), This research carried out by closed and structured questioner. to obtain description between policy and implementation of RE. This research has confirmed to the potential experts and desk study to answer the factors «hick influenced successful of RE development and utilization. To answer the most effective policy strategy for optimizing RE development and utilization. the questioner composed based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method which contain of 3 (tree) hierarchies (benefits, strategies, objectives, and alternatives of RE policy). Quantitative & qualitative analysis used to obtain description between RE policy and implementation. Analytical Hierarchy Process software version 9 is used to obtain the strategy for optimizing of RE development and implementation. The conclusions of research are: 1. Description between policy and implementation of RE for the time being are: (a) Wind energy policy & implementation are dominated by "unsatisfied"; (b) Solar energy policy & implementation are "unsatisfied" in general; (c) Policy & implementation of hydro is "sufficient" as a highest category for several issues. Policy for hydro have been supported relatively (Ministerial Degree No. 064.k/40/M.PE/1998); (d) Policy & implementation for biomass energy have a highest category "unsatisfied" for all aspects: (e) Geothermal policy has variant category even though still dominated by "unsatisfied". Policy for geothermal is the most advances among RE policies (Presidential Degree No. 76/2000). This policy has been influenced its implementation, where the geothermal is the one of RE in progress "sufficient'". Based on respondents: (a) The performance of the Agency of National Energy Coordination (BAKOREN) is 54% "unsatisfied" and 3% for "satisfied": (b) Coordination inter institution related is 50% "unsatisfied" and 3% "very satisfied": (c) Policy level for RE is 53% stated that RE should be regulated in the Act form, 30% in the Governmental Regulation. 7% in the Ministerial Decree, and in the Presidential Decree and others regulation is 3% for others regulation. 2. The factors which influence successful of RE development and implementation are:-regulation; price of energy, implementation: financial aspect: tax/fiscal; incentives: and coordination among stakeholder. 3. The optimizing of RE development and utilization a. The output of AHP simulation: based on benefits are: economic benefit has a highest value (53%): ecology benefit (33%): and social benefit (14%). Strategies for economic benefit which most relevant to be implemented is utilization of RI= at the local area (energy local) (56%); energy conservation (32%): and blue sky program (12%). Strategies for ecology benefit which could he applied are energy distribution (67%): investment (23%): and externalities (10%i. Strategies for social benefit that need to pay attention are leadership (65%); management (23%): and institution (12%). b. Alternative Recommendation: policy alternatives that expected to support optimizing RE development and utilization in general are: (1) Policy of energy price: (2) Policy liar capacity building: (3) Standardizes and Certification Policy.

Abstrak :
Listrik merupakan unsur penting bagi perekonomian Indonesia mengingat pelanggan terbesar pemakai listrik adalah lndustri. Bagi masyarakat rumah tangga yang merupakan pelanggan terbanyak listrik, telah menjadikan listrik sebagai kebutuhan primer, terutama bagi masyarakat di kota-kota besar. Sementara itu permasalahan yang ada seperti pemerintah tidak dapat lagi membiayai bidang listrik dalam bentuk subsidi listrik dan migas, serta nilai tukar rupiah terhadap mata uang asing turun, menutup kemungkinan bagi pasokan listrik untuk dapat menutupi kebutuhan listrik masyarakat. Peningkatan kebutuhan listrik yang tidak dapat dipenuhi akan menyebabkan krisis/pemadaman. Karena itu restrukturisasi listrik adalah faktor penting dalam memecahkan masalah listrik. Cakupan program yang bersifat nasional dan melibatkan banyak pihak merupakan hal yang menarik untuk melihatpemahaman dan cara mensosialisasikan program dengan pendekatan pemasaran sosial. Dalam tesis ini peneliti mengangkat seperangkat aktifitas yang berupaya mengungkap proses restrukturisasi listrik di DJLPE, dengan pendekatan penelitian Kualitatif, constructivisme/interpretative. Strategi penelitian studi kasus dengan multilevel analysis dimana unit analisanya adalah organisasi DJLPE dan unit respon individu dari beberapa tingkat dalam struktur organisasi DJLPE. Metode pengumpulan data dengan wawancara lapangan, data historis, dan analisis data. Temuan dari penelitian ini adalah terdapat perbedaan tataran pemahaman program antara DJLPE dan publik yang mendukung dengan publik yang tidak mendukung restrukturisasi. Bagi yang memberikan dukungan telah memandang restrukturisasi pada tataran value. Dimana telah mendapat informasi dan melakukan pemikiran menyeluruh mengenai apa yang benar dan apa yang salah. Sementara yang tidak mendukung hanya pada tataran belief dimana hanya didasari oleh sesuatu yang faktual dan tanpa evaluasi. Hal ini juga ditunjang dengan fakta bahwa media belum menempatkan program restrukturisasi listrik sebagai hal yang penting sehingga masih dianggap belum layak berita dan masyarakat terjebak dengan isu-isu yang merupakan bagian dari isu besar ketenagalistrikan seperti tidak pada kerugian bila listrik tidak ada, namun pada bagian kecilnya seperti isu tarif dasar listrik yang naik dan efisiensi pada PLN. Karenanya pada kesimpulan dan rekomendasi diharapkan adanya program pemasaran sosial yang komprehensif bagi program restrukturisasi yang memiliki cakupan dan tujuan agar seluruh masyarakat memiliki kesamaan bahasa mengenai program, peran dan tanggung jawab terhadap suksesnya program restrukturisasi program, kejelasan peran dan pola komunikasi, pemahaman yang sama antara pelaksana program DJLPE dan publiknya, serta program sosialisasi yang sistematis mengingat potential conflict yang ada didalamnya. Electricity is a vital element for Indonesian economy, considering that large-scale customers of electricity are industries. Households, which constitute the majority of electricity customers, have turned electricity into a primary need, especially for those living in big cities. Meanwhile, the problems faced, such as the fact that the government can no longer provide subsidies for electricity and oil, as well as decreasing exchange rate of Rupiah against foreign currencies, have blocked up the possibility for the electricity supply to meet the public needs for electricity. The increase of electricity needs that cannot be unfulfilled will result in a crisis/black-out. Therefore, electricity restructuring is a significant factor in resolving electricity-related issues. The national scope of the program and involvement of numerous parties are interesting aspects for viewing the understanding of and method for socializing the program, by applying social marketing approach. In this thesis, the writer adopts a series of activities aiming at disclosing the process of electricity restructuring at DJLPE (Directorate General of Electricity and Energy Development), by applying Qualitative, constructivism/interpretative research approach, and the strategy of case studies with multilevel analysis, the analysis unit of which is the organization of DJLPE and individual response units from several levels in the organizational structure of DJLPE. The methods used for gathering data were field interview, historical data and data analysis. This research has came up with a finding that there are different levels of understanding of the program between DJLPE and the public supporting the restructuring on one side, and the public opposing to the restructuring on the other side. Those giving their support have viewed the restructuring at the level of value. They have obtained information and performed comprehensive thinking about what is right and what is wrong. While those opposing to the same have only viewed it at the level of belief, based on factual matters and without evaluation. This is also supported by the fact that the media has not considered the electricity-restructuring program as an important matter, so that it cannot be considered as news. Meanwhile, the public is trapped with issues that constitute parts of the big issue of electricity, such as there would be no loss if there is no electricity, but only small parts of the issue, such as the increase of basic electricity price and efficiency at the State Electricity Company (PLN). Accordingly, the conclusion and recommendation section conveys an expectation for the existence of a comprehensive social marketing program for the restructuring program, having the scope and objective that all members of the community would share the same opinion about the program, role in and responsibility for the successful implementation of the restructuring program; clarity with regard to roles and communication patterns; corresponding comprehension between the program administrator, DJLPE, and the public; as well as a systematic socialization program considering the potential conflict existing therein.