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"ABSTRACTThe belief that resource abundance equates to energy security is roundly debunked in Indonesian geothermal. Indonesia copious geothermal reserves remain untapped. Experts cite the usual culprits: unreliable long term contracts, ambivalent government support, and lukewarm investors investment appetite. In this paper, we argue that the real constraints lie in investors unresolved contradictions: Quick to complain about government unreliable and shifting stance, investors look to the same counter party to guarantee their iron clad power purchase agreements (PPAs) to secure their returns. To unleash Indonesia geothermal potential, we propose adopting slim hole drilling technologies to reduce costs, while facilitating sequential commitments. This could enhance strategic flexibility that lowers the costs of good failures while facilitating the adoption of resource insurance to de risk geothermal exploration and drilling. To sustain these benefits, cheap energy policy needs to be phased out to allow a restructured PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) to flourish by embracing commercially viable strategic approaches."

"The discussion on the importance of energy security policy for Indonesia merits special attention for a number of reasons. First, there has been an opinion that the recent decision by government to increase the price of fuel energy can be attributed to its short sighted view on energy security policy. Secondly, the idea of energy security has evolved from its original concept to the effect that the main concern is currently not merely over the question of h^w to secure sufficient supply of energy at affordable price but also over its future sustainability.Thirdly, there have been contending paradigms in designing policy to achieve energy security namely between those who consider energy as a market commodity and those who regard it as a strategic commodity. The paper primarily attempts to answer following questions: what is energy security policy and why should energy security policy be comprehensive? For the purpose of analysis, the paper is divided into three parts. The first part attempts to define what we mean by energy with special reference to heat energy including its various dimensions and categories. The second part aims at tracing the rationale behind the emergence of energy security including its envolvement as a concept. The third part intends to show policy options available for policy makers in designing energy security policy by locating and seeing them through the lenses of contending paradigms. Since the recent hike of fuel energy has strong tendency to take side with and seems to have been inspired by market paradigm, an attempt is also made in the last part of the paper to analyze deficiencies of Indonesian current energy security policy."

"The One Belt One Road strategic concept provides new opportunities for world economic development. Promoting the integration of regional energy markets is an important starting point for promoting regional integrated development. The book is divided into four parts: One Belt One Road strategy provides new opportunities for world economic development, promotes regional energy market integration, key project recommendations, and safeguard measures"

"Marine resources as energy resources has become one means for the construction maritime power and unifying the region's defense for Indonesia. The geographical condition of Indonesia as an archipelagic country with the vast majority of territorial waters, as well as its strategic cross-position, becomes a fundamental source for sustainable energy development through the utilization of microalgae as a potential marine plant for biodiesel fuel, a diesel mix for Indonesian coastal communities. The research method in this study uses literature study and observation of previous authors' research, which will result in an analysis of energy objectives as supporting maritime defense that includes: (1) comprehensive understanding on the management and development of marine energy resources through the use of biodiesel from renewable energy of marine microalgae; (2) raising effective awareness and cooperation among the coastal communities, government and industry regarding the greatness of Indonesian history that has been built from the control over the oceans as a source of defense in developing energy security to support maritime defense."

"Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang perubahan ketahanan energi Turki setelah TANAP (Trans-Anatolian Pipeline) berhasil dibangun di Turki pada Juni 2018. TANAP merupakan proyek yang dibangun atas kerjasama Turki dan Azerbaijan. Distribusi gas alam TANAP juga akan diteruskan ke pasar di Eropa. Turki merupakan negara dengan kebutuhan energi yang sangat tinggi dan kebutuhan ini meningkat sebanyak 8% per tahunnya dengan total kebutuhan energi sebesar 136 Mtoe pada tahun 2016. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energinya, Turki sangat bergantung pada distribusi energi dari Rusia dalam bentuk gas alam. Namun, hubungan yang tidak stabil antara Rusia dan Ukraina sebagai negara transit energi membuat distribusi energi dari Rusia sering terhambat. Hal ini kemudian menggerakkan Turki untuk mencari sumber energi alternatif untuk mengatasi masalah ketergantungan energi terhadap Rusia ini. Turki, diuntungkan secara geografis karena terletak di antara negara-negara penghasil gas alam dan minyak bumi yaitu negara-negara Timur Tengah, Asia Tengah dan negara-negara di sekitar Laut Kaspia dan negara konsumen energi di Eropa sehingga Turki juga memiliki potensi untuk menjadi energy-hub di kawasannya. Tesis ini pertama-tama akan menganalisa hubungan saling ketergantungan atau interdependensi dalam hubungan energi yang berpotensi bersifat asimetris antara Turki dan Rusia, dan implikasi yang ditimbulkan dari hubungan asimetris ini. Setelah itu peneliti akan mengkaji pengaruh TANAP terhadap ketahanan energi gas alam di Turki dan pengaruhnya terhadap perubahan interdependensi antara kedua negara. Setelah itu, akan dibahas juga pengaruh TANAP terhadap ambisi Turki untuk menjadi energy-hub di kawasannya.

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This paper reviews the change of Turkey's energy security after Turkey managed to construct TANAP (Trans-Anatolian Pipeline) at June 2018. TANAP is a project built within cooperation between Turkey and Azerbaijan. TANAP's natural-gas distribution also is going to be supplied to Europe. Turkey is a country with vast energy needs with average increase of 8% per year with total energy consumption as much as 136 Mtoe as of 2016. To meet their energy needs, Turkey highly rely on energy from Russia's natural-gas. However, fragile relation between Russia and Ukraine caused energy distribution from Russia agitated, causing Turkey to search for alternative energy supply source to reduce their highly dependence on Russia. Beside that, Turkey also aware of their geographical advantage that lies between energy-rich Middle-East, Central Asia, and countries around Caspian Sea and energy-importing countries in Europe, which giving opportunities for Turkey to be energy-hub at their region. This thesis firstly will analyze interdependence relationship in the context of energy between Turkey and Russia that potentially has asymmetric nature and the implication that could arises in that relationship. Afterwards, author will review how TANAP change Turkey's natural-gas security and how it changes interdependency between the two countries. Author will also review how TANAP affect Turkey's ambition to be energy-hub in their region."

"Penelitian ini berupaya menganalisa kebijakan keamanan energi Cina yang berusaha dicapai oleh negara tersebut melalui diplomasi energi yang dilakukannya di Afrika. Dalam tulisan ini, penulis ingin menganalisa kebijakan energi Cina serta faktor-faktor yang mendorong Cina untuk menjatuhkan pilihannya pada Afrika untuk mencapai keamanan energinya. Penulis juga ingin menganalisa bagaimana Cina menjalankan diplomasi energi di Afrika melalui bantuan asing, FDI, serta perdagangan dengan negara-negara di Afrika. Respon internasional terkait dengan keberadaan Cina di Afrika juga akan dianalisa dalam tulisan ini. Penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan mengambil data melalui studi kepustakaan. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa Cina menggunakan bantuan asing, FDI, serta perdagangan dalam upayanya untuk melakukan diplomasi energi di Afrika. Kerjasama antara state dan firm meningkatkan bargaining position Cina dalam melakukan diplomasi energi di Afrika.

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This research analyzes China`s energy security policy that is achieved through energy diplomacy in Africa. In this thesis, the writer will elaborate China`s energy policy and the factors that motivate China to choose Africa in attaining its energy security. The writer would like to analyze China`s energy diplomacy through foreign aid, FDI, and trade with African countries. International responses reated to China`s activities in Africa will also be discussed further. Qualitative method is applied in this research. Literature study is used in obtaining the data. The result of this study shows that China uses foreign aid, FDI, as well as trade in carrying out its energy diplomacy. State and firm cooperate to improve the bargaining position of China, in carrying out energy diplomacy in Africa."

"Konsep keamanan energi bersifat kontekstual dan dapat memiliki makna yang berbeda dalam konteks yang berbeda. Terkait dengan hal tersebut, tulisan ini berusaha mengkaji perkembangan literatur mengenai konsep keamanan energi dari waktu ke waktu. Tulisan ini kemudian akan mengelompokkan literatur-literatur tersebut dengan menggunakan metode kronologi ke dalam tiga periode berbeda, yaitu periode 1970-1990, 2000-2010 dan pasca 2010. Dari pengelompokkan tersebut, terlihat bahwa terjadi perluasan tema dalam definisi konsep keamanan energi yang awalnya terkait dengan tema ketersediaan dan harga menjadi mencakup tema infrastruktur, lingkungan, dampak sosial, efisiensi, tata kelola dan kebijakan publik, dan sebagainya. Hal ini kemudian menimbulkan perdebatan mengenai apakah konsep keamanan energi perlu diperluas untuk mengakomodasi munculnya tantangan-tantangan baru atau tetap dibatasi agar keamanan tidak kehilangan maknanya. Penulis berargumen bahwa pendefinisan keamanan energi harus tetap dilekatkan dengan definisi keamanan, ldquo;survival in the face of existential threat, rdquo;agar konsep keamanan itu sendiri tidak kehilangan fokusnya. Dengan menggunakan perspektif kontekstual dan variasi konseptual dari waktu ke waktu, tulisan ini diharapkan dapat menghadirkan perdebatan teoretis mengenai bagaimana isu energi dapat menjadi isu keamanan serta memberikan kontribusi berupa pemetaan konsep keamanan energi sebagai referensi untuk pengambilan kebijakan energi.

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Concept Energy security concept is contextual and understood in different ways in different context. This paper examines the development of the literatures of energy security. Using chronological method of organization, this paper classifies the literatures into three different periods 1970 1990, 2000 2010, and post 2010. From this classification, it is found that there is a proliferation of themes in the definition of energy security concept. The concept has expanded from what was initially limited to availability and affordable price, to include themes such as infrastructures, environment, social impacts, efficiency, governance and public policy. This raises a debate as to whether the energy security concept need to be broadened to accomodate the emergence of new challenges or to remain limited in definition so that it would not lose its meaning. This paper then further argues that the definition of energy security should be attached to the definition of security as, ldquo survival in the face of existential threat, rdquo so that security concept itself would be able to retain its focus. Taking a contextual perspective and conceptual variation over time, this paper aims to present a theoretical debate on how energy is understood as a security issue and to serve as a reference for energy policy making."

"ABSTRAKStudi tentang ketahanan energi energy security menjadi topik yang terus berkembang di kalangan peneliti energi, terlebih situasi produksi minyak terus menurun, kapasitas kilang minyak yang terbatas, tingkat diversifikasi energi yang rendah, secara kualitatif menunjukkan, bahwa Indonesia sedang mengalami situasi yang kurang baik dalam definisi ketahanan energi. Seberapa rendahnya tingkat ketahanan energi tersebut, maka perlu dilakukan pengukuran secara kuantitatif. Sejak tahun 2013 sektor transportasi menjadi konsumen terbesar energi final di Indonesia. Tingginya konsumsi energi sektor transportasi menjadi perhatian tersendiri karena dampak perubahannya mampu mempengaruhi tingkat ketahanan energi nasional. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis pengaruh dari perlakuan kebijakan di sektor transportasi terhadap ketahanan energi. Penelitian ini mengukur ketahanan energi menggunakan 14 indikator dan dikelompokkan ke dalam masing-masing dimensinya diantaranya, yaitu availability, affordability, accessibility, acceptability dan efficiency. Analisis energy security dilakukan dengan metode normalisasi min-max, aggregasi dan pembobotan menggunakan principal component analysis PCA untuk mengatasi masalah subjektivitas dalam penentuan bobot indikator. Hasil menunjukkan, bahwa dampak peningkatan ketahanan energi terjadi pada skenario transportasi massal dan skenario teknologi kendaraan, sedangkan skenario pajak bahan bakar memberikan efek negatif terhadap peningkatan ketahanan energi. Peningkatan ketahanan energi terbesar ditunjukkan oleh skenario teknologi kendaraan untuk kasus PHEV pada rentang tahun 2030 ndash; 2040, namun mengalami penurunan sampai dengan akhir tahun proyeksi yang disebabkan karena faktor emisi pembangkit listrik nasional yang masih relatif tinggi, sehingga penetrasi kendaraan berbasis listrik justru akan meningkatkan jumlah emisi CO2.

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ABSTRACTThe study of energy security has become an emerging topic among energy researchers. The decline of oil production, the limited capacity of refineries, the low level of energy diversification, qualitatively shows that Indonesia is experiencing an unfavorable situation in the definition of energy security. therefore, it is necessary to measure energy security quantitatively. Since 2013, the transportation sector has become the largest consumer of final energy in Indonesia. The high energy consumption of the transportation sector is being a particular concern due to the impact to the energy security. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the effects of transport sector policy on the energy security. This study measures the energy security using 14 indicators and grouped into each dimension such as availability, affordability, accessibility, acceptability, and efficiency. Energy security analyzed by min max normalization method and using principal component analysis PCA to overcome the problem of subjectivity in determining the indicator weight. The results show that the scenario of mass transportation and vehicle technology bring an increase in the energy security, while fuel tax scenario has a negative effect on energy security. The greatest increase in energy security is showed by vehicle technology scenarios for the PHEV case during 2030 2040. However, the increase is fall until 2050 due to relatively high of power emission factor, therefore penetration of electric based vehicles will actually increase the number of emissions CO2."

"Energy security has become a central concern for all the countries in the Asian region and the search for sufficient sources of energy to fuel economic growth has drastically influenced relations among the South Asian countries as well as their respective relations with their neighbours China, Myanmar, Iran, and Afghanistan. The recent nuclear deal between India and the US is also indicative of how energy and power politics are linked and how these new inter-linkages underlie relations between states. This book aims to give a South Asian perspective on the geopolitics of energy, with a central focus on India. The chapters address show India's global and regional foreign policy making has changed in light of India's search for energy and how this is affecting the relationship on a global level between India and the US, as well as on a regional level between India and the other Asian countries. The book also offers views from Pakistan and Bangladesh, as well as how this shifting reality is affecting relations between India and Southeast Asia."

"This paper attempts to discuss the resurgence of the state as an important actor in dealing with energy crisis. The short fall of oil supply and the steady increase of oil consumption in the past few years - which resulted in sharp increase of oil prices - have rendered the state responsible for formulating and implementing energy policies to ensure national security. The discussion will be divided into three main sections. The first section will analyze the resurgence of states as prime actor in international relations. After being sidelined for sometime (due to the transformation of international issues from traditional strategic-military concern into economic and humanitarian concern), the state regained currency in the wake of terrorist and energy threats. The second section will discuss the current energy security problem and how it affects nation-states. The final section will analyze U.S. response to current energy crisis. Attention will be put on how U.S. government produce and implement energy policies to ensure its national security."