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"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Kegagalan perawatan saluran akar dapat disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme yang resisten. E.faecalis merupakan bakteri resisten dengan prevalensi yang paling banyak ditemukan pada kegagalan perawatan saluran akar. E.faecalis dapat membentuk biofilm di dalam saluran akar sehingga 1000 kali lebih resisten terhadap fagositosis, antibodi, dan antimikroba dibandingkan dalam bentuk planktonik. Diperlukan larutan irigasi dari bahan alami atau herbal, yang efektif membuhun E.faecalis untuk menghindari efek samping yang diakibatkan oleh bahan irigasi sintetik. Tujuan: Menganalisis efek antibakteri Xanthorrhizol yang berasal dari Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb terhadap biofilm Enterococcus faecalis isolat klinis. Metode: Dilakukan uji hitung koloni dan MTT Assay untuk menilai persentase eradikasi E.faecalis setelah pemaparan xanthorrhizol dengan berbagai konsentrasi (0,5%, 0,75%, 1%, 1,25%, dan 1,5%) serta CHX 2% sebagai kontrol positif. Hasil: Analisis data menggunakan uji One-Way ANOVA dan uji Post-Hoc Bonferroni untuk melihat perbedaan antar kelompok. Xanthorrhizol konsentrasi 0,5%, 0,75%, 1%, 1,25%, dan 1,5% mampu menurunkan jumlah biofilm E.faecalis isolat klinis. Xanthorrhizol konsentrasi 1% secara statistik tidak berbeda bermakna dengan CHX 2% dalam kemampuannya sebagai antibakteri E.faecalis (p>0,05) namun berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok 0,5%, 0,75%, 1,25%, dan 1,5% (p>0,05) dengan nilai eradikasi E.faecalis lebih rendah. Kesimpulan: Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa xanthorrhizol efektif sebagai antibakteri terhadap biofilm E.faecalis.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Failure of root canal treatment can be caused by resistant microorganisms. E.faecalis is the most prevalent resistant bacterium found in root canal treatment failure. E.faecalis can form biofilms inside root canal so that it is 1000 times more resistant toward phagocytosis, antibodies, and antimicrobials than when it is in its planktonic form. An irrigation solution made from natural or herbal ingredients, which effectively kills E.faecalis is needed to avoid side effects caused by synthetic irrigation materials. Objective: To analyze the antibacterial effect of xanthorrhizol derived from Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb on clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Method: Colony count and MTT Assay were performed to assess the percentage of E.faecalis eradication after exposure to xanthorrhizol with various concentrations (0,5%, 0,75%, 1%, 1,25%, and 1,5%) and CHX 2% as a positive control. Results: Data analysis used One-Way ANOVA test and Bonferroni Post-Hoc test to see differences between groups. Xanthorrhizol concentrations of 0,5%, 0,75%, 1%, 1,25%, and 1,5% were able to reduce the number of clinical isolates of E.faecalis biofilms. Xanthorrhizol 1% concentration was not statistically significantly different from 2% CHX in its ability as an antibacterial to E.faecalis biofilm (p>0,05) but was significantly different from groups of 0,5%, 0,75%, 1,25%, and 1,5% (p>0,05) with lower E.faecalis eradication values. Conclusion: From the study results, can be concluded that xanthorrhizol is effective as an antibacterial against E.faecalis biofilms."

"Latar Belakang : Enterococcus faecalis merupakan bakteri yang mampu membentuk biofilm dan banyak ditemukan pada kasus kegagalan perawatan saluran akar. Tujuan : Melihat daya antibakteri kitosan dan klorheksidin terhadap E. faecalis dalam biofilm. Metode : Deteksi dan kuantifikasi E. faecalis dalam biofilm yang hidup pasca pemaparan bahan uji, dengan real time PCR. Hasil : Terdapat perbedaan jumlah bakteri yang signifikan antara kedua kelompok bahan uji terhadap kontrol (p ≤ 0,05), tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kitosan dan klorheksidin. Kesimpulan : Daya antibakteri kitosan 2% terhadap biofilm E. faecalis sebanding dengan klorheksidin 2%.

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Background : Enterococcus faecalis has an ability to form biofilms and become a predominant bacteria that plays a major role in the etiology of persistent lesions after root canal treatment.

Aim : To analyze the efficacy of chitosan and chlorhexidine against E. faecalis in biofilms.

Methods : Detection and quantification of E. faecalis DNA that survive and live after immersing the biofilm in antibacterial solution, with real time PCR.

Result : Statistically there is significant difference of living E. faecalis between chitosan and control and between 2% chlorhexidine and control (p ≤0,05). But there is no significant different between chitosan and chlorhexidine (p>0,05).

Conclusion : Antibacterial effectivity of chitosan is equal to chlorhexidine against E. faecalis in biofilm."

"Objective: To investigate the phenotype and genotype of E. faecalis isolated from the root canal and saliva of primary endodontic patients with periapical lesions.Methods: Eighte variations en adult male and female individuals suffering from primary endodontic infection, either with or without periapical lesions, were involved in this study. Root canal scraping and saliva were collected from each subject and used for bacterial quantitation using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Enterococci were isolated using ChromAgar medium and then identified using both biochemical (Gram staining and catalase tests) and molecular biology (conventional PCR) methods. Gelatinase activity, polysaccharide capsul profile and mRNA ace expression level were determined using microbiological, biochemical and molecular biology approach, respectively. Genotype of E. faecalis was determined based on nucleotide sequence of ace and gelE genes analyzed using web-based 3730xl DNA Analyze software.Results: The results showed that except for its proportion, no significant difference was found in phenotypes (gelatinase activity and mRNA ace expression levels) and genotypes (polymorphism of Cps operon and variation of ace and gelE nucleotide sequences) of E. faecalis isolated from the root canal and saliva of primary endodontic patients had or had no periapical lesions.Conclusion: It can be concluded that E. faecalis proportion had a role in the occurrence of periapical lesions in the primary endodontic patients, but not gelatinase activity, mRNA ace expression level, Cps operon polymorphism or ace and gelE nucleotide sequence variations."

"Latar Belakang: Ekstrak bawang putih memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap berbagai bakteri Gram-positif dan Gram-negatif serta bakteri anaerob seperti Lactobacillus dan E. faecalis. Enterococcus faecalis merupakan bakteri Gram-positif fakultatif anaerob yang mampu menginvasi tubuli dentin dan resisten terhadap bahan irigasi dan medikamen intrakanal. Bahan irigasi saluran akar yang digunakan saat ini adalah bahan kimiawi yang dapat membahayakan jaringan periapikal dan benih gigi permanen jika terdorong ke apeks. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis efektivitas ekstrak bawang putih terhadap viabilitas Enterococcus faecalis dari isolat klinis saluran akar gigi sulung non vital. Metode Penelitian: Uji MTT digunakan untuk menilai viabilitas E. faecalis setelah pemaparan ekstrak bawang putih dengan berbagai konsentrasi (10%, 25%, 50% dan 100%) dan CHX 2% sebagai kontrol positif. Hasil: Analisis data menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis dan uji Post-Hoc Mann Whitney untuk melihat perbedaan antar kelompok. Ekstrak bawang putih konsentrasi 10%, 25%, 50% dan 100% mampu menurunkan viabilitas E. faecalis. Nilai viabilitas antara kelompok ekstrak bawang putih konsentrasi 25%, 50% dan 100% berbeda tidak bermakna (p>0,05) namun berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok ekstrak 10% dan kelompok CHX 2% (p<0,05) dengan nilai viabilitas E. faecalis lebih rendah. Kesimpulan: Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak bawang putih efektif dalam menurunkan viabilitas E. faecalis.

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Background: Garlic extract exhibits antibacterial effect against wide variety of gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as anaerobic bacteria such as Lactobacillus and E. faecalis. Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive facultative anaerobe capable of invading the dentin tubules and is resistant to several irrigating solutions and intracanal medicament. Commonly used irrigating solutions are from chemical substances that can compromise the periapical tissue and permanent tooth germs if extruded from apex. The aim of this study was to analyse the effectivity of garlic extract against viability of E. faecalis from clinical isolate of non-vital primary root canals. Method: MTT assay was used to determine the viability of E. faecalis after exposure of different concentrations of garlic extract (10%, 25%, 50%, 100%) and CHX 2% as positive control. Result: Analysis was done using Kruskal-Wallis; the post-hoc test was done for multiple comparisons at a 0,05 significance level. All concentrations of garlic extracts were able to reduce viability of E. faecalis. Viability score between 25%, 50% and 100% extracts were not significantly different from one another (p>0,05), however they were significantly different from 10% extract and CHX 2% (p<0,05) with lower viability score. Conclusion: The results showed that garlic extract were effective to reduce viability of E. faecalis."

"Latar Belakang: E. faecalis dan C. albicans adalah mikroorganisme di saluran akar yang mampu bertahan hidup meski sudah dilakukan perawatan saluran akar. Penggunaan larutan irigasi sintetik saat perawatan saluran akar efektif dalam mengeliminasi mikroorganisme di saluran akar namun terbukti toksik terdapat sel punca mesenkim di periapikal. Cuka apel mengandung zat aktif seperti asam organik, flavonoid, fenol, tanin yang bersifat antimikroba dan menghambat pertumbuhan mikroba, namun terbukti tidak toksik bagi sel punca. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan efek antimikroba larutan cuka apel berbagai konsentrasi terhadap biofilm E. faecalis dan C. albicans. Metode: Dilakukan paparan larutan cuka apel 0,63%, 1,25%, dan 2,5%, serta kontrol positif NaOCl 2,5% dan kontrol negatif pada biofilm E. faecalis dan C. albicans. Kemudian dilakukan evaluasi efek antimikroba dengan uji hitung koloni dan nilai viabilitas dengan metode MTT Assay. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna jumlah koloni dan nilai viabilitas biofilm E. faecalis (p<0,05) dan biofilm C. albicans (p<0,05) antara seluruh konsentrasi larutan cuka apel, kontrol positif, dan kontrol negatif, dengan efek antimikroba larutan cuka apel tertinggi pada konsentrasi 2,5% dan terendah pada konsentrasi 0,63%. Kesimpulan: Larutan cuka apel 2,5% memiliki kemampuan antimikroba dengan nilai viabilitas dan jumlah koloni hampir sebanding dengan kontrol positif NaOCl 2,5%, sehingga larutan cuka apel dapat dipertimbangkan untuk dijadikan alternatif larutan irigasi saluran akar.

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Background: E. faecalis and C. albicans are microorganisms in root canals that are able to survive even after root canal treatment. The use of synthetic irrigation solutions during root canal treatment is effective in eliminating microorganisms in the root canal but has been shown to be toxic to periapical mesenchymal stem cells. Apple vinegar contains active substances such as organic acids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins which are antimicrobial and inhibit microbial growth, but have been proven not to be toxic to stem cells. The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial effects of apple vinegar solutions of various concentrations on E. faecalis and C. albicans biofilms. Method: Exposure to 0.63%, 1.25% and 2.5% apple vinegar solutions, as well as 2.5% NaOCl positive control and negative control on E. faecalis and C. albicans biofilms were carried out. Then the antimicrobial effect was evaluated using the colony count test and viability value using the MTT Assay method. Result: There were significant differences in the number of colonies and viability values of E. faecalis biofilm (p<0.05) and C. albicans biofilm (p<0.05) between all concentrations of apple vinegar solution, positive control and negative control, with the antimicrobial effect of the apple vinegar solution were highest at a concentration of 2.5% and lowest at a concentration of 0.63%. Conclusion: The 2.5% apple vinegar solution has antimicrobial ability with viability values and colony numbers almost comparable to the 2.5% NaOCl as positive control, so 2,5% apple vinegar solution can be considered as an alternative root canal irrigation solution."

"Penelitian biodegradasi pewarna tekstil Congo Red telah dilakukan menggunakan bakteri Enterococcus faecalis. Biodegradasi dilakukan pada medium Bushnell Haas yang ditambahkan 1.000 ppm (0,1%) Congo Red dengan konsentrasi inokulum 18 x 107 (CFU/ml) sebanyak 1%, 5% dan 10%. Persentase biodegradasi diukur dengan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis (λ 490 nm) menunjukkan bahwa persentase degradasi terbaik diperoleh pada inokulum 10% yang telah mendegradasi 98,10% Congo Red pada hari pertama. Penelitian selanjutnya 2.500 ppm (0,25%) dan 5.000 ppm (0,5%) Congo Red menunjukkan bahwa bakteri Enterococcus faecalis mampu mendegradasi 5.000 ppm (0,5%) Congo Red hingga 96,88% pada hari ke dua puluh satu.

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Research on the biodegradation of textile dye Congo Red has been carried out using Enterococcus faecalis bacteria. Biodegradation was performed in a Bushnell Haas medium containing 1.000 ppm (0,1%) of Congo Red which was inoculated with 1% , 5 % and 10 % inoculum (18 x 107 CFU/ml). The percentage of biodegradation as measured by UV - Vis Spectrophotometer (λ 490 nm ) showed that the highest degradation (98,10%) was obtained from 10% inoculum after one day incubation period. Further experiments using 2.500 ppm (0,25%) and 5.000 ppm (0,25%) Congo Red showed that the bacteria still had the ability to degrade 96,88% of 5.000 ppm (0,5%) Congo Red after twenty one day incubation period."

"Latar Belakang : E. faecalis merupakan penyebab infeksi persisten pasca perawatan saluran akar. Menghilangkan seluruh bakteri dari saluran akar masih menjadi masalah dalam perawatan endodontik. Penggunaan larutan irigasi dengan penambahan laser dioda sebagai perangkat tambahan adalah upaya untuk eliminasi tersebut. Tujuan: menganalisis dan membandingkan daya anti bakteri laser dioda sebagai perangkat tambahan irigasi dengan larutan irigasi NaOCl 2,5 ,CHX 2 terhadap biofilm E. faecalis isolat klinis. Metode : menghitung jumlah koloni CFU biofilm E. faecalis isolat klinis pasca pemaparan bahan uii. Hasil : laser dioda memiliki daya anti bakteri terhadap biofilm E. faecalis isolat klinis terlihat pada kelompok kontrol salin. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna p

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Background: E. faecalis is often found in persistent intra radicular infection after endodontic failure treatment. Eliminating all bacteria in the root canal remains a problem in root canal management. Using irrigant with laser diode as adjunct is to eliminate the bacteria.

Aim: To analyze and compare the effectivity of diode laser, 2 chlorhexidine and 2,5 natrium hypochlorite against biofilm Of E. faecalis.

Method: score the antibacterial effects of the irrigant and diode laser with colony form unit CFU.

Result: Diode laser has antibacterial effectivity against E. faecalis biofilm. There is significant difference p 0,05 between irrigant with diode laser as an adjunct."

"Latar Belakang: E.faecalis isolat klinis merupakan bakteri yang menyebabkan lesi periapeks persisten. Bioceramic dan Mineral Trioxide Aggregate merupakan siler yang mempunyai sifat anti bakteri. Tujuan: Untuk menganalisis efek anti bakteri siler Bioceramic dan MTA terhadap E.faecalis isolat klinis pada waktu 2 menit segera , 4 jam initial setting , 1 dan 7 hari setelah pengadukan siler. Metode: Efek anti bakteri siler Bioceramic dan MTA diperiksa dengan direct contact test. Masing-masing siler dikontakkan langsung dengan E.faecalis isolat klinis 2 menit, 4 jam, 1 dan 7 hari setelah pengadukan siler. Suspensi ini dioleskan pada medium agar dan diinkubasi 24 jam untuk melihat koloni bakteri yang tumbuh CFU/ml. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara siler Bioceramic dan MTA pada waktu 7 hari, antara siler Bioceramic pada waktu 2 dan 4 jam serta waktu 4 jam dan 7 hari setelah pengadukan siler. Kesimpulan: siler Bioceramic dan MTA mempunyai efek anti bakteri yang baik terhadap E.faecalis pada saat segera, initial setting, dan 1 hari setelah pengadukan siler, pada waktu 7 hari setelah pengadukan, siler MTA yang paling baik. Siler MTA mempunyai efek anti bakteri yang konstan sampai 7 hari Keywords : Entereococcus faecalis isolat klinis, Siler Bioceramic dan Mineral Trioxide Aggregate MTA

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Background: E.faecalis isolate clinic is a kind of bacteria that cause persistent periapical lesion. Bioceramic and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate are sealers that having antibacterial properties.

Aim: To analyze antibacterial effect of Bioceramic and MTA sealers against E.faecalis isolate clinic at 2 minutes fresh , 4 hours initial setting , 1 day and 7 day after mixed the sealers.

Methods: Antibacterial effect of Bioceramic and MTA sealers was assessed by direct test contact. Each sealer was contacted with E.faecalis isolate clinic at 2 minutes, 4 hours, 1 day and 7 days after mixed the sealers. This suspension was swab in agar medium and incubated for 24 hours. The colony in agar plates is counted with colony forming unit CFU .

Result: The significant differences was shown by Bioceramic and MTA at 7 days, between Bioceramic at 2 minutes fresh and 4 hours initial setting also at 4 hours initial setting and 7 days after mixed the sealer.

Conclusion: Both of Bioceramic and MTA sealers have a good antibacterial effect at fresh, initial setting and 1 hour after mixed the sealer but at 7 days, MTA was the greater. MTA sealer has a constant antibacterial effect until 7 days. "

"Latar Belakang: Karies gigi berkaitan dengan bakteri Streptococcus sanguinis yang berfungsi sebagai pionir pembentukan biofilm, serta Enterococcus faecalis yang ditemukan dalam kegagalan perawatan saluran akar. Propolis dilaporkan sebagai agen antibakteri karena mengandung flavonoid berupa apigenin dan tt-farnesol yang dapat menghambat aktivitas enzim glukosiltransferase dan mempengaruhi integritas membran bakteri. Tujuan: Menganalisis efektivitas pasta gigi ekstrak propolis UI dalam menghambat pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus sanguinis atau Enterococcus faecalis. Metode: Biofilm Streptococcus sanguinis atau Enterococcus faecalis yang telah dipaparkan pasta gigi ekstrak propolis UI dengan konsentrasi 2.5mg/ml, 5mg/ml, dan 10mg/ml kemudian diinkubasi selama 4 jam (fase adhesi), 12 jam (fase akumulasi aktif) dan 24 jam (fase maturasi) pada suhu 37ºC. Persentase potensi hambat pembentukan biofilm dinilai dengan menggunakan MTT assay. Hasil: Persentase potensi hambat pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus sanguinis tertinggi pada fase akumulasi aktif dan Enterococcus faecalis pada fase maturasi dengan konsentrasi 10mg/ml. Kesimpulan: Efek paparan pasta gigi ekstrak propolis UI dalam menghambat pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus sanguinis atau Enterococcus faecalis berbeda pada tiap durasi pemaparan dan variasi konsentrasi yang digunakan.

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Background: Dental caries is related to the Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria which functions as a pioneer in biofilm formation, and Enterococcus faecalis which is found in failure of root canal treatment. Propolis has been reported as a potent antimicrobial material by containing flavonoids such as apigenin and tt-farnesol that inhibit glucosyltransferase enzyme activity and disrupt membrane.

Objective: To analyze the effect of toothpaste containing propolis extract in inhibit Streptococcus sanguinis or Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation.

Methods: Streptococcus sanguinis or Enterococcus faecalis biofilm that has been exposed by propolis UI extract toothpaste at concentration 2.5mg/ml, 5mg/ml, dan 10mg/ml was incubated for 4 hours (adherence phase), 12 hours (active accumulation phase) and 24 hours (maturation phase) at 37ºC. The percentage of inhibition was tested with MTT assay.

Result: Inhibition percentage of Streptococcus sanguinis the highest is on active accumulation phase and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm is on maturation phase at concentraton 10mg/ml.

Conclusion: Propolis UI extract toothpaste effect on inhibiting biofilm formation of Streptococcus sanguinis or Enterococcus faecalis is different for each time and concentration."

"Latar belakang: Fokus desinfeksi saluran akar saat ini telah mengalami perubahan dari desinfeksi agresif menjadi proteksi selektif, yang memiliki tujuan utama untuk menciptakan lingkungan yang sesuai, oleh karena itu, bahan irigasi alami sebagai pendamping mulai banyak diteliti potensialnya karena relatif aman. Larutan irigasi dengan kualitas optimal yang dapat membersihkan saluran akar secara menyeluruh sendiri masih belum tersedia dan meskipun ada perkembangan baru di bidang penelitian yang relevan, solusi yang lebih mendekati kualitas ideal belum dikembangkan. Cuka apel dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan alternatif alami yang aman untuk mengeliminasi biofilm sekaligus smear layer, sehingga berpotensi untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan efek antibakteri bahan irigasi sintetik NaOCl 1,5% dan 2,5% dibandingkan dengan larutan cuka apel terhadap E. faecalis. Metode: Biofilm E. faecalis isolat klinis dibagi menjadi tujuh kelompok sampel untuk dipaparkan dengan bahan uji larutan cuka apel konsentrasi 2,5%, 5%, 10%, kontrol positif NaOCl 1,5%, 2,5% dan kontrol negatif tanpa perlakuan, efek antibakteri dilihat menggunakan metode MTT Assay dan hitung koloni. Hasil: Didapatkan hasil dari kedua uji yang dilakukan bahwa larutan cuka apel konsentrasi 2,5% memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap biofilm E. faecalis tertinggi dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi 5% dan 10%. Kesimpulan: Efek antibakteri larutan cuka apel 2,5%, 5%, dan 10% lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan larutan NaOCl 1,5% dan 2,5% terhadap biofilm E. faecalis.

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Introduction: The current focus of root canal disinfection has changed from aggressive disinfection to selective protection, which has the main goal of creating a suitable environment, therefore, natural irrigation materials as a companion have begun to be studied for their potential because they are relatively safe. Irrigation solutions of optimal quality that can thoroughly clean root canals on their own are not yet available and despite new developments in the relevant research area, solutions closer to the ideal quality have not yet been developed. Apple cider vinegar can be used as a safe natural alternative for eliminating biofilm as well as the smear layer, so it has the potential to be developed further. Objective: To determine the differences in the antibacterial effect of synthetic irrigants NaOCl 1,5% and 2,5% compared to apple cider vinegar solution against E. faecalis. Methods: Clinical isolates of E. faecalis biofilm were divided into seven sample groups to be exposed to test materials for apple cider vinegar concentrations of 2,5%, 5%, 10%, positive control NaOCl 1,5%, 2,5%, and negative control without treatment, the antibacterial effect was seen using the MTT Assay method and colony count. Results: The results of the two tests were obtained that a 2.5% concentration of apple cider vinegar had the highest antibacterial effect on E. faecalis biofilm compared to 5% and 10% concentrations. Conclusion: The antibacterial effect of 2,5%, 5%, and 10% apple cider vinegar solutions was lower than 1,5% and 2,5% NaOCl solutions on E. faecalis biofilm.

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