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Abstrak :
This volume describes all aspects of the virus structure and function relevant to infection. The focus is on drug discovery of inhibitors to the enzyme sialidase, which plays a key role in the infectious lifecycle of the virus. Following an overview of the influenza virus, the haemagglutinin, the interactions with the cell receptors and the enzymology of virus sialidase, recent results in drug design are presented. These include a full coverage of the design, synthesis and evaluation of carbohydrate as well as non-carbohydrate influenza virus sialidase inhibitors. Further reviews of the clinical experience with influenza virus sialidase inhibitors and of the development of resistance to these inhibitor drugs complement the topic.

Abstrak :
Stress, high blood pressure, smoking, pollution, fast foods, overweight, excessive travelling, surgery, less movement are common features in our modern life. These features are risky for blood clotting disorders. According to WHO, over 29% of the total mortalities worldwide are due to thrombosis. By the year, 2020 cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) may cause an estimated 25 million deaths per year, thus antithrombotic therapy is of great interest. The available thrombolytic agents such as urokinase are highly expensive, antigenic, quite unspecific, pyretogenic and hemorrhagenic. Therefore, the production of fibrinolysing enzymes, which rapidly dissolute thrombi within the vascular tree, without the detriments by microorganisms, as described in this book, is the desirable aim of today’s research.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini membahas aktivitas spesifik katalase dalam mencegah stres oksidatif pada jaringan yang disebabkan oleh kondisi hipoksia hipobarik. Hipoksia hipobarik akut berulang sering dialami oleh para penerbang, terutama ketika harus menjalani prosedur Hypobaric Chamber training yang rutin diadakan dua tahun sekali. Salah satu jaringan yang rentan terhadap stres oksidatif akibat hipoksia adalah jaringan ginjal. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan aktivitas spesifik katalase jaringan ginjal tikus percobaan yang diinduksi hipoksia hipobarik akut yang berulang. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah desain eksperimental. Sampel jaringan ginjal diambil dari total 25 ekor tikus jantan galur Wistar yang dikelompokkan menjadi empat kelompok perlakuan dengan perbedaan frekuensi terhadap perlakuan prosedur Hypobaric chamber dan satu kelompok kontrol. Metode untuk mengukur aktivitas spesifik katalase menggunakan metode Mates et al. (1999) yang telah dimodifikasi oleh Departemen Biokimia dan Biologi Molekuler Fakultas kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan bermakna aktivitas spesifik katalase semua kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (p<0.05). Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat perubahan berupa peningkatan yang signifikan aktivitas spesifik katalase di jaringan ginjal tikus percobaan yang diinduksi hipoksia hipobarik akut secara berulang dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. ......This research determines about specific activity of catalase in preventing hypoxiainduced oxidative stress. Besides, one of the most common hypoxia condition which occurs in aviators is hypobaric hypoxia. Hypobaric chamber training which has been a fundamental component of aviation training could induce acute intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. Kidney was known as highly-demand organ of oxygen which makes its susceptible to oxidative injury. This research aims to determine changes in specific activity of catalase in rat?s kidney exposed to acute intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. The research design used was experimental design. Twenty five male Wistar rats were divided into five groups of five animals each. One control group of rats were kept under normobaric oxygen atmosphere. Four experimental group were exposed to acute hypobaric hypoxia in a hypobaric chamber for some intermittent period of time. Specific activity of catalase was determined using Modified Mates method. The result shows that all experimental groups are significantly different in comparison with control group. This research concludes that there are significant increases in specific activity of catalase in all experimental groups compared to control group.