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"Biokomposit kalsium fosfat merupakan kandidat material untuk rekayasa jaringan tulang karena bersifat osteokonduktif dan biokompatibel. Sintesis dengan metode presipitasi basah telah banyak dilakukan untuk memperoleh komposit kalsium fosfat-kolagen. Akan tetapi, metode presipitasi basah membutuhkan waktu reaksi yang lama untuk memperoleh biokomposit. Berbagai metode dilakukan untuk membantu proses presipitasi kalsium fosfat diantaranya dengan bantuan iradiasi microwave. Iradiasi microwave telah dilaporkan dapat mempercepat proses presipitasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh daya dan waktu iradiasi microwave serta pengaruh perbedaan konsentrasi karbonat terhadap proses pertumbuhan kristal kalsium fosfat karbonat pada kolagen. Kalsium fosfat karbonat berhasil ditumbuhkan pada kolagen dengan metode presipitasi berbantukan iradiasi microwave. Kolagen berbentuk lembaran direndam ke dalam suspensi kalsium fosfat karbonat yang telah dipreparasi dengan menggunakan Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, (NH4)2HPO4, and NaHCO3 sebagai prekursor. Variasi konsentrasi NaHCO3 yaitu 0,015 M, 0,06 M, dan 0,24 M. Selanjutnya, sampel diiradiasi dengan microwave pada daya 180 Watt, 270 Watt, and 360 Watt selama 2 menit, 8 menit , dan 16 menit. Sebagai kontrol, presipitasi kalsium fosfat karbonat pada kolagen dilakukan tanpa iradiasi microwave dengan menginkubasi sampel selama 24 jam pada suhu 36oC. Hasil XRD menunjukan fasa amorf yang berasal dari kolagen dan fasa kristalin kalsium fosfat karbonat. Fasa mineral kalsium fosfat yang teramati adalah fasa dikalsium fosfat dan apatit karbonat. Spektrum FTIR menunjukan puncak gugus fungsi kolagen teramati dengan jelas mengalami overlapping dengan spektrum FTIR gugus fungsi ion fosfat dan ion karbonat. Gugus fungsi kolagen muncul pada bilangan gelombang 3320-1230 cm-1. Kehadiran apatit karbonat pada sampel ditandai dengan pita bilang gelombang ion fosfat yang muncul di sekitar 1039 cm-1, 563 cm-1, dan 526 cm-1 dan ion karbonat di sekitar 826 cm -1. Puncak pada 875-878 cm -1 mengindikasikan pembentukan ion hidrogen fosfat yang merupakan gugus fungsi dikalsium fosfat. Pada mikrograf SEM, kalsium fosfat karbonat teramati menempel dan terdeposit pada kolagen. Nilai Ca/P 1,30-1,49 menunjukan fasa apatit karbonat sedangkan nilai Ca/P pada rentang 0,84-1,17 menunjukan fasa dikalsium fosfat dihidrat.

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Calcium phosphate biocomposites are candidate material for bone tissue engineering due to their conductivity and biocompatibility. Calcium phosphate could be grown on collagen by precipitation method in long reaction time. Microwave irradiation is rapid method to assist precipitation by reducing reaction time. In order to study calcium phosphate carbonate crystal growth on collagen in different carbonate content and investigate the influence of microwave irradiation power and time on crystal growth process, the calcium phosphate carbonate-collagen has been synthesized by microwave assisted precipitation method. Collagen sheets were soaked in carbonated calcium phosphate suspension prepared by using Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, (NH4)2HPO4, and NaHCO3 as starting materials. The variations of carbonate content are 0.015 M, 0.06 M, and 0.24 M. Then, sample irradiated by microwave at 180 Watt, 270 Watt, and 360 Watt for 2 minutes, 8 minutes, and 16 minutes. As a control, calcium phosphate carbonate precipitation in collagen was carried out without microwave irradiation by incubating the sample for 24 hours at 36oC. XRD results showed an amorphous phase derived from collagen and the calcium phosphate carbonate crystalline phase. The observed calcium phosphate mineral phase are dicalcium phosphate and apatite carbonate. FTIR spectra show the peaks of the collagen functional group overlapping with the peaks of phosphate groups and carbonate groups. FTIR spectra show the range of wavenumber (3320-1230 cm-1) indicating the presence of collagen. Phosphate bands appear in typical peaks at 1039 cm-1, 563 cm-1, and 526 cm-1 while peaks at 875-878 cm -1 indicate formation of hydrogen phosphate ions. Carbonate peak appears at 826 cm -1. Scanning electron micrograph showed the presence of collagen with pore and the calcium phosphate carbonate could attach and be deposited onto collagen. The value of Ca / P in the range of 1.30-1.49 indicates the apatite carbonate phase while the value of Ca / P in the range 0.84-1.17 shows the phase of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate."

"Proses pencapaian tujuan konservasi selalu dibatasi oleh berbagai hal, seperti waktu, dana, SDM, maupun kebijakan. Hal ini terjadi juga pada usaha konservasi tumbuhan secara ex situ. Proses menentukan jenis tumbuhan dan lokasi pengoleksian yang tepat selalu menjadi permasalahan yang dihadapi sebelum kegiatan pengoleksian dilaksanakan. Hal ini karena penentuan keputusan perlu mempertimbangkan berbagai hal seperti status konservasi, ketersediaan dana, ketersediaan informasi, waktu, dan resiko keberhasilan tumbuh. Dalam tulisan ini akan dijelaskan kerangka pengambilan keputusan untuk menentukan prioritas spesies tumbuhan yang akan dijadikan koleksi ex situ. Tiga puluh spesies Rhododendron asli Indonesia yang terancam punah digunakan sebagai contoh. Metode yang digunakan adalah skoring terhadap 11 kriteria. Kriteria tersebut mencakup status spesies (meliputi: status konservasi, status keberhasilan introduksi ex situ, representasi kelompok taksa unik); status lokasi (status dalam area Biodiversity Hotspot dan Global 200 ecoregion, serta perlindungan legal habitat); kemudahan propagasi (meliputi: bentuk hidup, ketinggian habitat, dan jarak antara lokasi dan lembaga ex situ); efektivitas (jumlah spesies kongenerik simpatrik yang terancam kepunahan); dan biaya pengoleksian. Interpretasi hasil skoring dilakukan dengan sistem peringkat. Berdasarkan hasil penilaian terhada jenis Rhododendron Indonesia, maka yang menempati peringkat teratas untuk diprioritaskan dikoleksi di Kebun Raya Cibodas adalah R. longiflorum var. bancanum, R. wilhelminae, dan R. album

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ABSTRACTThere are some limitation on achieving ex situ conservation goals such as time, budget, human resources, and policies. A process on the selection of species or location become a problematical course, especially when planning a botanical expedition. This is because we should consider several factors such as conservation status, budget, information, and risk of grow success. In this paper, a simple set of decision frame to prioritize what plant species to conserve on ex situ collection will be discussed. Thirty species of native threatened Rhododendron were scored using 11 criteria, which are conservation status, success story of ex situ introduction, representation of unique taxon, habitat status on biodiversity hot spot, habitat status on global 200 ecoregion, in situ conservation, growth form, habitat elevation, distance between wild habitat and ex situ habitat, number of sympatric congeneric threatened species, and collecting cost. An interpretation of total score judged by the ranking system. Based on these methods, three species of Indonesia native Rhododendron such as R. longiflorum var. bancanum, R. wilhelminae, and R. album become a top priority for ex situ conservation in Cibodas Botanic Garden."

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Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai perilaku pengasuhan induk betina dan jantan terhadap anak bekantan (Nasalis larvatus) di Taman Safari Bogor, Jawa Barat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kemunculan perilaku pengasuhan oleh induk betina dan jantan bekantan (Nasalis larvatus) terhadap anak di kawasan konservasi ex situ Taman Safari Bogor. Subjek pengamatan yang diamati berjumlah tiga individu bekantan yaitu, B1, B2, dan J1 yang memiliki anak berumur 8 bulan dan 20 bulan masing-masingnya. Pengamatan perilaku pengasuhan menggunakan focal animal sampling dan ad libitum dengan interval waktu 10 menit tanpa jeda. Pengamatan dilakukan selama satu bulan dengan pengulangan sebanyak 10 kali untuk masing-masing individu. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan data yang setara dengan 11.100 menit waktu pengamatan di Pusat Primata. Perilaku pengasuhan didominasi oleh induk betina bekantan B1 73,4%. Perilaku pengasuhan induk betina bekantan B1 didominasi oleh aktivitas menggendong yaitu sebesar 47,1%, sedangkan induk betina bekantan B2 dan induk jantan J1 didominasi oleh aktivitas kontak tubuh dengan masing-masing 43,3% dan 41,2%. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh adanya perbedaan usia bekantan anak yang lebih besar pada bekantan anak A2 dibandingkan A1. Keterbatasan ukuran kandang yang terdapat di Pusat Primata juga dapat mempengaruhi aktivitas kontak tubuh yang terjadi pada induk jantan.

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Research has been conducted about the parenting behavior of female and male proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) parents toward child in Taman Safari Bogor, West Java. The study aims to evaluate the emergence of parenting behavior of female and male proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) parents to their child in Taman Safari Bogor as an ex situ conservation. Subjects observed were three individuals, B1, B2, and J1 which had children aged 8 month dan 20 month old. Observation of parenting behavior is using focal animal sampling and ad libitum method at interval 10 minutes without a break. Observations were carried out for one month with repetition 10 times for each individual. The results of the study obtained is equivalent to 11,100 minutes of observation time at the Primate Center. Parenting behavior is dominated by female parent B1 73.4%. Parenting behavior of female parent B1 is dominated by cradling activities as much as 47.1%, whereas female parent B2 and male parent J1 are dominated by body contact activities with 43.3% and 41.2%. This is due to the greater age difference in child proboscis monkey in A2 compared to A1. Limitation of the cage size located in Primate Center area can affect the body contact that occurs in the male parent.

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"Rafflesia spp. (Rafflesiaceae) have a strategic value from both scientific and conservation viewpoints. To date only very few attempts have succeeded in growing the species ex situ and the main protection measures have been by in situ conservation. More detailed studies are required to understand the relationships between Rafflesia spp. and their host plants in order to improve their management and conservation. Studies on the anatomy, in vitro culture and seed germination in connection with conservation have been conducted in the Bogor Botanic Gardens. Effort to transfer Rafflesia patma to an ex situ conservation area has produced some flowers. However, we encountered a bigger challenge to maintain the long term presence of R. patma in ex situ conservation, since a high number of individuals is required to make the viable population."

"ABSTRAKPlant collection management is main activity in Center for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) as mandated by Presidentials regulation No. 93 Th 2011. As ex situ Conservation institution, Botanic Garden has play its role as research, education and recreation center which in turn provide environmental services for the surrounding area. Being one of the oldest botanical garden in the world, aged trees collections has face several problems. Aged trees are easily damage, broken, felled or dead risking safety of visitors, employees, vehicles, buildings and other plant collections as well. This conditions require authorities to take preventive action to prevent negative impact. One of the effort is trees health monitoring program. It is expected that a series of recommendation could be released for long term management of plants collection in PKT Kebun Raya LIPI. "

"Faktor keberhasilan perkawinan yang dilakukan jantan dengan betina penting untuk mempertahankan dan meningkatkan jumlah populasi, tetapi pola pengasuhan induk dalam mengasuh anaknya juga penting untuk diperhatikan dalam keberlangsungan perkembangan anak. Perilaku pengasuhan kanguru seperti menyusui, menggendong (di dalam kantung), penyediaan makanan, menjaga, dan grooming. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku asuh induk (maternal care) kanguru tanah di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan, Jakarta dan pengaruh perilaku maternal care terhadap penurunan populasi kanguru tanah. Subjek penelitian ini, yaitu satu induk kanguru tanah (Desi) dan satu anak kanguru tanah (Septi). Metode pada penelitian ini yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, menunjukkan frekuensi total perilaku asuh induk (maternal care) kanguru tanah terbanyak merupakan perilaku afiliatif, yaitu grooming sebanyak 37 kali, kemudian diikuti dengan perilaku agonistik, yaitu mother aggressions (13 kali), dan perilaku menyusui (8 kali). Activity budget atau durasi aktivitas maternal care tertinggi yang dilakukan oleh induk kanguru tanah terdapat pada perilaku afiliatif, yaitu perilaku menyusui sebesar 75%, dengan durasi 40,15 menit, diikuti dengan grooming sebesar 23% (12,38 menit), dan perilaku agonsitik yaitu, mother aggressions sebesar 1,80% (1 menit). Maternal care dapat memengaruhi penurunan populasi dari adanya kematian pada anak.

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The success factor of mating between males and females is important for maintaining and increasing the population, but parenting patterns in raising their children are also important to note in the continuity of child development. Kangaroo parenting behaviors such as breastfeeding, carrying (in the pouch), food provisioning, guarding, and grooming. This study aims to analyze the maternal care behavior of agile wallaby (Macropus agilis Gould, 1841) in Ragunan Wildlife Park, Jakarta and the effect of maternal care behavior on the agile wallaby populations. The subjects of this study were one mother agile wallaby (Desi) and one young agile wallaby (Septi). The methods in this study were focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling. Based on the results of the study, the highest total frequency of agile wallaby maternal behavior was affiliative behavior, namely grooming 37 times, followed by agonistic behavior, namely mother aggression (13 times), and breastfeeding behavior (8 times). The highest activity budget or duration of maternal care activities carried out by agile wallaby was affiliative behavior, namely breastfeeding behavior was 75%, with a duration of 40.15 minutes, followed by grooming was 23% (12.38 minutes), and agonistic behavior namely, maternal aggression was 1.80% (1 minute). Maternal care can affect population decline due to child mortality."

"Lutung perak (Trachypithecus cristatus) tergolong ke dalam status vulnerable berdasarkan IUCN yang menyebabkan salah satu lembaga konservasi ex-situ yakni Taman Margasatwa Ragunan berperan dalam melestarikannya. Perubahan kondisi lingkungan yang signifikan dapat memunculkan gejala stres sehingga mereka harus menyesuaikan diri di lingkungan yang baru. Dalam proses tersebut, penting untuk melihat perilaku yang dapat terdampak salah satunya perilaku pengasuhan anak (parental care). Terdapat tipe pengasuhan berupa alloparental care pada lutung perak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku pengasuhan anak pada lutung perak di luar habitat aslinya yang berada di Pusat Primata Schmutzer, Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Terdapat 7 individu yang menjadi subjek penelitian, yaitu dua jantan dewasa, tiga betina dewasa, satu betina remaja dan satu anak lutung perak. Metode dalam penelitian ini berupa scan sampling dan ad-libitum sampling. Berdasarkan hasil, terdapat 9 perilaku dengan nilai rata-rata tertinggi berupa feeding sebesar 15,6 kali saat hari libur satwa dan breastfeeding sebesar 14,3 kali saat akhir pekan. Secara keseluruhan pengasuhan anak lutung perak di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan tergolong baik karena tidak memunculkan perilaku agonistik.

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The silver langur (Trachypithecus cristatus) is classified as vulnerable according to the IUCN, which causes one of the ex-situ conservation institutions, Ragunan Wildlife Park, to play a role in preserving it. Significant changes in environmental conditions can lead to symptoms of stress so that they must adjust to the new environment. In this process, it is important to look at behaviors that can be affected, one of which is parental care behavior. There is a type of alloparental care in silver langurs. This study aims to analyze parenting behavior in silver langurs outside their natural habitat at the Schmutzer Primate Center, Ragunan Zoo. There were 7 individuals that became the subject of the study, namely two adult males, three adult females, one juvenile female and one infant silver langur. The methods in this study were scan sampling and ad-libitum sampling. Based on the results, there were 9 behaviors with the highest average value of feeding 15,6 times during animal holidays and breastfeeding 14,3 times on weekends. Overall, the parenting of silver langur children in Ragunan Wildlife Park is classified as good because it does not cause agonistic behavior."

"Perilaku merupakan semua mobilitas satwa yang dipengaruhi oleh asosiasi antara satwa dengan lingkungan. Perilaku pada gajah meliputi perilaku sosial (kelompok), perilaku individu, perilaku asuh, dan sebagainya. Salah satu perilaku gajah sumatra (Elephas maximus sumatranus) yaitu perilaku asuh. Induk gajah dalam mengasuh anaknya bersifat protektif, sehingga selalu mengikuti pergerakan anaknya. Peralihan habitat ke penangkaran menyebabkan ruang gerak terbatas, sehingga konservasi ex-situ harus menjamin kesejahteraannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perilaku asuh induk gajah sumatra serta pengelolaan kesejahteraannya, sehingga gajah dapat berperilaku alami dan anak gajah dapat diasuh dengan baik oleh induknya. Subjek penelitian ini yaitu 1 induk gajah (Sinta) dan 1 anak gajah betina (Arinta). Metode pada penelitian ini yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, terdapat 9 perilaku asuh induk dengan durasi rata-rata tertinggi yaitu perilaku menyusui 10,46 menit dan terendah yaitu perilaku mengajari 0,63 menit serta perilaku asuh induk dengan persentase tertinggi yaitu perilaku mendekat 31,46% dan terendah yaitu perilaku mandi 0,70%. Kesejahteraan induk dan anak gajah di kebun binatang Gembira Loka, Yogyakarta termasuk kategori sangat baik. Hasil Uji Korelasi Jenjang Spearman (2-tailed) dengan SPSS Statistic 22.0, durasi perilaku menyusui (ρ = 0,013) dan perilaku mengikuti (ρ = 0,036) berkorelasi signifikan terhadap jumlah pengunjung.

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Behaviour is all the mobility of animals that are influenced by the association between animals and their environment. Behaviour in elephant includes social behavior (group), individual behavior, maternal care behavior, and several other behavior. One of the behavior of sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) is maternal care. The mother elephant in raising her calf will be protective, it will always follow the movement of her calf. The transition of habitat into a captivity causes limited space for movement and then the ex-situ conservation must ensure their welfare. This study to analyze the maternal care behavior of the sumatran elephant and the management to its welfare aspects, so that the elephant can behave naturally and the calf can be properly cared for by its mother. The subjects in this study were 1 mother sumatran elephant (Sinta) and 1 sumatran elephant calf (Arinta). The metods in this study are focal animal sampling and ad-libitum sampling. Based on the result of this study, there 9 maternal care behaviours with the highest duration shown by breastfeeding behavior 10,46 minutes and the lowest shown by teaching behavior 0,63 minutes as well as maternal care behaviours with the highest percentage shown by approaching behavior 31,46% and the lowest shown by bathing behavior 0,70%. The welfare of mother and calf sumatran elephant in the Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta is very good category. The results of test Spearman Rank Correlation (2-tailed) with SPSS Statistic 22.0, the duration of breastfeeding behavior (ρ = 0,013) and following behavior (ρ = 0,036) were significantly correlated with the number of visitors."