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"Penelitian ini adalah kegiatan arkeologi baik kegiatan lapangan maupun non-lapangan. Fokus penelitian ini adalah mengetahui bentuk, penataan, dan fungsi ruang dan/atau bangunan khususnya struktur bangunan bagian bawah yang masih tampak di dalam keraton Surosowan. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut digunakan metode ekskavasi, studi kepustakaan, analisis artefak dan fitur, analisis khusus, serta rekonstruksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan analisis peta kuna, keraton Surosowan paling sedikit telah mengalami lima tahap pembangunan. Dari data pengupasan dan penggalian keraton sekarang ini hanya dapat memperlihatkan adanya dua fase pembangunan. Berdasarkan sisa ubin dalam tiap ruang, diperoleh rekonstruksi ukuran dan pola pasang ubin pada tiap ruang di kompleks keraton. Diperoleh pula data untuk merekonstruksi pola pasangan bata dinding bangunan dan pondasi pada bangunan di kompleks keraton. Sementara itu, fungsi bangunan yang diketahui adalah tempat tinggal sultan dan keluarga, bangsal terima tamu, kolam Roro Denok, dan pemandian Pancuran Mas.

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This research intrinsically is about activity of field and non-field archaeology. Focus of this research is to know form, settlement, and room function and/or building specially undercarriage building structure which still can be seen in Surosowan keraton. Methods used for the research are excavation, bibliography study, artifact and feature analysis, special analysis, and reconstruction. The result may indicate that, according to ancient map analysis, Surosowan keraton at least have experienced of five development phase. Excavation can only show the existence of is biphase of development pursuant to building structure indication which is overlap. According to tiling remains in every room, this research can reconstruct measure and pattern of tiling installation at every room in complex of keraton. The Research also obtain data to reconstruct building wall brick couple pattern and foundation at building in complex of keraton. Meanwhile, according to field observation is also obtained an assumption for some building function which have been shown, like sultan?s residence, audience hall, garden pool of Roro Denok, and bath of Pancuran Mas. "

"Archaeology has not paid adequate attention on Quranic studies yet; meanwhile, a lot of Biblical Archaeology researches are already available. This paper tries to formulate the branch of archeology, called Quranic Archaeology. As a branch of knowledge, this Quranic Archaeology must fulfill the archaeological scientific standard for the purpose of developing Quranic Archaeology as presented in this paper. This scientific basis is then depicted in various research topics for its development underpinned by research examples to trigger the development of knowledge and social dynamics."

"Penelitian ini adalah kegiatan arkeologi baik kegiatan lapangan maupun non-lapangan. Fokus penelitian ini adalah mengetahui bentuk, penataan, dan fungsi ruang dan/atau bangunan khususnya struktur bangunan bagian bawah yang masih tampak di dalam keraton Surosowan. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut digunakan metode ekskavasi, studi kepustakaan, analisis artefak dan fitur, analisis khusus, serta rekonstruksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan analisis peta kuna, keraton Surosowan paling sedikit telah mengalami lima tahap pembangunan. Dari data pengupasan dan penggalian keraton sekarang ini hanya dapat memperlihatkan adanya dua fase pembangunan. Berdasarkan sisa ubin dalam tiap ruang, diperoleh rekonstruksi ukuran dan pola pasang ubin pada tiap ruang di kompleks keraton. Diperoleh pula data untuk merekonstruksi pola pasangan bata dinding bangunan dan pondasi pada bangunan di kompleks keraton. Sementara itu, fungsi bangunan yang diketahui adalah tempat tinggal sultan dan keluarga, bangsal terima tamu, kolam Roro Denok, dan pemandian Pancuran Mas.

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This research intrinsically is about activity of field and non-field archaeology. Focus of this research is to know form, settlement, and room function and/or building specially undercarriage building structure which still can be seen in Surosowan keraton. Methods used for the research are excavation, bibliography study, artifact and feature analysis, special analysis, and reconstruction. The result may indicate that, according to ancient map analysis, Surosowan keraton at least have experienced of five development phase. Excavation can only show the existence of is biphase of development pursuant to building structure indication which is overlap. According to tiling remains in every room, this research can reconstruct measure and pattern of tiling installation at every room in complex of keraton. The Research also obtain data to reconstruct building wall brick couple pattern and foundation at building in complex of keraton. Meanwhile, according to field observation is also obtained an assumption for some building function which have been shown, like sultan?s residence, audience hall, garden pool of Roro Denok, and bath of Pancuran Mas."

"The transportation or railway system constructors usually, wherever possible, build the transportation system on the ground surface and avoid the necessity of underground tunnelling. However, this is not always possible. In many locations, such as mountainous area, hilly area or urban area, the underground tunnelling have to be built. The main problem of underground tunnelling is the soil stability around the tunnel, and the problems continue to mount for long and big tunnel. Therefore in recent years, engineers try to find the method to predict and solve all aspect of ground responses induced by excavating and tunnelling.

For the past 30 years, the research for estimating an accurate prediction of ground deformation caused by tunnelling processes, have been a major engineering challenge all around the world. A good prediction of ground deformation due to tunnelling excavation and advancement is highly necessary to ensure that no damage will occur in the existing buildings and services at the surrounding area.

In this study, the excavation and advancement of tunnelling excavation in Tunnel TGV of Tartaiguille, France is modeled and analyzed using the numerical program in order to simulate the ground response due to the construction processes. On the other hand, CETU (Centre d'Etudes des Tunnels) had set out an instrumentation in sections of the tunnel in order to analyze the loading of the support of the tunnel and obtained the displacement of surrounding ground responses. The numerical simulation will take into account the visco plastic behavior of the soil. And then the result of numerical simulation will be compared to the field measurement data.

The constitutive model used in this study is an elasto-plastic constitutive model called CJS 2EC which has been developed by Ecole Centrale de Lyon. To lake into account the time-dependent behavior of the soil, the visco-plastic constitutive model has been embedded in the CJS 2EC model.

Hopefully with this study, we are getting one step ahead in estimating the ground responses in tunneling. The more realistic behavior of the soil around the tunnel, which include the time dependent behavior of the soil will be examined and gives an accurate prediction of ground response due to tunnelling excavation.

Observation of the results and comparison with the measurement data demonstrate that the time dependent behavior of soil cannot be neglected in the analysis of the tunnelling excavation."

"Pengelaran jalur pipa baru dapat memanfaatkan fasilitas lahan yang tersedia dengan bekerjasama dengan perusahaan lain pemilik lahan yang ada untuk mengurangi biaya pembebasan lahan dan menghemat jadwal proyek. Dalam proyek ini pipa baru milik perusahaan Pertagas melalui lahan Right of Way (RoW) yang telah ada jalur pipa perusahaan Eni.  Jalur pipa Pertagas tersebut bersilangan dengan jalur pipa aktif milik Eni di bawah tanah dengan kedalaman 5m dan jarak antara pipa 1m. Untuk melaksanakan proyek ini diperlukan kerjasama antar kedua perusahaan agar aspek legal dan aspek teknis integritas pipa terjaga dengan aman. Tahapan proyek dimulai dengan aspek legal berupa perjanjian persilangan jalur pipa antara kedua perusahaan. Kemudian dilanjutkan aspek teknis dengan mengumpulkan data survey lokasi dan kedalaman pipa aktif yang beroperasi. Setelah kedalaman dikonfirmasi maka perencanaan desain konstruksi dimulai dengan perencanaa gambar teknis dan menghitung potensi longsor tanah saat penggalian lubang pit untuk peletakan alat pengeboran. Metode identifikasi bahaya saat konstruksi (Hazid) dilakukan sebelum pelaksanaan agar dapat diketahui resiko bahaya yang terjadi dan mitigasi yang dapat diterapkan. Aspek K3 keselamatan dan keamanan bekerja diterapkan baik untuk alat dan pekerja proyek. Pelaksanaan pengeboran dilakukan setelah semua pihak melakukan cek list persetujuan dan komunikasi tanggap darurat telah siap di lapangan. Proses pengeboran horizontal berjalan sesuai dengan desain dan pipa yang terpasang kemudian diperiksa untuk memastikan tidak menganggu integritas pipa aktif yang ada. Evaluasi menunjukkan dari aspek teknis pelaksanaan telah sesuai perencanaan desain yang tertuang dalam prosedur metoda kerja dengan menerapkan aspek quality selama pengeboran dan pemasangan pipa. Namun pemulihan kembali situs area kerja ke kondisi semula menjadi temuan yang perlu pemeliharaan berkelanjutan. Sementara itu evaluasi penerapan keselamatan masih perlu ditingkatkan khususnya pekerja yang bekerja di bawah tanah yang berpotensi resiko bahaya bekerja di ruang terbatas. Kesimpulan dari pekerjaan persilangan pipa ini adalah pemilihan metode pengeboran horizontal merupakan pilihan tepat karena jarak penggalian lubang mencukupi dan tidak menganggu aktivitas pipa yang sedang beroperasi.

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Installation of a new pipeline route can used existing land facilities by collaborating with other land owned companies to reduce land acquisition cost and save project schedules. In this project, the new pipeline is owned by the company Pertagas and through the existing Right of Way (RoW) owned by company Eni, where Pertagas pipeline crossing with Eni active pipeline underground at a depth of 5 meters with a 1 meter spacing between the pipes. To carry out this project, cooperation between both companies are required to ensure both legal and technical aspects of pipe integrity are safely applied. The project stages begin with the legal aspect, which involves an agreement on the pipeline crossing between the two companies. Then the technical aspects continued by collecting data survey and the depth of active pipes in operation. Once the depth was confirmed, the construction design planning begins, including technical drawings and calculating the potential soil erosion during pit excavation for boring equipment placement. Hazard identification during construction (Hazid) is conducted before implementation to determine potential hazards and the applicable mitigation measures. Occupational health and safety (K3) aspects are applied for both equipment and project workers. Boring work is carried out after all parties have completed approval checklist and emergency communication is ready on-site. The horizontal boring performed according to design, and the installed pipes are tested to ensure they do not interfere with the integrity of the existing active pipes.

The evaluation indicates that, from a technical perspective, the implementation is in line with the planned work procedures, by applying quality aspects during boring and pipe installation. However, site restoration to its original condition requires follow up maintenance. Meanwhile, the evaluation of safety implementation still needs improvement, especially for workers working underground in confined spaces. The conclusion from this pipe crossing work is that horizontal boring method is the right choice due to the excavation pit distance is sufficient and does not interfere with the activities of live pipeline that are currently operating."

"Skripsi ini berisi analisis sistem religi masyarakat Nias yang terdapat dalam novel Manusia Langit karya J.A. Sonjaya. Untuk menemukan sistem religi masyarakat Nias yang digambarkan dalam novel Manusia Langit ini dan melihat pandangan apa yang dimasukkan pengarang ke dalam novel, penulis mengkaji novel ini dengan pendekatan sosiologi sastra. Melalui pendekatan sosiologi sastra terlihat bahwa masyarakat Nias di dalam novel memiliki kepercayaan yang tinggi terhadap leluhur dan terhadap mitos-mitos dalam masyarakat. Dalam novel juga terlihat adanya pandangan pengarang terhadap kehidupan kampus yang disampaikan seorang tokoh, sehingga novel Manusia Langit juga dibuat pengarang untuk menghubungkan sistem religi masyarakat Nias dengan kejadian dalam kehidupan sekarang.

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This final assignment talks about religion system of Nias people which describes in Manusia Langit, novel by J.A. Sonjaya. To find the religion system of Nias people that?s described in Manusia Langit and to know about the author?s opinion in this novel, the writer uses sociology of literature approach to analyze this novel. By using this sociology of literature approach, we can conclude that in this novel, Nias people has a strong faith to their ancestral and myths around them. Beside that, in this novel also includes the author?s opinion about campus life which is told by a character. So that, this Manusia Langit novel was made by the author to relates the religion system of Nias people to any occasions that happen nowadays."

"Latar belakang: Perawatan lesi karies dalam masih banyak dilakukan dengan pembuangan seluruh jaringan karies karena kekhawatiran proses karies berlanjut apabila jaringan karies ditinggalkan. Perawatan tersebut berisiko tinggi kematian pulpa. Dengan kemajuan ilmu teknologi kedokteran gigi, dapat dilakukan perawatan secara minimal invasif dengan meninggalkan jaringan karies. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi perbandingan remineralisasi affected dentin dengan meninggalkan sebagian atau mengangkat seluruh infected dentin pada lesi karies dalam. Metode: Dua kelompok, dengan meninggalkan atau mengangkat infected dentin. Pada kedua kelompok diaplikasikan BiodentineTM dan dievaluasi setelah 4 minggu. Hasil: Kelompok I menunjukkan terjadi remineralisasi, tetapi belum tampak di radiograf. Kelompok II menunjukkan adanya remineralisasi. Perbandingan remineralisasi antara kedua kelompok tidak signifikan Kesimpulan: Remineralisasi affected dentin dapat terjadi dengan meninggalkan infected dentin ataupun mengangkat seluruhnya.

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Background: The treatment of deep carious lession still done with complete carious removal, risking the pulp to necrosis. With the upgrade in dental science and technology, nowadays dentist can provide minimal invasive carious removal by leaving partly carious lession.

Objective: To evaluate the remineralization in affected dentin by leaving partly infected dentin or remove all infected dentin.

Methods: Two groups, leaving partly or remove all infected dentin. Both group applied with BiodentineTM and evaluated after four weeks.

Result: First gruop showed remineralization, but radiographically insignificant. Second group showed remineralization. The comparation between two groups insignificant.

Conclusion: Affected dentin remineralization can happened, either leaving the infected dentin or remove all of them."