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"Studi ini menyajikan metode analisis eksergi, dengan melakukan pengambilanserta perhitungan data untuk menara pendingin di pabrik urea Pusri I-B. Studi ini bertujuanmenganalisis kinerja menara pendingin dengan mengkaji besarnya irreversibilitas danefisiensi eksergi. Dari hasil penelitian di dapat irrevesibilitas dari proses pendinginan dimenara pendingin selama 24 jam bervariasi antara 614,09 kW hingga 731,202 kW. Dimanapada pukul 21:00 irreversibilitas terendah dan pukul 15.00 irrevesibilitas tertinggi yaitusebesar 614,09 kW dan 731,202 kW. Nilai efisiensi eksergi diketahui antara 41,12% sampai59,04%.Kata kunci: menara pendingin, irreversibilitas, efisiensi eksergi."

"Energi listrik merupakan salah satu infrastruktur yang menyangkut hajat hidup orang banyak, oleh karena itu sudah seharusnya eketersediaan energi listrik terjamin dengan jumlah yang cukup dengan mutu yang baik dan harga yang wajar. Pertumbuhan perekonomian nasional menyebabkan konsumsi listrik setiap tahunnya terus meningkat. Dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan akan energi dan maraknya isu mengenai permasalahan lingkungan membuat para ahli terus mengembangkan teknologi yang tepat agar dapat mengatasi kedua masalah tersebut. Sistem PLTP siklus biner merupakan salah satu teknologi pembangkit yang sangat efektif untuk diterapkan dalam pemanfaatan energi panas bumi skala kecil enthalpy rendah sampai menengah dengan menggunakan fluida kerja yang memiliki titik didih lebih rendah daripada air, oleh karena itu maka pada tesis ini dilakukan suatu pemodelan sistem PLTP siklus biner dengan memanfaatkan waste brine dengan temperatur 180 0C pada wellpad 4 PLTP Dieng. Pemodelan dilakukan dengan menggunakan software Matlab dan REFPROP, kemudian dilakukan optimasi terhadap sistem dimana exergy destruction total dan total annual cost dipilih sebagai fungsi objektif. Adapun optimasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan multi objective genetic algorithm. Berdasarkan simulasi diketahui bahwa efesiensi exergi dan nilai ekonomis dari sistem PLTP siklus biner yang optimal adalah pada temperatur evaporasi sebesar 163,3 oC, temperatur brine keluar preheater sebesar 130 0C, temperatur air pendingin keluar kondenser sebesar 35,4 0C, tekanan kerja fluida kerja keluar pompa sebesar 3859 kPa dengan campuran refrigeran 86 R601 dan 14 R744 menghasilkan daya turbin sebesar 119,8 kW nilai exergy destruction total 742,4 kW dengan efesiensi exergy sebesar 48,8 dan total annual cost sebesar 36.723 US dollar.Kata kunci : PLTP siklus biner, efesiensi exergi, exergy destruction , cost, genetic algorithm.

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Electrical energy is one of the important part of human life, so the provision of electrical energy must be able to guarantee the availability of sufficient quantity, reasonable price and good quality. Indonesia rsquo s electricity consumption every year continues to increase in line with the increase of national economic growth. The increasing demand on energy and environmental issues make the experts to develop the right technology in order to face both issues. PLTP binary cycle is a highly effective generating technology to be applied in the utilization of small scale enthalpy low to medium geothermal energy by using a working fluid that has a lower boiling point than water, hence in this thesis a PLTP binary system model was performed using waste brine with temperature of 180oC at wellpad 4 in PLTP Dieng. Modeling has been done by using Matlab and REFPROP software, then optimization procedure has been conducted to the system where total exergy destruction and total annual cost are chosen as the objective function. In addition, environmental aspects are also considered in this modeling where natural environmentally friendly working fluids are used. The optimization is done by using multi objective genetic algorithm. Based on the simulation it is known that the exergy efficiency and economic value of the optimal binary cycle of PLTP system has an optimum condition at the evaporation temperature of 163.3 oC, the brine temperature out the preheater of 130 oC, the condenser coolant outlet temperature of 35.4 oC, the outlet pump pressure at 3859 kPa with composition of refrigeran mixture 86 R601 and 14 R744, turbine power of 119.8 kW, total exergy destruction of 742.4 kW with exergy efficiency of 48.8 , and total annual cost about 36.723 US dollars. "

"The increasing demand for energy and the current environmental issues are motivating experts to develop appropriate technology to face both problems. The binary cycle system is a highly effective generating technology which can be applied in the utilization of small-scale geothermal energy by using a working fluid that has a lower boiling point than water. In this paper, a geothermal power plant binary cycle system model was tested by using waste brine at a temperature of 180oC at well pad 4 of the Dieng geothermal power plant. In the optimization procedure, total exergy destruction and total annual cost are chosen as the objective functions. Optimization is made by using a multi objective genetic algorithm. Based on the simulation, it is known that the exergy efficiency and economic value of the optimal binary cycle of the geothermal power plant system has optimum conditions at an evaporation temperature of 163.3oC, a brine temperature in the preheater outlet of 130oC, and a water cooling temperature at condenser outlet of 35.4oC. The working fluid pressure at pump outlet is 3859 kPa with the composition of the working fluid mixture being 86% R601 and 14% R744, resulting in turbine power of 119.8 kW, total exergy destruction of 742.4 kW, and a total annual cost of 36,723 US dollars. These results indicate that, by setting the above operating conditions, the system can achieve optimum efficiency, as indicated by the minimum values of both exergy destruction and total annual cost."

"The performance of a 20 MW gas turbine power plant was described by using the exergy analysis and data from the plant’s record books. The first and second laws of thermodynamics, as well as the mass and energy conservation law, were applied in each of the components. The results show that more exergy destruction occured in the combustion chamber up to 71.03% or 21.98 MW. Meanwhile, the lowest exergy occured in the compressor at 12.33% or 3.15 MW. Thermal efficiency of the gas turbine power plant, according to the first law, was 33.77%, and exergy efficiency was 32.25%."

"The performance of a 20 MW gas turbine power plant was described by using the exergy analysis and data from the plant?s record books. The first and second laws of thermodynamics, as well as the mass and energy conservation law, were applied in each of the components. The results show that more exergy destruction occured in the combustion chamber up to 71.03% or 21.98 MW. Meanwhile, the lowest exergy occured in the compressor at 12.33% or 3.15 MW. Thermal efficiency of the gas turbine power plant, according to the first law, was 33.77%, and exergy efficiency was 32.25%."

"Energi panas bumi merupakan sumber energi terbarukan yang andal, namun pembangkit listrik tipe single-flash belum memanfaatkan potensi panas sisa dari brine reinjeksi secara optimal. Sistem poligenerasi menawarkan pendekatan efisien dengan menghasilkan lebih dari tiga produk sekaligus, memberikan keuntungan dari sisi ekonomi, lingkungan, dan desain sistem energi. Studi ini mengusulkan sistem poligenerasi terintegrasi yang memanfaatkan brine reinjeksi dari Lahendong Unit 3 untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan keberlanjutan panas bumi. Sistem ini memproduksi listrik, pendingin, pemanas, hidrogen hijau, dan pasir silika sebagai produk sampingan melalui kombinasi siklus double-flash, Binary-ORC, TAR, CRC, IR-HAD, dan AE. Analisis dilakukan dari aspek termodinamika (efisiensi energi dan eksergi, serta pengurangan ireversibilitas), lingkungan (emisi GRK dan penghindarannya melalui substitusi listrik berbasis fosil), dan ekonomi (BP, HPP, NPV, IRR, dan PBP). Hasil menunjukkan peningkatan efisiensi energi dari 10,0% menjadi 14,7%, efisiensi eksergi dari 24,6% menjadi 36,1%, serta pengurangan ireversibilitas dari 78,0 MW menjadi 44,2 MW. Emisi GRK dari produk poligenerasi lebih rendah dibandingkan referensi produk sejenis dan sistem ini juga berpotensi menghindari emisi CO₂ sebesar 1,69 juta ton hingga 2028. Secara ekonomi, sistem dinilai layak dengan NPV sebesar 47,8 juta USD, IRR 26,9%, dan PBP selama 6,6 tahun. Layanan pendingin dan pemanas berbasis CSR turut memperkuat akses energi lokal dan dampak sosial.

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Geothermal energy is a reliable renewable resource, yet single-flash power plants often underutilize the residual thermal potential in reinjection brine. Polygeneration systems offer an efficient approach by producing more than three outputs simultaneously, enhancing economic performance, environmental sustainability, and energy system optimization. This study proposes an integrated polygeneration system utilizing reinjection brine from Lahendong Unit 3 to improve geothermal efficiency and sustainability. The system co-produces electricity, cooling, heating, green hydrogen, and silica sand as a by-product through a combination of double-flash cycle, Binary-ORC, TAR, CRC, IR-HAD, and AE units. The system is analysed from thermodynamic (energy and exergy efficiency, irreversibility reduction), environmental (GHG emissions and avoidance via fossil-based electricity substitution), and economic (production cost, breakeven price, NPV, IRR, and PBP) perspectives. Results show an increase in energy efficiency from 10.0% to 14.7%, exergy efficiency from 24.6% to 36.1%, and a reduction in irreversibility from 78.0 MW to 44.2 MW. GHG emissions from the polygeneration product are lower compared to similar reference products, and this system can avoid up to 1.69 million tonnes of CO₂ emissions by 2028. Economically, the system is feasible, achieving an NPV of USD 47.8 million, IRR of 26.9%, and a PBP of 6.6 years. CSR-driven cooling and heating services further enhance local energy access and social impact. "