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"Policies for economic growth can be directed by focusing on each component of national income, namely domestic absorption and trade balance. Focus on first component through expenditure-changing policies or the latter through expenditureswitching policies is very dependent on conditions which underlying the possibility of applying those each policies. Fulfillment of Marshall-Lerner condition and overvalued domestic currency are among conditions which underlying expenditure-switching policies with exchangerate and trade policies as its main tools. On the other hand, expenditure-changing-policies are justified on the ground of sensitivity of domestic components to monetary and fiscal policies, especially interest rates. Analysis on fulfillment of those conditions for Indonesia shows that none of each policy can be applied exclusively (inferred from the fact that conditions underlying each policies only fulfilled with small margin). Therefore, for economic growth to be optimum, these two policies shoild be combined, complement each other in affecting both domestic absorption and trade-balance."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh variabel-variabel sosio-demografi, sosio-ekonomi dan wilayah tempat tinggal terhadap pengeluaran rumah tangga untuk makanan, pendidikan, dan kesehatan. Hasil regresi OLS dan Tobit dengan menggunakan data Susenas 2011 menunjukkan bahwa tahapan siklus hidup rumah tangga, jumlah anggota rumah tangga dan daerah tempat tinggal berpengaruh signifikan secara konsisten terhadap proporsi pengeluaran makanan, total pengeluaran pendidikan, dan total pengeluaran kesehatan. Ditemukan pula bahwa yang memiliki proporsi pengeluaran makanan terbesar sementara total pengeluaran pendidikan dan kesehatan terendah bukanlah rumah tangga yang kepala rumah tangganya tidak bekerja, tetapi rumah tangga yang kepala rumah tangganya pekerja bebas dan pekerja keluarga.

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The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of socio-demographic and socio-economic variables on household expenditures on food, education, and health. The results of OLS and Tobit regressions using the 2011 Susenas data show that household life cycle stages, household size and areas have consistent effect on proportion of food expenditure, education expenditure and health expenditure. It is also found that households with the highest proportion of food expenditure and with the smallest total expenditures on education and health are not the ones with non-working heads of household but those with heads who are working as free labours or family workers."

"Hasil analisis regresi juga menunjukkan bahwa media expenditure newspaper dan media expenditure magazines tidak memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan terhadap perubahan rata-raata nilai selling out Brand Y. Perubahan selling out Brand Y dapat dijelaskan oleh media expenditure televisi sebesar 47,9 % dan sisanya dijelaskan oleh variabel lain misalnya consumer promo yang juga kerap dilakukan di supermarket. Dari kedua hasil perhitungan ini dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa pada Brand X, advertising budget yang dialokasikan kepada media cetak dalam hal ini majalah signifikan berpengaruh terhadap penjualan. Tidak demikian halnya terhadap Brand Y yang lebih terpengaruh oleh advertising spending di media televisi. Khusus untuk Brand Y juga terlihat strategi media placement yang selama ini digunakan sudah relatif efisien apabila dibandingkan dengan Brand X sang market leader, pesaing terdekatnya."

"Berdasarkan Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) dan sensus penduduk sejak 2010, penelitian ini menguji pengaruh keragaman etnis terhadap ketimpangan pengeluaran di Indonesia. Ini dicapai dengan menggunakan estimasi OLS menggunakan ethnic fractionalization index (efi) dan ethnic polarization index (epoi) sebagai proksi keanekaragaman etnis. Tanpa variabel kontrol, ethnic fractionalization index adalah positif dan signifikan dalam mempengaruhi ketimpangan pengeluaran di Indonesia. Tidak seperti ethnic fractionalization index, ethnic polarization index dan ketimpangan pengeluaran memiliki hubungan berbentuk U terbalik. Namun, pengaruh keragaman etnis kurang signifikan ketika variabel kontrol ditambahkan ke estimasi. Selain itu, efek keanekaragaman etnis kehilangan signifikansinya ketika memasukkan dummy wilayah ke dalam estimasi. Kami menemukan bahwa semua dummy wilayah secara signifikan mempengaruhi ketimpangan dan mengurangi efek keragaman etnis. Akhirnya, dimasukkannya interaksi antara proxy keragaman etnis dan dummy wilayah mengungkapkan hasil yang tidak terduga. Meskipun tidak signifikan, baik interaksi ethnic fractionalization index atau ethnic polarization index dengan dummy wilayah menunjukkan hubungan negatif.

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Based on the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) and population census from 2010, this study examines the effect of ethnic diversity on expenditure inequality in Indonesia. This is achieved using the OLS estimation using ethnic fractionalization index (efi) and ethnic polarization index (epoi) as the proxy of ethnic diversity. Without the control variable, the ethnic fractionalization index is positive and significant in affecting expenditure inequality in Indonesia. Unlike the ethnic fractionalization index, the ethnic polarization index and expenditure inequality have an inverted U-shaped relationship. However, the effect of ethnic diversity is less significant when control variables are added to the estimation. Additionally, the effect of ethnic diversity loses its significance when incorporating regional dummies into the estimation. We found that all regional dummies significantly affect inequality and diminish the ethnic diversity effect. Finally, the inclusion of the interaction term between ethnic diversity proxy and regional dummies reveals an unexpected result. Though not significant, both interactions of the ethnic fractionalization index or the ethnic polarization index with regional dummies show a negative relationship."

"Public procurement is the main area of corruption in the government. This study aims to examine the correlation between government expenditure audit conducted by BPK and local government corruption behavior. This study uses a fixed effect panel regression approach and the dependent variable is the value of irregularities in the public procurement sector in all local governments in Indonesia. This study found that the government expenditure audit carried out in the previous period correlated with changes in local government corruption behavior. Local governments will reduce corruption behavior as an implication of changing views and calculating expected cost corruption based on their experience of being audited. Besides, local governments expect their probabilities to be re-audited. It is evident in the local government which has not been audited for three years that it will try to reduce its corrupt behavior because it is expected that this year will be audited again. This study suggests an increase in audit frequency that is expected to decrease the aggregate corruption level in public procurement in local government."

"Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh belanja terhadap tujuan nasional, dikaitkan dengan nilai uang dan klasifikasi belanja. Pemerintah Kabupaten/ Kota sebanyak 180 sampel dianalisis mempergunakan regresi dengan periode penelitian tahun 2007 - 2011. Hasil penelitian menemukan belanja pendidikan dan kesejahteraan berpengaruh kuadratik dengan titik balik maksimum masing - masing terhadap partisipasi pendidikan dan output perekonomian. Belanja kesejahteraan berpengaruh kubik dengan turunan ketiga negatif terhadap kemiskinan. Pencapaian tujuan nasional suatu periode berpengaruh positif terhadap belanja periode berikutnya. DAU berpengaruh positif terhadap belanja pendidikan dan kesejahteraan, DAK berpengaruh positif terhadap belanja kesejahteraan. Penganggaran Pemda memperhatikan harga konstan. Klasifikasi belanja menurut fungsi perlu diperinci untuk menghindari misinterpretasi.

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This research observes the impact of municipal governments? expenditure on the attainment national purposes, complemented by monetary value and expenditure classification analysis. As many as 180 municipal governments are analyzed using regression approach as samples within the period of 2007 to 2011. Result shows that education and welfare expenditure correlate in quadratic degree with maximum turning point each to enrollment rate and economic output. Welfare expenditure is correlated in cubic degree with negative third derivative to poverty rate. The attainment of national purposes in a certain period is positively correlated to the budget of related expenditures in the forthcoming period. DAU positively correlates to education and welfare expenditure, while DAK positively correlates to welfare expenditure. Budgetary processes by municipal governments have considered the real value of money. Classification of expenditure by functions should be stated in deeper details to avoid misinterpretation."

"Pengeluaran wisatawan merupakan barang dan jasa (goods and services) yang dibeli oleh wisatawan dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhan (needs), keinginan (wants), dan harapan (expectations) selama ia tinggal di daerah tujuan wisata yang dikunjunginya. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menggambarkan bagaimana pengeluaran wisatawan Kota Bandung. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif, dengan kuesioner sebagai instrumen penelitian dan dianalisis menggunakan penyebaran frekuensi dan nilai yang sering muncul (modus). Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 400 orang wisatawan Kota Bandung ditarik menggunakan metode non probability sampling serta teknik accidental. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa dari 400 responden yang diteliti menyatakan bahwa pengeluaran wisatawan berkontribusi terhadap pendapatan asli daerah Kota Bandung.

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Tourist Expenditure is goods and services purchased by tourist in order to meet the needs, wants, and expectations during his stay he visited tourist destination. The objective of this research is to describe tourist expenditure of Kota Bandung. This research applied quantitative approach, using questionnaire as research instrument and analyzed with the spread frequency and a recurring value (modus). The sample is 400 tourist in Kota Bandung, collected by using non probability sampling and accidental technique. The results indicated that tourist expenditure contribute to local revenue in Kota Bandung."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti interaksi dinamis antara volatilitasharga minyak mentah Indonesia dan kapasitas fiskal (pendapatan pemerintah danpengeluaran pemerintah) dengan variabel kontrol yaitu jumlah uang beredar,produk domestik bruto dan nilai tukar rupiah terhadap dollar Amerika Serikatpada periode tahun 2000 - 2014. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah VECM(Vector Error Correction Model). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapatinteraksi dinamis jangka pendek yang signifikan antara volatilitas pertumbuhanharga minyak mentah Indonesia dengan pertumbuhan pendapatan pemerintah,pertumbuhan pengeluaran pemerintah, pertumbuhan jumlah uang beredar,pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pergerakan nilai tukar rupiah terhadap dollar AmerikaSerikat. Sedangkan dalam jangka panjang volatilitas pertumbuhan harga minyakmentah Indonesia berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan pengeluaranpemerintah.

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ABSTRACTThis research aims to examine the dynamic interaction between theIndonesian crude price volatility and fiscal capacity (government revenue andgovernment expenditure) with the control variable that was money supply, grossdomestic products and exchange rate on the period of 2000 - 2014. To analyze therelationship VECM (Vector Error Correction Model) was used. The result of theresearch shows a significant existence of short term dynamic interaction betweenthe growth of Indonesian crude price and the growth of government revenue, thegrowth of government expenditure, the growth of money supply, the economicgrowth and the movement of exchange rate. While for a long term, the growth ofIndonesian crude prices significantly influences the growth of governmentexpenditure."

"Utilisasi pelayanan kesehatan dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor seperti geografi , sosio-ekonomi, jender, budaya, dan mutu pelayanan. Studi ini berguna untuk memformulasikan kebijakan yang memihak orang miskin. Studi ini menggunakan data Susenas 1998 yang mencakup 205.000 rumah-tangga. Analisis data dilakukan untuk merespon isu equity di Indonesia, dengan penekanan khusus pada keadilan dalam akses.Studi menemukan 88,8% penduduk perkotaan dan 94,3% penduduk perdesaan membayar biaya pelayanan kesehatan secara tunai. Pengeluaran rumah-tangga untuk kesehatan pada kelompok yang paling miskin di perkotaan mencapai 13% dari pengeluaran non-makanan dan di perdesaan 12%. Sementara, pada kelompok sosio-ekonomi paling kaya, angkanya adalah 10% di perkotaan dan 14% di perdesaan. Sebagian besar penduduk miskin (hampir 90%) mengeluarkan kurang dari seperempat (25%) porsi pengeluaran non-makanannya untuk kesehatan.Secara umum, rumah-tangga menghabiskan antara 6-15% dan 20-71% dari pengeluaran non-makanannya, berturut-turut untuk biaya rawat jalan dan biaya rawat inap. Rumah-tangga yang membelanjakan lebih dari 50% pengeluaran non-makanan untuk rawat jalan adalah 3,63% di perkotaan dan 4,31% di perdesaan. Data ini menunjukkan bahwa jumlah rumah-tangga yang mengalami pengeluaran katastropik untuk rawat jalan relatif sedikit. Namun untuk biaya rawat inap, hampir 77% rumah-tangga mengeluarkan lebih dari separuh (>50%) pengeluaran non-makanan sebulan. Pengeluaran katastropik ini mempengaruhi 72,88% rumah-tangga di perkotaan dan 80,98% di perdesaan. Jelas bahwa penduduk memiliki risiko fi nansial sangat tinggi dalam menghadapi kemungkinan kerugian karena sakit. Oleh karena sebagian besar penduduk Indonesia tidak terjamin, gejala ini akan menjadi beban bagi mereka.

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Health expenditure patterns by marginal and vulnerable groups. Utilization of health care is infl uenced by many factors. Most important are geography, socioeconomic, gender inequality, culture, and quality of care. This study aimed at providing policy formulations evidence based in formation for RRO poor, The study is a cross sectional study using National Socioeconomic Survey data set of 1998 representing about 205.000 households. This analysis is conducted to respond the equity issue in Indonesia, with particular emphasize to equity of access (health services use).The study revealed that in urban areas 88.8% of the people pay the outpatient services from their out-of-pocket, while in rural the fi gure is 94.3%. The data shows that in urban areas, among the lowest group, expenditure for health placed about 13% of non-food expenditure. In rural areas the health expenditure accounted to around an average of 12% non-food expenditure. For the highest group of socioeconomic status, expenses on health reached only 10% of non-food expenditure. In rural areas, the highest group has spent for health about 14% of their non-food expenses. Most of the poor (almost 90%) have spent for health below a quarter of non-food expenses.In general, households have spent about 6-15% and 20-71% of their non-food expenses for outpatient and in-patient respectively. Those who spent more than 50% of their non-food expenditure for outpatient is accounted to 3.63% of the households in urban and 4.31% in rural areas. A relatively small percentage of the households in urban and rural areas used a catastrophic spending for outpatient care. Nevertheless, almost 77% of them in urban and rural areas have spent more than 50% of their non-food expenditures per month for inpatient care. This catastrophic spending has affected 72.88% of the households in the urban area and 80.98% in rural areas. Apparently the fi nancial risk is very high for the people in responding the probability of loss due to sickness. Since most Indonesian people are not insured, this phenomenon will become a burden for them."