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"Senyawa ester asam lemak dibutuhkan pada industri kosmetika sebagai emulsifier. Ester asam lemak disintesis dengan cara esterifikasi antara asam-asam lemak dengan alkohol atau asam hidroksi karboksilat dengan bantuan katalis. Indonesia mempunyai sumber asam lemak yang melimpah dan pemanfaatannya perlu dioptimalkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis campuran asam 2-(stearoiloksi)propanoat dan asam 2-(palmitoiloksi)propanoat dari asam laktat dan asam stearat. Sintesis dilakukan melalui 3 tahap. Tahap 1: sintesis asetil laktat dengan mereaksikan asam laktat dengan anhidrida asetat dengan katalis asam klorida pekat, direfluks pada suhu 100-1100C selama 4 jam. Tahap 2: sintesis metil stearat dengan mereaksikan asam stearat dengan metanol dalam pelarut benzena dan katalis asam sulfat pekat, direfluks pada suhu 800C selama 7 jam. Tahap 3: sintesis campuran asam 2-(stearoiloksi)propanoat dan asam 2-(palmitoiloksi)propanoat dengan mereaksikan asetil laktat dengan metil stearat dengan katalis natrium metoksida. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan kromatografi gas cair dengan kolom VB-wax yang dilengkapi dengan detektor ionisasi nyala. Kondisi suhu kolom 1700C, suhu injektor 2300C, dan suhu detektor 2500C. Laju alir gas (He) diatur 1,0 ml/menit. Senyawa ini muncul pada waktu retensi 39,7 menit. Produk yang dihasilkan berupa cairan kental berwarna kekuningan dengan rendemen 76,97%, memiliki bilangan asam sebesar 212,8, dan nilai HLB sebesar 3,1 yang menunjukkan dapat digunakan sebagai emulsifier untuk sediaan air dalam minyak.

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Fatty acid esters are needed in the cosmetic industries as an emulsifier. Fatty acid esters were synthesized by esterification of fatty acids with alcohols or hydroxy carboxylic acid with the aid of a catalyst. Indonesia has abundant source of fatty acids and its utilization should be optimized, such as to make fatty acid esters.

This study aims to synthesize 2-(stearoyloxy)propanoic acid and 2-(palmitoyloxy)propanoic acid composite from lactic acid and stearic acid. Synthesis was done through 3 steps, i.e (1) synthesis of acetyl lactate by reacting lactic acid with acetic anhydride and hydrochloric acid as catalyst, refluxed at 100-1100C for 4 hours, (2) synthesis of methyl stearate by reacting stearic acid with methanol in solvent benzene and concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst, refluxed at 800C for 7 hours, (3) synthesis of 2-(stearoyloxy)propanoic acid and 2-(palmitoyloxy)propanoic acid composite by reacting acetyl lactate with methyl stearate with sodium methoxide as catalyst.

Analysis was performed using gas-liquid chromatography with VB-wax column equipped with a flame ionization detector. The temperature of the column was set at 1700C, injector at 2300C, and detector at 2500 with air flow rate (He) 1.0 ml/min. The retention time was 39.7 minutes. The result is yellowish viscous liquid with yield 76.97%, has acid value 212.8, and HLB value 3.1 which shows can be used as an emulsifier for water-in-oil emulsions."

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Penurunan massa otot pada usia lanjut menimbulkan sarkopenia,salah satu penyebabnya adalah proses inflamasi. Rasio asam lemak omega-3/omega-6 dapat memengaruhi proses inflamasi, namun hubungannya dengan massa otot masih menunjukkan hasil yang beragam. Penelitian potong lintang ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi korelasi rasio asupan asam lemak omega-3/omega-6 dan kadar asam lemak omega-3 dengan massa otot pada usia lanjut di lima panti wreda yang terdaftar di Kota Tangerang Selatan. Penelitian ini melibatkan 101 usila yang didapatkan menggunakan proportional random sampling. Rasio asupan asam lemak omega-3 dan omega-6 dinilai menggunakan food record 3x24 jam dan food frequency questionnaire semikuantitatif, kadar asam lemak omega-3 membran eritrosit diukur menggunakan gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, dan pemeriksaan massa otot menggunakan bioelectrical impedance analysis. Analisis korelasi menggunakan uji Spearman. Didapatkan rerata usia subjek adalah 75.5 ± 7.6 tahun dengan 73.3% subjek adalah perempuan. Rasio asupan asam lemak omega-3/omega-6 subjek menggunakan food record adalah 0,09 (0,05-0,22) dan 0,08 (0,05-0,23) menggunakan FFQ semikuantitatif. Nilai tengah kadar asam lemak omega-3 membran eritrosit subjek untuk ALA=10,06 (4,9-24,9) µg/mL, EPA=14,6 (5,06-81,02) µg/mL, DHA=115,5 (20,6-275,09) µg/mL, dan total omega-3=144,1 (89,3-332,1) µg/mL. Nilai tengah massa otot subjek adalah 35,5 (22,8-63,5) kg. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan tidak terdapat korelasi antara rasio asupan asam lemak omega-3/omega-6 dengan massa otot baik menggunakan food record (r = -0.2, p = 0.07), maupun FFQ semikuantitatif (r = 0.01, p = 0.9), dan tidak terdapat korelasi antara kadar ALA, EPA, DHA, total asam lemak omega-3 membran eritrosit dengan massa otot berturut-turut (r = -0.03, p = 0.8; r = 0.01, p = 0.9; r = -0.06, p = 0.5; dan r = -0.02, p = 0.8).

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The phenomenon of muscle mass deterioration appeared in the elderly called sarcopenia, one of the reasons was the inflammatory process. The ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are known to influence the inflammatory process. However, the relationship of this ratio with muscle mass are still conflicting. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the correlations of omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids intake ratio and omega-3 fatty acids erythrocyte membrane levels with muscle mass among the elderly in five registered nursing homes in South Tangerang City. This study involved 101 elderly from the proportional random sampling method. The ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids intake was assessed using 3-days food records and semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Moreover, omega-3 fatty acid erythrocyte membrane levels were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and muscle mass were examined using bioelectrical impedance analysis. We used Spearman analysis to investigate the correlation. The mean age of the participants was 75.5 ± 7.6 years and most of the participants were female (73.3%). Furthermore, the median value of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid intake ratio was 0.09 (0.05 – 0.22) using 3-days food records and 0.08 (0.05 – 0.23) using SQ-FFQ, the median value of omega-3 erythrocyte membrane levels for ALA = 10.06 (4.9-24.9) µg/mL, EPA = 14.6 (5.06 – 81.02) µg/mL, DHA = 115.5 (20.6 – 275.09) µg/mL, total omega-3 = 144.1 (89.3 – 332.1) µg/mL, and the median value of muscle mass were 35.5 (22.8 – 63.5) kg. We did not find strong correlation between omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids intake ratio and muscle mass using either 3-days food records (r = -0.2, p = 0.07), or SQ-FFQ (r = 0.01, p = 0.9), and no strong correlations found between ALA, EPA, DHA, total omega-3 fatty acids erythrocyte membrane levels and muscle mass (r = -0.03, p = 0.8; r = 0.01, p = 0.9; r = -0.06, p = 0.5; and r = -0.02, p = 0.8), respectively.

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"Pola makan, khususnya asupan asam lemak dapat merupakan informasi yang sangat berarti dalam memberikan pengertian atau penjelasan mengenai peranan hubungan diet dengan penyakit-penyakit kronis, khususnya pennyakit jantung koroner (PJK). Desain penelitian ini adalah “cross sectional”. Informasi dikumpulkan untuk dapat menggambarkan asupan nutrien khususnya asupan asam lemak pada 4 (empat) kelompok etnik yaitu: etnik Minangkabau, Sunda, Jawa dan Bugis. Persentase asam lemak jenuh terhadap total energi sekitar 20% pada keempak kelompok etnik ini.Persentase asam lemak tidak jenuh majemuk terhadap total energi berkisar diantara 4.4% sampai 4.6% pada kelompok etnik Sunda dan Jawa.Sedangkan pada kedua etnik lainnya, persentase asam lemak tidak jenuh majemuk terhadap total energi lebih rendah, 2.6% pada suku Minangkabau dan 2.8% pada suku Bugis. Persentase asam lemak tidak jenuh tunggal terhadap total energi lebih tinggi pada etnik Sunda dan Jawa (6.1% vs 5.5%) Sedangkan persentase asam lemak tidak jenuh tunggal terhadap total energi pada kedua etnik lainnya Minangkabau dan Bugis lebih rendah (2.6% vs 2.8). Berdasarkan ratio dari asam lemak tidak jenuh majemuk dengan asam lemak tidak jenuh tungal dan dengan asam lemak jenuh, dapat disimpulkan bahwa suku Minangkabau dan Bugis memiliki kualitas pola diet asupan lemak yang kurang baik. Selain kurang baiknya pola diet asuapan lemak, suku Minangkabau juga mengkomsumsi total asupan lemak yang cukup tinggi, dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa suku Minangkabau mempunyai risiko tinggi terhadap dislipidemia dibandingkan dengan ketiga kelompok etnik lainnya. (Med J Indones 2005; 14:242-8)

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The use of dietary pattern specifically fatty acids intake should prove to be an informative and powerful means to augment our understanding of the role of diet in chronic disease particularly CHD. Cross sectional study was implemented to describe the nutrients intake specifically fatty acids intake of 4 (four) ethnic groups in Indonesia, such as Minangkabau, Sundanese, Javanese and Buginese. The percentage of saturated fatty acid (SAFA) to total energy intakes were around 20%. The percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) to the total energy were about 4.4% to 4.6% among the Sundanese and the Javanese.While among the other two ethnic groups, the percentage of PUFA to total energy were less, 2.6 % among the Minangkabau and 2.8% among the Buginese ethnic. The percentage of mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) to total energy intake were higher among the two ethnic groups, Sundanese and Javanese (6.1% vs. 5.5%). While the percentages of MUFA between the other two ethnic groups Minangkabau and Buginese ethnic were lower (2.6% vs. 2.8%). Based on the ratio of PUFA: MUFA: SAFA, we could consider that Minangkabau and Buginese ethnic groups both had poor quality of dietary fat pattern. Having the poor quality of dietary fat pattern and higher fat intake, we might take into consideration that the Minangkabau ethnic groups, had higher risk toward dyslipidemia compared to the other three ethnic groups. (Med J Indones 2005; 14:242-8)"

"Marine microalgae are among the flora that inhibits the mangrove area. They play an important role as the primary source of organic carbon in marine food web. However, very limited study on the mangrove-isolated microalgae, especially on the fatty acids. The objective of the current study was to determine the fatty acid composition in mangrove-isolated Chlorella strains. Seven mangrove-isolated Chlorella strains were cultured in F and F/2 media. Their growth and fatty acid composition were measured after the stationary growth phase. Results showed the growth varied among the strains. the cell density, cell biomass and fatty acid composition were influenced by the medium-strength. polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were detected in only four strains, the KS-MA1, KS- MA2, KS-MB2 and SE-MB1. the highest amount of PUFAs was obtained in the KS-MA2 (40.9 ± 0.8 % dry wt. in the F/2 medium and 35.4 ± 6.7 % dry wt. in the F medium) and in the KS-MB2 (37.6 ± 3.4 % dry wt. in the F/2 medium and 34.4 ± 4.8 % dry wt. in the F medium). the growth and productivity of Chlorella species were strains-dependent and regulated by the medium strength. thus, the production of fatty acids of interest from Chlorella might be manipulated by optimizing the culture conditions."

"Obesitas merupakan masalah kesehatan yang sudah mendunia, termasuk di Indonesia. Situasi ini erat kaitannya dengan terjadinya perubahan asupan gizi ditandai dengan penambahan pola makan dimana hal ini dapat menyebabkan penyakit degenerasi. Lingkar pinggang mempakan salah satu faktor prediksi yang kuat pada resistensi insulin, yang merupakan fase dini perkembangan penyakit diabetes melitus. Asupan asam lemak jenuh yang tinggi dapat mcnyebabkan terjadinya resistensi insulin. Data mengenai hubungan antara asam lemak dan resistensi insulin di Indonesia sangat terbatas. Untuk melihat hubungan antara berbagai asupan lemak dengan insulin pada laki-laki dewasa dengan obesitas sentral di Jakarta, maka diadakanlah penelitian dengan metode potongan lintang. Kuesioner semi kuantitaf-frekuensi makanan yang telah divalidasi digunakan untuk memperoleh data asupan lemak pada 126 laki-laki usia 30-50 tahun dengan obesitas sentral di Jakarta yang sebelumnya telah mengikuti prosedur skrining melalui pemeriksaan klinis dan pengambilan darah. Pengukuran antropometrik dilakukan untuk mendapatkan data berat badan, tinggi badan dan lingkar pinggang. Data plasma insulin puasa, plasma glukosa puasa, plasma asam lemak bebas dan profil lemak darah diperoleh melalui pemeriksaan biokimia. Kucsioner global aktivitas tisik dan surveilens penyakit kronik digunakan untuk memperoleh data aktivitas fisik, kcbizmaan merokok, konsumsi alkohol, sayuran dan buah. Asupan lemak total, lemak jenuh, lemak tidak jenuh tunggal maupun ganda (% dari total kalori) diperolch Icbih tinggi dibandingkan rekomendasi PERKENI/NCEP/AHA/ADA (4l.23%, 21.51% and 9.32%), kecuali asupan lemak tidak jenuh ganda berdasarkan PERKENI (6.8?7%). Asupan omega-3 dan omega-6 tidak memenuhi rekomendasi berdasarkan IOM. Hiperkolesterolemia dan hipertrigliseridemia ditemukan pada penelitian ini. Sementara itu, insulin puasa berada dalam nilai nonnal (7.63 u/L). Tidak ditemukan hubungan antara asupan berbagai jenis lemak dengan insulin pada laki-laki dcwasa dengan obesitas sentral, tetapi plasma asam lemak bebas memiliki hubungan positif dengan asupan temak tidak jenuh ganda (% dari total kalori) (rp=0.l90, p<0.05), dan plasma glukosa puasa (r=0.l93, p<0.05). Penelitian kasus-kontrol perlu dilakukan untuk dapat melihat secara jelas hubungan antara asupan berbagai jenis lemak dengan insulin pada seseorang dengan dan tanpa obesitas sentral atau pada seseorang dengan dan tanpa resistensi insulin.

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Obesity is known as the major global health problems, including in Indonesia. This situation is associated with nutritional transitional characterized by changing in dietary patterns, leading to the prevailing degenerative diseases. Waist circumference is strong predictor of insulin resistance, an initial phase for development of type 2 diabetes melitus. High intake of SFA is contributed to insulin resistance. Data on the relations between intake of fatty acids and insulin resistance in Indonesia are very limited. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to examine the association between intake of different fatty acids and insulin level in abdominal obese adult men in Jakarta. Dietary fatty acids was obtained through validated fat SQ-F FQ to |26 men with abdominal obesity aged 30-SO, who pass the screening procedure through clinical and blood assessment. Anthropomethric assessments were done to obtain body weight, height and waist circumference. Biochemichal assessments were undertaken to obtain fasting plasma insulin, glucose, FFA and profile lipid. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and STEPS questionnaire were used to obtain data on physical activity, smoking habit, alcohol use, fruit and vegetable consumption. Intake of total fat, SFA, MUFA and PUFA (% of total calories) were found higher than that of the PERKENI/NCEP/AI-IA/ADA recommendations (4l.23% , 21.51% and 9.32%), except PUFA intake based on PERKENI (6.87%). Intake of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA did not meet the requirement suggested by IOM. Hypercholesterolemia and hypertrigliseridemia were found among subjects. Mean fasting plasma insulin was found within desirable range (7.63 ufL). There is no correlation between intakes of different fatty acids and insulin levels in abdominal obese adult men, but FFA plasma were positively correlated with PUFA intake (% of total calories) (rp=0-l90, p<0.05) and fasting plasma glucose (rp=0.l93, p<0.05)- Further study need to be conducted to have clearly understanding of the relationship between intake of different fatty acids and insulin level between abdominal obese and non-abdominal obese or insulin resistance and non insulin resistance using case-control study."

"ABSTRAK Asam lemak tak jenuh rantai panjang diakui sebagai zat gizi kunci dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan mental. Plasma darah dianggap sebagai biomarker yang baik untuk mengkonfirmasi asam lemak yang diasup. Namun, factor individu sangant mepengaruhi hubungan antar keduanya, khususnya polimorfisme gen. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran polimorfisme gen FADS dalam hubungan antar asupan makan dan kadarnya dalam plasma. 115 anak berusia 12-16 bulan dihitung asupan makannya dengan Semi Quantitative-Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) dan diidentifikasi genotypenya.kadar asam lemak dalam plasma dianalisa dengan metode gas chromatography. Hasil studi ini menunjukkan bahwa asupan asam lemak rantai panjang tidak adekuat (EPA=22%, DHA=25%, N-6-LC PUFA=58%, and N-3-LC PUFA=37%). Dengan asupan yang sebanding, anak yang memiliki allele A cenderung memiliki plasma yang lebih tinggi dari anak yang tidak memiliki allele A (p<0.05 untuk total LC PUFAs dan N6-LC PUFA). Allele A menunjukkan adanya kemungkinan metabolism asam lemak yang efisien.

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ABSTRAK Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (LC PUFAs) are known as key nutrient for brain development and cognitive function which intermediated by plasma level. Plasma level in blood was mentioned as a good biomarker of related dietary fatty acids intake. However, role of individual factors particularly gene polymorphism also plays role on their relationship. This study was aimed to assess LC PUFAs intake, its plasma level, and the moderation effect of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in FADS gene on their relationship. A total of 115 children aged 12-16 month were assessed their usual intake using Semi Quantitative-Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) and were genotyped for rs174468 (G>A). Plasma LC PUFAs were measured by gas chromatography. The result of usual intake of LC PUFAs were lower than recommendation (EPA=22%, DHA=25%, N-6-LC PUFA=58%, and N-3-LC PUFA=37%). Despite comparable intake of LC PUFAs, children who have allele A have much higher plasma level (p<0.05 for total LC PUFAs and N6-LC PUFA). Allele A on this SNP might be related to a good response for dietary intake or efficient metabolism of LCPUFAs"

"Asam lemak telah diketahui menghasilkan senyawa yang bermanfaat melalui transformasi secara sederhana, karena mengandung rantai hidrokarbon dan gugus karboksilat yang reaktif. Berbagai penelitian telah dilakukan tentang aktivitas antimikroba, antidiabetik, antiinflamasi, dan antikanker dari turunan asam lemak. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis senyawa ester asam lemak dengan kurkumin menggunakan esterifikasi Steglich, melalui reaksi kopling dengan DCC dan katalis DMAP. Senyawa ester diindentifikasi menggunakan KLT dengan eluen n-heksana:etil asetat (1:1, v/v) dan didapatkan nilai Rf untuk produk ester lebih tinggi daripada prekursor. Nilai Rf produk ester di asam lemak dengan kurkumin lebih tinggi daripada mono asam lemak dengan kurkumin. Purifikasi produk dilakukan dengan kromatografi kolom gel silika menggunakan eluen n-heksana:etil asetat (12:1, v/v). Hasil pemurnian produk dikarakterisasi dengan spektrofotometri FT-IR dan UV-Vis. Karakterisasi menggunakan FT-IR menunjukkan adanya serapan baru gugus fungsi ester C=O pada bilangan gelombang 1760 cm-1 – 1735 cm-1. Terdapat pula puncak serapan gugus fungsi C=O karboksil keton pada 1640 cm-1 -1620 cm-1, gugus fungsi C=C aromatik pada 1650 cm-1 – 1566 cm-1, gugus fungsi C-O aromatik pada 1310 cm-1 – 1250 cm-1, dan C-O-C pada 1075 cm-1 – 1020 cm-1. Perbedaan produk ester di dan mono yaitu, pada mono masih adanya serapan O-H fenolik yang tidak mengalami reaksi esterifikasi. Hasil karakterisasi produk ester dengan UV-Vis menunjukkan adanya pergeseran batokromik pada produk ester mono asam lemak. Hasil uji toksisitas terhadap Daphnia magna menunjukkan nilai LC50 produk senyawa ester dioleat-kurkumin sebesar 189,91 mg/L dan monooleat-kurkumin sebesar 98,68 mg/L. Berdasarkan nilai LC50, ester monooleat-kurkumin dikategorikan sangat toksik dan berpotensi sebagai senyawa bioaktif. Hasil uji antimikroba produk ester terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli menunjukkan aktivitas antimikroba yang lemah.

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Fatty acids have been known to produce useful compounds through simple transformations, because they contain a reactive hydrocarbon chain and carboxylic group. Various studies have been conducted on the antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities of fatty acid derivatives. In this study, the synthesis of fatty acid ester compounds with curcumin was carried out using Steglich esterification. Esterification was carried out by coupling reaction with DCC and DMAP catalyst. The ester compounds were identified using TLC with n-hexane: ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) as the eluent and the Rf value for the ester product was higher than that of the precursor. The Rf value of di ester products fatty acids with curcumin was higher than mono fatty acids with curcumin. The product was then purified using silica gel column chromatography with n-hexane:ethyl acetate (12:1, v/v) as the eluent. Product purification was carried out using silica gel column chromatography with n-hexane:ethyl acetate (12:1, v/v) as the eluent. The purified product was characterized by FT-IR and UV spectrophotometry. Characterization using FT-IR showed new absorption of ester functional group C=O at wave number 1760 cm-1 – 1735 cm-1. There were also absorption peaks of the C=O carboxyl ketone functional group at 1640 cm-1 -1620 cm-1, the aromatic C=C functional group at 1650 cm-1 – 1566 cm-1, the aromatic C-O functional group at 1310 cm-1 – 1250 cm-1, and C-O-C at 1075 cm-1 – 1020 cm-1. The difference between di and mono ester products is that only mono exhibited the O-H absorption of free phenolic group of curcumin. The monofatty acid ester product showed bathochromic shift by UV analysis. The toxicity test results on Daphnia magna showed that the LC50 value of the dioleic-curcumin ester compound was 189.91 mg/L and monooleate-curcumin was 98.68 mg/L. Based on the LC50 value, the monooleic-curcumin ester is categorized as very toxic and had potential as a bioactive compound. The antimicrobial test results of the ester products against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli showed that these compounds were categorized as weak antimicrobial agents."

"Ketidakseimbangan trace elemen dan asam lemak berperan dalam terjadinya preeklamsia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui status trace elemen serum dan eritrosit serta asam lemak pada preeklamsia berat. Desain potong lintang dilakukan pada 40 ibu hamil dalam 2 kelompok, preeklamsia berat dan normotensi. Pengukuran trace elemen dan asam lemak dalam serum dan eritrosit dilakukan dengan menggunakan Inductively Coupled Plasma and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), analisis bivariat dan multivariat dilakukan. Trace elemen yang ditemukan berbeda nyata baik dalam serum maupun dalam eritrosit adalah selenium, besi, cadmium dan timbal (p<0,05). Hampir semua asam lemak eritrosit, ALA, EPA, DHA, omega-3, LA, GLA, DGLA, AA, omega-6 dan asam oleat ditemukan berbeda bermakna. Nilai tertinggi prediksi preeklamsia berat dengan AUC 0,77(IK95%:0,625-0,912) dan sensitifitas 90% serta spesifitas 50% terdapat pada ALA dengan cut off 0,16 amol/RBC yang mewakili asam lemak omega3 dan untuk golongan omega6 terdapat pada LA dengan cut off 54,25 amol/RBC (sensitifitas 85%; spesifitas 75%). Peningkatan risiko preeklamsia tertinggi terdapat pada EPA yang rendah(OR 14,53; IK95% 2,21-95,41) dan AA yang tinggi(OR 7,37; IK95% 1,37-39,7). Pengukuran trace elemen dan asam lemak diperlukan untuk menentukan status nutrisi dan terutama sebagai prediktor preeklamsia. Pengukuran asam lemak pada eritrosit dinilai lebih baik dibandingkan serum.

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Imbalance of trace elements and fatty acids plays a role in the occurrence of preeclampsia. The aim of the study was to determine the status of serum and erythrocyte trace elements and fatty acids in severe preeclampsia. Cross-sectional design was performed on 40 pregnant women in 2 groups, severe preeclampsia and normotensive. Measurement of trace elements and fatty acids in serum and erythrocyte was performed using Inductively Coupled Plasma and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed. Trace elements found to be significantly different both in serum and in erythrocyte were Selenium, Iron, Cadmium and Lead (p<0.05). Almost all erythrocyte fatty acids, ALA, EPA, DHA, omega-3, LA, GLA, DGLA, AA, omega-6 and oleic were found to be significantly different. The highest predictive value of severe preeclampsia with an AUC of 0.77(95% CI: 0.625-0.912); a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 50% was found in ALA with a cut off of 0.16 amol/RBC representing omega3 fatty acids and for the omega6 group in LA with a cut off of 54.25 amol/RBC (85% sensitivity; 75% specificity). The highest increased risk of preeclampsia was found in low EPA (OR 14.53; 95% CI 2.21-95.41) and high AA (OR 7.37; 95% CI 1.37-39.7). Measurement of trace elements and fatty acids is needed to determine nutritional status especially as a predictor of preeclampsia. Erythrocyte fatty acids measurement is considered better than serum. "

"Kurangnya pemahaman mengenai makanan sehat dan gaya hidup saat ini telah menjadi faktor yang mengarah pada penyakit metabolik, seperti hiperkolesterolemia. Hiperkolesterolemia merupakan salah satu faktor risiko aterosklerosis dan sering disebabkan oleh asupan makanan, terutama konsumsi tinggi lemak dan asam lemak jenuh saturated fatty acids, SFA sedangkan asam lemak tidak jenuh tunggal monounsaturated fatty acid, MUFA dan asam lemak tidak jenuh jamak polyunsaturated fatty acid, PUFA diketahui memiliki korelasi negatif terhadap risiko penyakit kardiovaskular. Penelitian potong lintang ini bertujuan untuk mencari hubungan antara asupan asam lemak jenuh dan tidak jenuh dengan kadar kolesterol LDL dan apolipoprotein B apoB darah pada karyawan laki-laki hiperkolesterolemia berusia 19-49 tahun. Penelitian ini diikuti oleh 52 subjek, pengumpulan data asupan makanan menggunakan metode food recall 24 jam dan semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire SQFFQ , pemeriksaan antropometri untuk mendapatkan indeks massa tubuh IMT dan lingkar pinggang, dan pemeriksaan darah untuk mengetahui kadar kolesterol LDL dan apoB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar kolesterol LDL memiliki korelasi yang bermakna dengan asupan SFA tetapi tidak dengan asupan lemak total, MUFA, dan PUFA. Kadar apoB memiliki korelasi yang bermakna dengan kadar kolesterol LDL tetapi tidak dengan asupan lemak total, SFA, MUFA, dan PUFA.

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Lack of understanding about healthy food and today lifestyle have been issues towards metabolic diseases, such as hypercholesterolemia. Hypercholesterolemia is one of the risk factors in atherosclerosis and often caused by dietary intake, especially consumption of high fat and high saturated fatty acids SFA while monounsaturated fatty acids MUFA and polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA intake are known inversely correlated with cardiovascular disease CVD risks. This cross sectional study was aimed to determine the correlation between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids intake with serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL C and apolipoprotein B apoB levels in hypercholesterolemic male employees aged 19 to 49 years. The study was conducted using 52 subjects, data collection of food intake using 24 hour food recall and semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire SQFFQ , anthropometric measurements for body mass index BMI and waist circumference WC , and blood examination for serum LDL C and apoB levels. The result of this study showed that LDL C levels was correlated with SFA intake but not with total fat, MUFA and PUFA intake. ApoB levels was correlated with LDL C levels but not with total fat, SFA, MUFA and PUFA intake."

"Asam lemak omega-3 merupakan komponen penting pada pembentukan sel saraf, retina dan membran sel. Penelitian terakhir menunjukkan bahwa asam lemak omega-3 berkaitan dengan pertumbuhan janin. Ibu hamil dengan asupan asam lemak omega-3 yang tidak tercukupi memiliki risiko lebih tinggi untuk melahirkan bayi berat lahir rendah (BBLR). Di Indonesia, angka BBLR masih tergolong tinggi. Oleh karena itu, kecukupan asam lemak omega-3 sangat penting untuk diperhatikan pada ibu hamil sejak awal kandungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kecukupan asam lemak omega-3 ibu hamil di Indonesia. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi potong lintang. Subjek penelitian merupakan ibu hamil sehat dengan usia gestasi hingga 20 minggu. Kecukupan dinilai melalui pendataan asupan asam lemak omega-3, omega-6 beserta rasionya dan pemeriksaan kadar asam lemak omega-3 membran eritrosit. Data penelitian kemudian dianalisis dengan uji korelasi Spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa asupan asam lemak omega-3 total subjek penelitian masih kurang akibat rendahnya rerata asupan ALA subjek, meskipun rerata asupan EPA dan DHAnya telah terpenuhi. Asupan asam lemak omega-6 total subjek telah terpenuhi, begitu pula dengan asupan LAnya, tetapi asupan AA subjek masih belum terpenuhi. Rasio asupan asam lemak omega-6/omega-3 sebagian besar subjek masih kurang baik. Dari uji korelasi ditemukan adanya korelasi positif bermakna antara asupan EPA dengan kadar DHA (r=0,34) dan kadar EPA+DHA (r=0,38), asupan DHA dengan kadar DHA (r=0,31), asupan EPA+DHA dengan kadar DHA (r=0,34) dan kadar EPA+DHA (r=0,35). Rasio asupan asam lemak omega-6/omega-3 ditemukan memiliki korelasi negatif bermakna dengan kadar EPA (r= ?0,34). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa asam lemak omega-3 ibu hamil belum tercukupi sehingga diperlukan edukasi dan screening kecukupan asupan asam lemak omega-3 bagi ibu hamil sejak awal kandungan.

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Omega-3 fatty acids are important components of neural, retinal and cell membranes. Latest findings show that omega-3 fatty acids play a role in fetal growth. Pregnant women with low intakes of omega-3 fatty acids were found to have higher risk of low birth weight (LBW). In Indonesia, LBW prevalence is still high. Thus omega-3 fatty acids sufficiency is of great importance starting early in pregnancy. The aim of this study is to determine omega-3 fatty acids status of pregnant women in Indonesia. The design of the study is cross-sectional. Subjects are healthy pregnant women with gestational age up to 20 weeks pregnancy. Omega-3 fatty acids status obtained from interview on intakes of omega-3 fatty acids and level of omega-3 fatty acids in erythrocyte membrane. The data?s then analyzed using Spearman correlation test. The study results show that total omega-3 fatty acids intakes are insufficient, due to low ALA intake, even though EPA and DHA intakes are sufficient. Intakes of total omega-6 fatty acids and LA are sufficient but AA intake is very low. The ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids intake is found to be higher than expected. Spearman correlation test shows significant positive correlations between intake of EPA and DHA level (r=0.34), intake of EPA and EPA+DHA level (r=0.38), intake of DHA and its level (r=0.31), intake of EPA+DHA and DHA level (r=0.35), intake of EPA+DHA and its level (r=0.34). Ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids intake is found to be significantly correlated with EPA level (r=?0.34). In conclusion, omega-3 fatty acids intake of pregnant women in Indonesia is still insufficient. Therefore, education to increase omega-3 fatty acids intake during pregnancy and screening of omega-3 fatty acids intake need to be perform early in pregnancy."