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Abstrak :
Skripsi ini dibuat untuk menentukan nilai setting rele pada gardu induk dengan perhitungan secara manual. Untuk menentukan setting rele pada jaringan tegangan menengah maka perlu diketahui beberapa hal yaitu antara lain data jaringan, perhitungan hubung singkat, persyaratan pemilihan dan setting peralatan proteksi. Dalam skripsi ini gangguan yang dihitung adalah gangguan antar fasa, gangguan tiga fasa, gangguan satu fasa ke tanah dan gangguan dua fasa ke tanah. Dengan menganalisa koordinasi setting sistem proteksi pada GI maka nantinya dapat dipergunakan untuk melihat kehandalan dari sistem proteksi tersebut. Nilai setting rele dapat ditentukan dengan mengolah data yang didapat dari gardu induk, nilai impedansi total dapat dihitung dengan menjumlahkan impedansi trafo, impedansi saluran dan impedansi sumber. Setelah didapatkan nilai impedansi maka nilai arus gangguan dapat dihitung dan lalu didapatkan nilai setting rele yang baik. Berdasarkan dari sistem proteksi yang ditentukan diatas, dapat pula dibandingkan hasil perhitungan dan penyetelan peralatan proteksi dengan system proteksi yang telah ditetapkan untuk GI yang sama agar dapat mengetahui system proteksi yang optimal. ......This paper is made to set relay in with mathematical calculation. To set relay in intermediate voltage network, we need to know several things as network data, short circuit calculation, and protection setting. Coordination analysis is usefull to know the reliability of the protection instrumentation. Based on the mathematical calculation, we can compare the result of mathematical calculation with actual setting in same GI so we can know the optimal setting for the protection syatem. The value of relay setting can be determined with calculating data from GI, the total impedance can be calculated by adding transformator impedance, line impedance and source impedance. After calculating total impedance, the fault current can be calculated. Furthermore it can be used to set relay.

Abstrak :
This book will introduce new techniques for detecting and diagnosing small-delay defects in integrated circuits. Although this sort of timing defect is commonly found in integrated circuits manufactured with nanometer technology, this will be the first book to introduce effective and scalable methodologies for screening and diagnosing small-delay defects, including important parameters such as process variations, crosstalk, and power supply noise.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Struktur geologi seperti patahan merupakan salah satu komponen penting dari sistem perminyakan. Patahan berperan sebagai jalur migrasi hidrokarbon dari batuan induk menuju reservoar sehingga identifikasi patahan menjadi penting dalam interpretasi seismik. Sejauh ini identifikasi patahan dilakukan secara manual dan dilakukan oleh interpreter sehingga sangat subjektif. Pada studi kali ini telah dibuat teknik identifikasi patahan secara otomatis dengan menggunakan metode atribut kurvatur. Atribut kurvatur pada dasarnya menghitung seberapa lengkung sebuah kurva dari suatu titik. Metode tersebut menggunakan pendekatan least square quadratic dalam perhitungannya. Metode least square quadratic merupakan metode fitting data dan menghasilkan beberapa solusi dalam bentuk konstanta. Penelitian ini dimulai dengan membuat source code dalam bahasa pemograman Matlab kemudian dilanjutkan dengan menerapkannya pada data seismik. Dalam langkah terakhir dihasilkan beberapa peta sebaran turunan atribut kurvatur, namun hanya atribut kurvatur most positive (Kmp) dan kurvatur most negative (Kmn) yang dapat memberikan informasi tentang sebaran patahan secara baik. Pada akhirnya disimpulkan bahwa atribut kurvatur dapat menghasilkan peta struktur secara automatis tanpa perlu melakukan interpretasi konvensional.

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Abstract
Geological structure such as fault is one of important components of the petroleum system. Fault act as hydrocarbons migration ways from source rock to the reservoir therefore fault identification become important aspect from seismic interpretation. So far, fault identification has done manually and very subjective from an intepreter. In this study, the author proposes a technique automatically for fault identification with curvature attributes method. Basically, curvature attributes calculate how curved a curve of a point. The method uses least square quadratic approach in its calculations. Quadratic least square method is a fitting data method and generates solutions in the form of constants. This study began by making the source code in Matlab programming language and then proceeds to apply it to seismic data. In the final step some of curvature has been generated but only the most positive curvature attribute (KMP) and most negative curvature (NMR) can provide information about the distribution of fault as well. Finally it can be concluded that curvature attribute method can automatically produce a structure map without conventional interpretation.

Abstrak :
To develop seismic design criteria for buildings, seismic hazard analysis is required to estimate the ground motion intensity with criteria such as peak ground acceleration (PGA). The seismic hazard can be analyzed by using two approaches: deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA) and probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA). In these two approaches, the seismic hazard is evaluated from past earthquake events and active faults data. In Thailand, seismic hazard is classified in the low lying regions; however, in recently years, earthquakes have occurred frequently in the North of Thailand. To prevent and reduce damage due to earthquakes in the future, determination of seismic hazard is needed. This research proposes a deterministic seismic hazard map evaluated from nineteen active faults affecting Thailand. Two types of active faults are considered: first, an active fault in a subduction zone and second, a crustal fault. The seismic hazard is evaluated by using a ground motion prediction equation (GMPEs). Four GMPEs are weighted equally for seismic crustal fault, and two GMPEs are weighted equally for a seismic subduction zone. The hypocentral distance is used to evaluate the seismic hazard for all ground motion prediction equations. The Northern part and the Western part of Thailand are high seismic hazard regions, because there are active faults with the large possibility of earthquakes of a maximum magnitude. The seismic hazards in the North, West and Northeast of Thailand are about 0.60 g. The seismic hazard in Bangkok is about 0.25 g due to the Three Pagoda fault and Sri Sawat fault. The seismic hazard in the South of Thailand is about 0.40 g.

Abstrak :
To develop seismic design criteria for buildings, seismic hazard analysis is required to estimate the ground motion intensity with criteria such as peak ground acceleration (PGA). The seismic hazard can be analyzed by using two approaches: deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA) and probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA). In these two approaches, the seismic hazard is evaluated from past earthquake events and active faults data. In Thailand, seismic hazard is classified in the low lying regions; however, in recently years, earthquakes have occurred frequently in the North of Thailand. To prevent and reduce damage due to earthquakes in the future, determination of seismic hazard is needed. This research proposes a deterministic seismic hazard map evaluated from nineteen active faults affecting Thailand. Two types of active faults are considered: first, an active fault in a subduction zone and second, a crustal fault. The seismic hazard is evaluated by using a ground motion prediction equation (GMPEs). Four GMPEs are weighted equally for seismic crustal fault, and two GMPEs are weighted equally for a seismic subduction zone. The hypocentral distance is used to evaluate the seismic hazard for all ground motion prediction equations. The Northern part and the Western part of Thailand are high seismic hazard regions, because there are active faults with the large possibility of earthquakes of a maximum magnitude. The seismic hazards in the North, West and Northeast of Thailand are about 0.60 g. The seismic hazard in Bangkok is about 0.25 g due to the Three Pagoda fault and Sri Sawat fault. The seismic hazard in the South of Thailand is about 0.40 g.

Abstrak :
Bojonegoro dan sekitarnya memiliki satuan batuan termuda berupa endapan aluvial. Endapan aluvial tersebut terdiri atas lempung, lanau, pasir, dan kerikil. Endapan aluvial merupakan endapan yang kurang stabil sehingga rawan pergerakan tanah. Endapan ini tidak terkonsolidasi menjadi batuan padat. Dari sifatnya yang belum terkonsolidasi menjadi batuan padat inilah menyebabkan endapan aluvial menjadi tidak stabil. Endapan ini rawan sekali akan terjadinya pergerakan tanah. Pergerakan tanah dapat berupa pergeseran tanah atau pun likuifaksi. Likuifaksi dapat terjadi jika litologi endapan aluvial tersebut tersaturasi oleh air atau akuifer. Objek kedua yang diteliti adalah struktur patahan. Keberadaan patahan dangkal pada endapan aluvial ini dapat menambah potensi risiko terjadinya likuifaksi atau pergerakan tanah. Adanya patahan perlu menjadi perhatian apabila diperuntukan untuk pembangunan infrastruktur. Informasi tentang kedalaman batuan keras juga perlu diperhatikan untuk pembangunan infrastruktur. Batuan keras dapat dilihat dari nilai SPT dan jenis litologinya. Penelitian ini mengkorelasikan data geolistrik dan data pemboran untuk mengetahui nilai resistivitas dari litologi lempung, lanau, pasir, kerikil, batupasir, batugamping, batuan beku dan akuifer. Daerah penelitian memiliki endapan aluvial dengan ketebalan 10 – 45 m, serta teridentifikasi adanya patahan dangkal dengan jenis patahan normal. Terdapat potensi likuifaksi pada daerah yang memiliki akuifer dengan lapisan sedimen tipis di atasnya. Lokasi penelitian merupakan kawasan rawan bencana gempabumi level menengah, sehingga meningkatkan potensi terjadinya likuifaksi. ......Bojonegoro and its surroundings have the youngest rock units in the form of alluvial deposits. The alluvial deposits consist of clay, silt, sand and gravel. Alluvial deposits are less stable deposits that are prone to ground movement. These deposits are not consolidated into solid rock. Due to its nature that has not been consolidated into solid rock, this causes alluvial deposits to become unstable. This deposit is very prone to soil movement. Ground movement can be in the form of land shifts or liquefaction. Liquefaction can occur if the lithology of the alluvial deposits is saturated with water or aquifers. The second object studied is the fracture structure. The existence of shallow faults in alluvial deposits can increase the potential risk of liquefaction or soil movement. The existence of faults needs to be a concern if it is intended for infrastructure development. Information about the depth of hard rock also needs to be considered for infrastructure development. Hard rock can be seen from the SPT value and the type of lithology. This study correlates geoelectrical data and drilling data to determine the resistivity value of the lithology of clay, silt, sand, gravel, sandstone, limestone, igneous rock and aquifer. The study area has alluvial deposits with a thickness of 10 – 45 m, and shallow faults with normal fault types have been identified. There is potential for liquefaction in areas that have aquifers with a thin layer of sediment above them. The research location is an area prone to medium-level earthquakes, thereby increasing the potential for liquefaction.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini dilakukan di wilayah Kabupaten Jayapura, Provinsi Papua untuk mengidentifikasi patahan sebagai pemicu peristiwa gempa bumi. Hal ini dilakukan sebab wilayah penelitian berfungsi sebagai kawasan infrastruktur pembangunan jalan tol Trans Papua jalur Jayapura - Illiem - Wamena. Salah satu metode geofisika yang dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi struktur geologi berupa sesar dan patahan adalah metode gravitasi dengan memanfaatkan data gravitasi satelit GGMPlus. Proses identifikasi sesar yang dilakukan dengan metode analisa FHD dan SVD dapat memetakan sebaran patahan di suatu daerah serta karakteristiknya berupa patahan naik atau turun. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan juga metode forward modelling 2D untuk mengetahui gambaran lapisan bawah permukaan di daerah penelitian beserta sesar yang berhasil diidentifikasi dari suatu lintasan. Pengolahan dilakukan dengan membuat peta Anomali Bouguer Lengkap (CBA), kemudian dilakukan pemisahan anomali dengan filter polinomial TSA orde 1 dan 2 serta Bandpass Filter, dan dibuat peta FHD serta SVD. Pemisahan anomali gravitasi dilakukan menggunakan filter TSA dan Bandpass untuk melihat keselarasan pola anomali antara satu sama lain sehingga tingkat keakuratannya dapat diketahui. Slicing data diambil pada peta FHD dan SVD yang dikorelasikan dalam bentuk grafik sehingga patahan dan jenisnya mampu diidentifikasi. Ditemukan ada 3 sesar naik dari hasil slicing pada 2 (dua) lintasan berarah barat daya-tenggara di daerah penelitian. Sesar atau patahan ini yang berhasil diidentifikasi kemudian dikorelasikan dengan peta seismisitas gempa di sekitar daerah penelitian, ditemukan bahwa sesar tersebut tidak mengakibatkan gempa bumi yang bersifat destruktif, sehingga proyek jalan tol Trans Papua di sekitar daerah penelitian hanya perlu meningkatkan kewaspadaan terhadap bencana gempa bumi. ......This research was conducted in Jayapura Regency, Papua Province to identify faults as triggers for earthquakes. This was done because the research area functions as an infrastructure area for the construction of the Trans Papua toll road route Jayapura - Illiem - Wamena. One of the geophysical methods that can be used to identify geological structures in the form of faults and faults is the gravity method by utilizing the GGMPlus satellite gravity data. The fault identification process carried out using the FHD and SVD analysis methods can map the distribution of faults in an area and their characteristics in the form of up or down faults. In this study, the 2D forward modeling method was also used to describe the subsurface layer in the study area and the faults identified from a trajectory. Processing is done by making a Complete Bouguer Anomaly (CBA) map, then separating the anomalies with 1st and 2nd order TSA polynomial filters and Bandpass Filters, and FHD and SVD maps are made. Gravity anomaly separation is carried out using TSA and Bandpass filters to see the alignment of anomaly patterns with each other so that the level of accuracy can be known. Slicing data is taken on FHD and SVD maps which are correlated in graphical form so that faults and their types can be identified. It was found that there were 3 upward faults resulting from slicing on 2 (two) tracks trending southwest-southeast in the study area. These faults or faults which were identified were then correlated with the earthquake seismicity map around the study area, it was found that these faults did not cause destructive earthquakes, so the Trans Papua toll road project around the research area only needs to increase awareness of earthquake disasters.

Abstrak :
This book describes a variety of test generation algorithms for testing crosstalk delay faults in VLSI circuits. It introduces readers to the various crosstalk effects and describes both deterministic and simulation-based methods for testing crosstalk delay faults. The book begins with a focus on currently available crosstalk delay models, test generation algorithms for delay faults and crosstalk delay faults, before moving on to deterministic algorithms and simulation-based algorithms used to test crosstalk delay faults. Given its depth of coverage, the book will be of interest to design engineers and researchers in the field of VLSI Testing.

Abstrak :
Dalam suatu sistem tenaga listrik, tidak lepas dari berbagai masalah. Salah satunya adalah gangguan asimetris pada terminal generator. Gangguan ini mengakibatkan aliran arus yang tinggi dan tidak seimbang dalam sistem tiga-fasa sehingga mengakibatkan penyaluran energi listrik ke beban menjadi terganggu dan merusak generator itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu, gangguan ini menjadi bahan pertimbangan dalam penyetelan relai proteksi arus lebih pada generator. Skripsi ini membahas evaluasi kinerja tiga jenis rele arus lebih yang terpasang pada generator apabila terjadi gangguan asimetris pada terminal generator. Evaluasi berupa penentuan waktu pickup dan waktu operasi rele. Untuk keperluan evaluasi tersebut, digunakan simulasi dengan pemrograman MATLAB.

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In a power system, problems are inevitable. One of them is asymmetrical faults at generator terminal. These faults cause unbalanced high current in a three-phase system so that they can make electrical energy distribution to loads disturbed and damage the generator itself. Hence, these faults become setting considerations for over current protection relays at the generators. This final project contains duty evaluation of three types of over current relays set at the generator if there are asymmetrical faults at the generator terminal. Evaluation consists of pickup time and operation time determination of the relays. For that purposes, used simulation by MATLAB programming.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini dilakukan di wilayah Kabupaten Serang, Provinsi Banten untuk mengidentifikasi patahan sebagai pemicu peristiwa gempa bumi. Hal ini dilakukan sebab wilayah penelitian berfungsi sebagai kawasan industri, pelabuhan, dan wilayah padat penduduk. Salah satu metode geofisika yang dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi patahan adalah metode gravitasi menggunakan data gravitasi satelit TOPEX. Proses identifikasi sesar yang dilakukan dengan metode analisa FHD dan SVD dapat memetakan sebaran patahan di suatu daerah serta karakteristiknya berupa patahan naik atau turun. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan juga metode forward modelling 2D untuk mengetahui gambaran lapisan bawah permukaan di daerah penelitian beserta sesar yang berhasil diidentifikasi dari suatu lintasan. Pengolahan dilakukan dengan membuat peta CBA, kemudian dilakukan pemisahan anomali dan dibuat peta FHD serta SVD. Pemisahan anomali gravitasi dilakukan menggunakan filter TSA dan Bandpass untuk melihat pola anomali yang serupa satu sama lain sehingga tingkat keakuratannya dapat diketahui. Slicing data diambil pada peta FHD dan SVD yang dikorelasikan dalam bentuk grafik sehingga patahan dan jenisnya berhasil diidentifikasi. Terdapat 10 patahan naik dan turun yang berhasil diidentifikasi dari 4 (empat) lintasan berarah baratdaya-tenggara di daerah penelitian. Patahan yang berhasil diidentifikasi dan dikorelasikan dengan sebaran gempa di sekitar daerah penelitian tidak mengakibatkan gempa bumi sehingga masyarakat di sekitar daerah penelitian hanya perlu meningkatkan kewaspadaan terhadap bencana gempa bumi. ......This research was conducted in Serang Regency, Banten Province, to identify fault as a trigger for earthquake events. The writer did this research because the research area works for industrial sites, ports, and densely populated areas. One of the geophysical methods that can be used to identify faults is the gravity method using TOPEX satellite gravity data. The fault identification process using FHD and SVD analysis methods can map the distribution of faults in an area and their characteristics in the form of reverse or normal faults. In this study, a 2D forward modelling method was also carried out to describe the description of the subsurface layer in the study area along with the identified faults. Processing is done by making CBA maps, separating anomalies, and making FHD and SVD maps. Separation of gravity anomalies was carried out using TSA and Bandpass filters to see anomalous patterns that are similar to each other so the level of accuracy can be known. Slicing data is taken on FHD and SVD maps which are correlated in graphical form, so the faults and their types are identified. There are ten reverse and normal faults that have been identified from 4 (four) southwest-southeast trending paths in the study area. The distribution of earthquakes around the study area will be correlated with the identified faults. Based on the results of this research, the identified faults do not cause earthquakes, so people around the study area only need to increase their awareness of earthquake disasters.