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"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 57-61The aim of the present study was to assess the response of rat dental pulp to direct pulp capping with ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP). An occlusal cavity was prepared on the right maxillary first molar of Spraque-Dawley rats. The dental pulp was exposed and then lined with a zinc oxide-based filler as a control (group I), or with EEP (group II). Then, each cavity was filled with glass ionomer cement. The animals were sacrificed at week l, 2, or 4. Biopsy samples were obtained, and these were stained and viewed by a light microscopic. The histological examination was based on the presence of polymorph nuclear leukocytes and macrophages, and also the dentinal bridge formation. Data were statistically analyzed by using Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The results showed that the inflammatory response of EEP group was relatively milder compared to the control group, but there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the two groups. There was no dentinal bridge formation seen in both groups. Therefore, the present results suggest that direct pulp capping with EEP in rats may delay dental pulp inflammatory process and fail to stimulate reparative dentin."

"ABSTRAKThis study aimed to find the tendency of the existence of fiscal illusion. Local governments do manipulations for not maximalizing their own revenue (Pendapatan Asli Daerah) and increasing expenditures in order to get central government transfer (Dana Alokasi Umum) in a larger amount. The result of this study shows the existence of fiscal illusion after the implementation of local autonomy. Through income measurement analysis, fiscal illusions exist on incomes such as local taxation and indirect taxation. While through expenditure manipulation analysis, fiscal illusions exist on the ratio of national income which is provided by central government to the local government."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji apakah benar terjadi fenomena flypaper effect atau tidak untuk studi kasus di Indonesia, menganalisis jenis belanja mana yang paling dipengaruhi oleh transfer pemerintah pusat, serta menganalisis perilaku pemerintah daerah dalam menanggapi apabila terjadi peningkatan atau pengurangan transfer dari pemerintah pusat. Analisis pengaruh transfer pemerintah pusat terhadap belanja daerah dibagi menjadi nasional, Pemerintah Provinsi, Pemerintah Kota, dan Pemerintah Kabupaten. Objek penelitian ini adalah 542 Pemerintah Daerah yang terdiri dari 34 Pemerintah Provinsi, 93 Pemerintah Kota, dan 415 Pemerintah Kabupaten selama tahun 2011-2017. Variabel dependen yang digunakan, yaitu belanja modal, belanja pegawai, serta belanja barang dan jasa. Sementara itu, variabel independen yang digunakan, antara lain DAU, DAK, DBH, PAD, luas wilayah, jumlah penduduk, jumlah PNS Daerah, variabel dummy DBH (1 = DBH Naik; 0 = DBH Turun), variabel dummy (1 = daerah maju ; 0 = daerah tertinggal). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa baik secara nasional, Pemerintah Provinsi, Pemerintah Kota, dan Pemerintah Kabupaten dalam hal belanja modal dan belanja pegawai terjadi fenomena flypaper effect dan pemerintah daerah kurang menggali potensi penerimaan daerahnya. Respon pemerintah daerah terhadap transfer pemerintah pusat bersifat simetris, implikasinya pengurangan dalam transfer pemerintah pusat akan mengurangi belanja pemerintah daerah. Namun, untuk belanja barang dan jasa tidak terjadi fenomena flypaper effect dan peningkatan maupun pengurangan dari transfer pemerintah pusat tidak berpengaruh signifikan dalam merealisasikan belanja barang dan jasa. Belanja daerah yang paling dipengaruhi oleh transfer pemerintah pusat adalah belanja pegawai secara nasional.

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This study aimed to test whether the true phenomenon of the flypaper effect or not to case studies in Indonesia, analyzing the type of expenditure which are the most affected by the intergovernmental transfer, analyze the behavior of the local government in response to an increase or a decrease in intergovernmental transfers from the Central Government. Analysis of intergovernmental transfer is divided into National, Provincial Government, City Government, and Regency Government. The object of the research is 542 local government consisting of 34 Provincial Government, 93 City Government, and 415 Regency Government during the years 2011-2017. The dependent variables used, i.e., capital expenditures, personel expenditures, goods and services expenditures. Meanwhile, the independent variable used, i.e., DAU, DAK, DBH, PAD, area, population, the number of civil servants of the region, dummy variables (1 = increased of DBH; 0 = decreased of DBH), dummy variables (1 = for developed regions; 0 = for underdeveloped regions). The results showed that the National, Provincial Government, City Government, and Regency Government in terms of capital expenditures and personel expenditures occurring phenomenon of flypaper effect and local government less seeking to find the potential PAD. Local government response to the intergovernmental transfer of Central Government are symmetrical, the implications of reduction in the transfer of Central Government will reduce local government spending area. However, for goods and services expenditures is not occurring the phenomena flypaper effect and the increase or reduction of the intergovernmental transfers from the Central Government has insignificant affect to the realization of expenditure goods and services. Type expenditures which most affected by the intergovernmental transfers from Central Government is personel expenditure nationally."