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"Summary: Apley and Solomon's Concise System of Orthopaedics and Trauma is firmly established as the leading introductory textbook of orthopaedic practice and the principles of fracture management. Praised in previous editions for its systematic approach, balanced content and easy-to-read style, the fourth edition has been brought fully up to date with more than 800 illustrations, many new to this edition, providing an invaluable pictorial account of this highly visual subject. Key features of the Fourth Edition: Reflects the changing pattern of musculoskeletal disease around the world Focuses on actua"

"Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg adalah organisme yang sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai produsen biomassa. Mikroalga ini mengandung banyak nutrisi yang dapat berperan sebagai antioksidan dan antivirus bagi tubuh. Selain itu kandungan klorofilnya yang tinggi menjadikan Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg sebagai organisme pemfiksasi CO2 yang efektif. Salah satu cara yang banyak dilakukan adalah melakukan alterasi intensitas cahaya. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan metode ini dapat meningkatkan produksi biomassa Chlorella vulgaris sampai 1,61 kali dan kemampuan fiksasi CO2 meningkat 3 kali dibandingkan pemberian cahaya dengan intensitas yang sama. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari gas buang terhadap ketahanan Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg serta mengetahui kemampuan fiksasi karbondioksida oleh mikroalga Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg. Penelitian ini menggunakan gas buang dari hasil pembakaran LPG yang komposisinya sudah dimodelkan dengan komposisi gas masukan 0.3 % LPG, 5 % CO2 dan 94.7 % udara. Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg akan dikultivasi dalam medium beneck sebagai sumber nutrisi pada temperatur 29_C, tekanan operasi 1 atm dengan sumber cahaya lampu Phillip Halogen 20W/12V/50Hz, volume reaktor 18 dm3, dan rentang intensitas cahaya yang dipakai adalah 4.5-35 klux. Perlakuan alterasi pencahayaan meningkatkan produksi biomassa Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg sampai 1.5 kali, sedangkan kemampuan fiksasi CO2 meningkat sebesar 2 kali dibandingkan dengan pencahayaan kontinu. Pencahayaan alterasi juga menghasilkan ketahanan yang lebih baik terhadap LPG daripada pencahayaan kontinyu, hal ini dapat dilihat dari ketahanan sel yang lebih baik, yaitu selama 176 jam, sedangkan pencahayaan kontinyu menghasilkan ketahanan sebesar 128 jam sebelum memasuki fase kematiannya.

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Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg is a potential organism to be generated as biomass producer. This microalgae species contain some nutrition that can be used as antioxidant and anti-virus for human s body. Besides high amount of chlorophyll compositions make this microalgae as effective organism in CO2 fixation. Previous research using the same method showed that this method can be used to enhance biomass Chlorella sp. production until 1.61 time and by using this method CO2 fixation s ability become greater 3 times than lightening with same intensity.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate effect of exhaust gas to the Chlorella sp. resistant and to evaluate CO2 fixation by this microalgae.

This research used exhaust gas from LPG combustion that its compositions have been modelized. Inlet gas composition is 0.3 % LPG, 5 % CO2, and 94.7 % air. Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg was cultivated in Beneck Medium as source of nutrition in 29_C, 1 atm, light lamp source used is Phillip 20 W/12 V/ 50 Hz. Reactor volume is 18 dm3 and range of light intensity is 4.5-35 klux.

Alterating lightening treatment could enlarge Chlorella sp. biomass production until 1.5 times. Besides fixation CO2 ability could escalate until 2 times that constant lighting. Alterating lightment make microalgae resistant to LPG become better than constant lighting. This conclusion known from longer cell life time which about 176 hours. Besides, continues lightening resulted shorter life time which is about 128 hours before death phase."

"[ABSTRAKPada fraktur pelvis tidak stabil yang disertai dengan fraktur vertikal sakrum (AO Tipe C1.3) terdapat instabilitas terhadap gaya shearing aksial yang besar. Fiksasi pada fraktur tersebut harus memberikan kekuatan biomekanik yang baik dan minimal invasif. Penempatan sekrup iliosakral (SIS) di S1-S3 secara divergen dapat meningkatkan kekuatan biomekanik terutama kekakuan translasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi kekuatan biomekanik SIS S1-S3 dan sekrup pubis (PS) dibandingkan konfigurasi fiksasi lain untuk memberikan solusi konfigurasi fiksasi baru pada fraktur pelvis AO Tipe C1.3.Simulasi fraktur pelvis dibuat dengan fraktur ramus pubis superior, inferior, dan fraktur vertikal sakrum ipsilateral (AO tipe C1.3) pada tulang sintetik Synbone®. Enam kombinasi fikasi yaitu Tension Band Plate (TBP)+PS, TBP+plat symphysis (SP), SIS S1-S2+PS, SIS S1-S2+SP, SIS S1-S3+PS, SIS S1-S3+SP diuji dengan diberikan beban aksial menggunakan mesin kompresi Tensilon® sampai titik kegagalan fiksasi sebesar ≥2 mm atau ≥20, kemudian dievaluasi kekakuan translasi, kekakuan rotasi, dan titik kegagalan fiksasi. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan uji ANOVA dilanjutkan dengan uji post-hoc BonferroniDari hasil uji biomekanik didapatkan kelompok fiksasi SIS S1-S3+PS memiliki kekakuan translasi, kekakuan rotasi, dan titik kegagalan fiksasi tertinggi (830,36 N/mm, 599,68 N/°, dan 1522,20 N) terhadap beban aksial.Fiksasi SIS di S1-S3 dan sekrup pubis merupakan fiksasi terbaik untuk fraktur pelvis tidak stabil dengan fraktur vertikal sakrum karena mempunyai properti biomekanik yang baik dan secara klinis fiksasi ini memberikan keuntungan prosedur yang minimal invasif dan pasien dapat mobilisasi segera sehingga mengurangi komplikasi postoperatif.

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ABSTRACTIn unstable pelvic fracture with vertical sacral fracture (AO Type C1.3), there are tremendous instability towards axial shearing load. Ideally, the fixation should provide good biomechanical properties and minimal invasive. Divergent Iliosacral screw (ISS) placement on S1-S3 could enhance biomechanical strength. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the biomechanical properties of ISS S1-S3 and pubic screw (PS) compared to other configuration to provide solution for new configuration of fixation in AO Type C1.3 pelvic fracture.A simulation of pelvic fracture was created on superior and inferior pubic rami, and ipsilateral vertical sacral fracture (AO Type C1.3) on a synthetic bone (Synbone®). Six fixation combination including tension band plate (TBP)+PS, TBP+symphyseal plate (SP), ISS S1-S2+PS, ISS S1-S2+SP, ISS S1-S3+PS, ISS S1-S3+SP were tested using compression machine Tensilon® until failure point defined by ≥2 mm or ≥20 displacement was met. Translational stiffness, rotational stiffness and load to failure were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA test followed by Bonferroni post hoc-test.From biomechanical test, fixation using ISS S1-S3+PS had the highest translational stiffness, rotational stiffness, and load to failure (830,36 N/mm, 599,68 N/°, and 1522,20 N respectively) toward axial load.Fixation by ISS S1-S3+PS was the best configuration in unstable pelvic fracture with vertical sacral fracture due to its good biomechanical strength, minimal invasiveness which renders early immobilization for patients hence decreasing postoperative complications., In unstable pelvic fracture with vertical sacral fracture (AO Type C1.3), there are tremendous instability towards axial shearing load. Ideally, the fixation should provide good biomechanical properties and minimal invasive. Divergent Iliosacral screw (ISS) placement on S1-S3 could enhance biomechanical strength. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the biomechanical properties of ISS S1-S3 and pubic screw (PS) compared to other configuration to provide solution for new configuration of fixation in AO Type C1.3 pelvic fracture.A simulation of pelvic fracture was created on superior and inferior pubic rami, and ipsilateral vertical sacral fracture (AO Type C1.3) on a synthetic bone (Synbone®). Six fixation combination including tension band plate (TBP)+PS, TBP+symphyseal plate (SP), ISS S1-S2+PS, ISS S1-S2+SP, ISS S1-S3+PS, ISS S1-S3+SP were tested using compression machine Tensilon® until failure point defined by ≥2 mm or ≥20 displacement was met. Translational stiffness, rotational stiffness and load to failure were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA test followed by Bonferroni post hoc-test.From biomechanical test, fixation using ISS S1-S3+PS had the highest translational stiffness, rotational stiffness, and load to failure (830,36 N/mm, 599,68 N/°, and 1522,20 N respectively) toward axial load.Fixation by ISS S1-S3+PS was the best configuration in unstable pelvic fracture with vertical sacral fracture due to its good biomechanical strength, minimal invasiveness which renders early immobilization for patients hence decreasing postoperative complications.]"

"ABSTRAKDi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia (FKUI), formalin digunakan sebagai pengawet utama kadaver. Namun, formalin memiliki beberapa efek yang tidak diinginkan bagi kesehatan. Oleh karena itu, larutan pengawet lain, seperti gliserin dan kalsium klorida merupakan kandidat larutan pengawet pengganti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan hasil pengawetan jaringan saluran pencernaan dalam larutan CaCl2 dan glycerin dengan larutan pengawet berformalin. Tikus Sprague Dawley jantan (n=36) difiksasi primer dengan injeksi supravital 10% dan 25% formalin dan direndam dalam larutan yang sama selama satu minggu. Setelah itu, saluran pencernaan (usus) dilepaskan dan pengawetan dilanjutkan dengan merendamnya dalam larutan pengawet lanjutan yaitu 15% CaCl2, 20% CaCl2, 70% glycerin + 0.1% thymol dalam etanol dan larutan pengawet standar Departemen Anatomi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Kemudian secara berkala, yaitu setiap bulan pada enam bulan pertama dan setelah 12 bulan, strutkur makroskopis (konsistensi dan pertumbuhan jamur) diamati, dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksaan mikroskopis. Setelah itu, pengamatan dilanjutkan pada struktur mikroskopik (nekrosis dan abnormalitas). Konsistensi jaringan yang diawetkan dalam larutan CaCl2 menurun (menjadi lunak), yang diawetkan dalam larutan glycerin atau formalin tetap atau mengeras. Rata-rata perbedaan mikroskopis menunjukan kerusakan di semua spesimen CaCl2. Uji Kruskal Wallis menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan rata-rata perbedaan mikroskopis antar pengawet lanjutan (x2 = 7.329; p = 0.062). Disimpulkan bahwa glycerin 70% + 0.1% thymol dalam ethanol dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti larutan formalin, tetapi CaCl2 tidak

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ABSTRACTIn Faculty of Medicine Universtas Indonesia, formalin is used as the main preservative for the cadavers. Formalin produces several adverse effects. Substitute preservative solutions such as glycerin or CaCl2 are used in some other settings outside Indonesia. This research aimed to compare the result of intestinal tissue preservation using CaCl2 and glycerin with those that were advanced preserved with formalin solution. Male Sprague Dawley rat (n=36) were injected with supravital primary fixation (10% and 25% formalin) and submerged for one week in the same solution. Advanced preservative used were 15% CaCl2, 20% CaCl2, 70% glycerin + 0.1% thymol in ethanol and standard preservation solution of Department of Anatomy as control. Organs were distributed according to the preservation group and observed in a time frame. Data collected were macroscopic consistency and microscopic average abnormalities.Consistency of tissues preserved in CaCl2 resulted in a squishy specimen. All other solutions resulted in the consistency similar or harder than the beginning of the experiment. Microscopic average indicates abnormalities in all CaCl2 specimens. Kruskal Wallis Test resulted in no significant difference between advanced preservative groups (x2 = 7.329; p = 0.062). Concluded that Formalin 10% can be used as a primary fixative, and Glycerin 70% + 0.1% Thymol in ethanol can be used as a substitute for control solution, while CaCl2 is not recommended."

"Madible fracture, also known as fractures of jaws are breaks through the mandiblebone. Fractures of mandible account for 36 -70% of all maxillofacial injuries (1,2,3)the symphysis and parasymphysis account for 17%of mandible fracture (4) 75 % to85 % of mandible fracture occurs in males with majority occuring in their twenties &thirties (5,6,7). 43% of the patients had an associated injury. Of these patients, headinjuries occurred in 39% of patients, head and neck lacerations in 30%, midfacefractures in 28%, ocular injuries in 16%, nasal fractures in 12%, and cervical spinefractures in 11% - 53% of patients had unilateral fractures, 37% of the patients had2 fractures, and 9% had 3 or more fractures."

"To reduce the level of CO2 content in air, effort on converting CO2 to useful products is required. One of the alternatives includes CO2 fixation to produce biomass using Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg. Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg is applied for production of food supplement. Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg is also easy to handle due to its superior adaptation. Currently, Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg has been analyzed by some experts for its cellular composition, its ability to produce high quality biomass and the content of essential nutrition. A series of experiments was conducted by culturing Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg using Beneck medium in bubbling column photobioreactor. The main variation in this experiment was photoperiodicity, where growth of Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg was examined during photoperiodicity condition. The difference between CO2 gas concentration of inlet and outlet of the reactor during operational period, was compared to the same experiment under continuous illumination. Under photoperiodicity of 8 and 9 h/d, the culture cell densities (N) were approximately 40 % higher than under continuous illumination. Final biomass density of Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg at 9 h/d illumination was 1.43 g/dm3, around 46% higher than under continuous illumination. Specific carbon dioxide transfer rate (qCO2) in photoperiodicity was 50-80% higher than under continuous illumination. These experiments showed that photoperiodicity affects the growth of Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg The specific growth rate (µ) by photoperiodicity was higher than that by continuous ilumination while the growth period was two times longer. Based on the experiments, it can be concluded that photoperiodicity might save light energy consumption. The prediction of kinetic model under continuous illumination as well as under photoperiodicity illumination showed that Haldane model became the fitted kinetic model."

"Tidur sangat diperlukan untuk proses penyembuhan, dimana gangguan tidur pasca pembedahan merupakan masalah yang penting untuk dipertimbangkan dalam program peningkatan pemulihan nyeri dan status fungsional pasca operasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas tidur pasien fraktur ekstremitas bawah pasca pembedahan Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) yang menjalani rawat inap. Faktor-faktor yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini meliputi nyeri, penggunaan obat-obatan, stress dan kecemasan, fatigue, dan lingkungan ruang perawatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian analitik asosiatif dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Penelitian dilakukan pada 55 responden menggunakan metode consecutive sampling di ruang rawat inap bedah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas tidur pasien fraktur ekstremitas bawah pasca pembedahan O RIF yang menjalani rawat inap adalah nyeri (p=0.002) dan lingkungan ruang perawatan (p=0.032), dimana nyeri merupakan faktor yang paling mempengaruhi kualitas tidur pasien (p) 0.004; Odd Ratio (OR) 28,482 (95% CI: 2,842-285,491). Penelitian ini merekomendasikan penggunaan manajemen nyeri yang efektif sehingga kualitas tidur pasien dapat terpenuhi.

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Sleep is indispensable for the healing process, where postoperative sleep disturbance are an important issue to consider in programs to improve patients postoperative pain and functional status. This study aims to identify factors that affecting sleep quality in patients with lower limb fractures post Open Reduction Internal Fixation surgery undergoing hospitalization. Those factors are pain, medications used, stress and anxiety, fatigue, and ward environment. This study using analitic assosiative design with Cross Sectional approach. 55 respondents were selected with consecutive sampling from surgical ward. The Results showed, factors that affecting sleep quality in patients with post-surgical lower limb fractures undergoing hospitalization are pain (p=0.002) and ward environment (p=0.032), where pain was considered as the most significant factor that affecting patients sleep quality with (p) 0.004; Odd Ratio (OR) 28,482 (95% CI: 2,842-285,491). This study recommends that the use of effective pain management are needed to improve patients sleep quality."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui laju fiksasi nitrogen strain-strain Nostoc [Vaucher 1803] Bornet et Flahault 1886. Penelitian menggunakan 8 strain Nostoc koleksi Laboratorium Taksonomi Tumbuhan, Departemen Biologi, FMIPA UI. Penelitian menggunakan metode Acetylene Reduction Assay (ARA) dengan 2 ulangan untuk setiap strain Nostoc. Pengujian dilakukan pada strain yang telah berumur 21 hari. Biomassa berat basah strain Nostoc yang digunakan adalah 0,1 gram. Masing-masing strain diinkubasi selama 30, 60, dan 90 menit dengan menambahkan 1 ml gas asetilen.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan data yang bervariasi untuk masing-masing strain Nostoc pada masing-masing waktu inkubasi. Sebanyak 6 strain Nostoc menunjukkan nilai laju fiksasi nitrogen tertinggi pada waktu inkubasi 30 menit. Sebanyak 2 strain Nostoc menunjukkan nilai laju fiksasi nitrogen tertinggi pada waktu inkubasi 60 menit. Strain Nostoc BTM6-02 menunjukkan nilai laju fiksasi nitrogen yang paling tinggi yaitu 3892,5 μmol (dicapai pada inkubasi 60 menit). Strain Nostoc CPG24 menunjukkan nilai laju fiksasi nitrogen yang paling rendah, yaitu 292,44 μmol (dicapai pada inkubasi 90 menit).

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The research of nitrogen fixation rate of Nostoc [Vaucher 1803] Bornet et Flahault 1886 have been done. Eight strains of Nostoc from Plant Taxonomy Culture Collection, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics & Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, were used. The measurement of nitrogen fixation used Acetylene Reduction Assay (ARA) method with 2 samples for each strain. Experiments were conducted using strains at 21st day age. Wet weight of each strain was 0.1 gram. Then, each Nostoc strain was incubated with addition of 1 ml acetylene for 30, 60, and 90 minutes.

The experiment result showed a different value for each Nostoc strain in every incubation times. Six Nostoc strains showed the highest value of nitrogen fixation after incubated for 30 minutes. Two Nostoc strains showed the highest value of nitrogen fixation after incubated for 60 minutes. Nitrogen fixation rate of BTM6-02 reached the highest value of 3892.5 μmol after incubated for 60 minutes. Nitrogen fixation rate of CPG24 was the lowest ones (292.44 μmol) after incubated for 90 minutes."