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"Pola konsumsi telah diketahui sebagai salah satu faktor risiko dari masalah gizi pada ibu hamil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai hubungan pola konsumsi dengan kadar hemoglobin ibu hamil. Disain penelitian adalah cross sectional dengan jumlah sampel 200 ibu hamil yang dipilih secara proportional stratified random sampling. Data dikumpulkan oleh petugas lapangan yang terlatih meliputi pola konsumsi, kadar hemoglobin, berat dan tinggi badan ibu hamil.Analisis multivariat digunakan untuk melihat hubungan pola konsumsi dan kadar hemoglobin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi anemia ibu hamil sebesar 41% di mana umumnya anemia ringan dan sedang (54,9% dan 43,9%). Pola makan ibu hamil pada umumnya nasi, ikan, dan sayur-sayuran secukupnya. Sayuran dan buah sangatjarang dikonsumsi dan hanya 3-6 kali seminggu. Asupan energi dan protein hanya 59% dan 72% AKG (angka kecukupan gizi) atau 1300 kcal dan 48 gr. Umumnya vitamin hanya dikonsumsi sekitar 40% AKG kecuali untuk vitamin A (76%, 605 RE), asam folat (195%, 1170 ug), dan Vitamin B12 (142%, 3,7 ug). Analisis multivariat menunjukkan lama sekolah, status gizi lingkar lengan atas (LILA), konsumsi tablet besi, asupan vitamin C dan B6 berhubungan bermakna dengan kadar hemoglobin ibu hamil (p = 0,001; R2 = 0,24). Disimpulkan bahwa kadar hemoglobin ibu hamil berhubungan dengan pendidikan, status gizi, konsumsi tablet besi dan pola konsumsi. Diharapkan perbaikan pola konsumsi dapat dijadikan program dalam mencegah terjadinya anemia pada ibu hamil.Food consumption pattern is known as a determinant factor for nutritional problems among pregnant mothers. This study was intended to assess food consumption and its relationship to anemia in Maros Districts, Indonesia. This study was conducted in two sub-districts and pregnant mothers was randomly selected (n = 200) and proportionally from both districts. Data was collected by train field workers including measurement of hemoglobin, height and weight, 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate analyses were performed to see the relationship between food consumption and anemia. It showed that anemia prevalence was 41% whereas mostly in mild and moderate levels (44% and 55% respectively). The most common pattern of food consumption was rice, fish, and some vegetables. However, vegetables and fruit mostly consumed only 3-6 time a week. Energy and protein intakes were only 59% to 72% recommended dietary allowance (RDA) or 1300 kcal and 48 gr respectively. Most vitamin was consumed only around 40% except for vitamin A (76%, 605 RE), folic acid (195%, 1170 ug), and Vitamin B12 (142%, 3,7 ug). However, iron and zinc intakes were only 6.1 gr (17.5% RDA) and 5.9 gr (44% RDA), respectively. Multivariate analyses showed thateducation duration of mothers, nutritional status, iron tablet intakes, vitamin C, and B6 consumption were significantly related to anemia of pregnant mothers in the study and accounted for 24% (p<0.05). We conclude that food consumption was relatively low and caused lack intakes for both macro and micro nutrients of pregnant mothers in thestudy. Education and nutritional status of the mothers contributed also to the anemia prevalence."

"Makanan modern seperti fried chicken, hamburger, pizza, spaghety,dll disukai oleh banyak kalangan terutama anak-anak dan remaja karena makanan modern mempunyai daya pikat selain praktis, cepat dalam penyajian dan mengandung gengsi bagi kalangan tertentu. Disisi lain makanan tersebut mengandung tinggi lemak, protein, gula dan garam tetapi miskin serat. Jika sering dikonsumsi secara berkesinambungan dan berlebihan dapat menimbulkan munculnya masalah gizi lebih yaitu obesitas.Bersamaan dengan itu, menurut hasil survei dan beberapa laporan penelitian di Indonesia menunjukan bahwa masalah obesitas sudah mulai tampak pada populasi usia sekolah dan prevalensinya cenderung meningkat.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pola konsumsi makanan modern terhadap kejadian obesitas pada remaja SLTP Kesatuan Kota Bogor Jawa Barat tahun 2003. Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah desain `case control'. Yang menjadi kasus (obes) adalah remaja kelas I - kelas III dengan IMT 95 percentil, sebagai kontrol (non obes) adalah remaja kelas I - kelas III dengan IMT 5 - 85 percentil, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 140 (70 kasus dan 70 kontrol), ditetapkan nilai kemaknaan dengan 95 % CI kemudian ditelusuri pengaruh paparan pola konsumsi makanan modern (variabel independen) terhadap kejadian obesitas (variabel dependen) dengan mengontrol covariat (jenis kelamin, aktifitas olah raga, asupan zat gizi, tingkat pendidikan ibu, status pekerjaan ibu, status gizi orang tua dan pendapatan orang tua. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis bivariat dengan chi square Mantel Haenszel dan analisis multivariat dengan uji regresi logistik ganda.Secara statistik didapatkan nilai p < 0,05 yang artinya pola konsumsi makanan modern berpengaruh terhadap kejadian obesitas, didapatkan nilai OR 2,96 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa remaja yang sexing mengkonsumsi makanan modern memiliki resiko 3 kali untuk mengalami obesitas dibanding remaja yang jarang mengkonsumsi. Diketahui pola bahwa jenis kelamin aktifitas olah raga, asupan zat gizi, tingkat pendidikan ibu, dan status gizi orang tua merupakan confounder, artinya variabel tersebut turut berperanan terhadap hubungan pola konsumsi makanan modern dan obesitas.Hasil analisis bivariat membuktikan makanan modern yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian obesitas pada remaja SLTP Kesatuan adalah fried chicken dan chicken nugget. Ditemukan pula dose-response relationship pada analisis ini yaitu semakin tinggi frekuensi konsumsi semakin besar risiko untuk mengalami obesitas.Mengingat dampak obesitas yang terjadi, maka diperlukan perhatian yang serius dari pemerintah dalam upaya menurunkan prevalensi obesitas dikalangan remaja, melalui upaya promotif dengan memasang poster di sekolah tersebut berisi tentang makanan modern yang perlu diwaspadai dan dibatasi dan pedoman umum gizi seimbang untuk remaja. Penyuluhan pada guru perlu dilakukan. Sosialisasi pengukuran IMT pada tim UKS sekolah tersebut agar dapat mengidentifikasi obesitas. Peran orang tua khususnya ibu sangat penting dalam memilih atau menentukan jenis makanan yang baik untuk dikonsumsi. Perlunya penelitian lanjutan untuk mengetahui secara spesifik pengaruh tiap jenis makanan modern terhadap obesitas pada populasi remaja yang lebih luas, terutama untuk mengetahui masalah gizi yang terjadi pada populasi etnik Cina dengan melengkapi variabel dalam penelitian ini dan memilih desain yang lebih tepat.

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The Effect of Modern Food Consumption Pattern for Incidence of Obesity on Adolescent of SLTP Kesatuan in the Bogor City the Year of 2003 Modern food such as fried chicken, hamburger, pizza, spaghetti, etc. preferred by most people especially the children and adolescent since it is practical, fast served and had a relative prestige for some people. Even so, these sort of food present high fat, protein, sugar, and salt but less in fiber. When this condition done continually and in excessive way it might cause nutrition problem that is obesity.

That simultenously, survey and researches conducted reveals that the problem of obesity in Indonesia arise in schooling age and it prevalence trends to rise.

The purpose of this study was to know the effect of modern food consumption pattern for incidence obesity in adolescent of SLTP Kesatuan in the Bogor city, West Java, year of 2003. The method of research used is case control design, the case group are adolescent from the class 1 to 3 who have BMI > 95 percentiles, as control are adolescent class l to 3 who have BMI 5 - 85 percentiles, the size of samples are 140 (70 cases and 70 controls), determined meaning value with 95% .Cl then inspected the influence of modem food consumption (independent variable) for incidence of obesity (dependent variable) by controlling covariate (gender, exercises, nutrient intake, mother's level of education, mother's occupation status, nutrition status of parent's, and parent's income. This research used the bivariat analysis with Mantel Haenszei's Chi Square and multivariate with multiple logistic regression analysis.

Statistically the p value < 0,05 obtained, meant that the modern food consumption pattern does have effect on obesity, adolescent that frequently consumed modern food had relative risk 3 times of getting obesity compared to those that consumed it rarely (value of Odds Ratio was 2,96). It is also obtained that the gender, exercises, nutrient intake, mother's level of education, nutrition status of parent's as a confounder; or means that then have implication on the relationship of modern food and the obesity an adolescent of SLTP Kesatuan.

The bivariate analysis proved that the modern food which effected of obesity on adolescent of SLTP Kesatuan are fried chicken and chicken nugget it is also obtained that dose-response relationship in this analysis, which higher consumption frequency effect higher risk of becoming obesity.

Concerning obesity effect that occurs, it would take serious concern from the government to decreased obesity prevalence on adolescent, such promotive effort can be done through wall poster in the school, about modern food must be limited and warn, and also contained the general guidelines of balanced nutrition for adolescent. Health promotion to teacher also need to be done, in other that the teacher can be role for giving information about nutrition, especially modern food which affected on obesity.

Socialization regarding BMI Measurement to UKS team of schools for identify obesity. The role of parent, especially mother are very important in choosing and deciding good food to consumes. There is a need of further study to examine specifically the effect of each modem food on obesity toward a larger adolescent population, especially to know the nutrition problem on Chinese population by completing variables in this study and choosing a proper design method."

"Pola konsumsi pangan pokok merupakan susunan pemenuhan kebutuhan konsumsi pangan pokok sehari-hari dari individu atau kelompok manusia. Perbedaan pola konsumsi pangan pokok dipengaruhi faktor-faktor pendukung diantaranya aksesibilitas wilayah rumah tangga dan kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat. Kondisi wilayah akan mempengaruhi tingkat aksesibilitas dan ciri khas mata pencaharian, pendidikan dan tingkat sosial ekonomi masyarakat lainnya. Rumah tangga petani memiliki ciri khas lokalitas wilayah pedesaan yang juga dapat mempengaruhi kegiatan konsumsi pangan pokok. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk, menganalisis pola konsumsi pangan pokok rumah tangga petani berdasarkan karakteristik rumah tangga dan wilayah rumah tangga petani di Desa Sukawening, Kecamatan Ciwidey, Kabupaten Bandung, Jawa Barat. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah analisis statistik deskriptif dan analisis keruangan. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola konsumsi pangan pokok rumah tangga petani di wilayah aksesibilitas tinggi dan sedang memiliki dominasi konsumsi yang berasal dari sumber hasil panen sendiri dengan jeni pangan pokok yang bervariasi. Sedangkan pola konsumsi rumah tangga petani di wilayah aksesibilitas mudah didominasi konsumsi pangan pokok yang bersumber dari hasil panen sendiri dengan jenis pangan pokok yang tidak bervariasi.

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The pattern of staple food consumption is a collection of fulfilling the daily staple food consumption needs of individuals or groups of people. Differences in staple food consumption patterns are influenced by supporting factors including the accessibility of the household area and the socio-economic conditions of the community. Regional conditions will affect the level of accessibility and characteristics of livelihoods, education and other socio-economic levels of the community. Farmer households have a characteristic of rural rural locality which can also affect staple food consumption activities. This study aims to analyze the staple food consumption pattern of farmer households based on household characteristics and farmer household areas in Sukawening Village, Ciwidey District, Bandung Regency, West Java. The method used in this research is descriptive statistical analysis and spatial analysis. The findings of the study indicate that the consumption pattern of staple food at farmer's houses in high accessibility areas and has a dominance of consumption originating from their own harvest sources with varied types of staple food. Meanwhile, the consumption pattern of farmer households in the easy accessibility area is dominated by consumption of staple food sourced from their own harvest with the type of staple food that does not vary."